Other codes than the UN/CEFACT Common Code may be used with a prefix followed by a colon.
The unit of measurement given using the UN/CEFACT Common Code (3 characters) or a URL.
The normative list of all codes is available at http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/recommendations/rec20/rec20_Rev9e_2014.xls
The UN/CEFACT Recommendation 20 provides three character alphabetic and alphanumeric codes for representing units of measurement for length, area, volume/capacity, mass (weight), time, and other quantities used in international trade. The codes are intended for use in manual and/or automated systems for the exchange of information between participants in international trade.
EMMC ASBL European Materials Modelling Council Silversquare Stéphanie Avenue Louise 54 1050 Brussels CBE no: 0731 621 312
AreaPerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerTemperature'.
isDeclaredBy
CommercialProduct
An product that is ready for commercialisation.
Product
PhotochemicalProcesses
ConductanceForAlternatingCurrent
Real part of the admittance.
MagneticReluctivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticReluctivity'.
DoseEquivalentRate
Time derivative of the dose equivalent.
hasStringValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO string data entity.
MicrowaveSintering
BraggAngle
Angle between the scattered ray and the lattice plane.
ResonanceEnergy
Resonance in a nuclear reaction, determined by the kinetic energy of an incident particle in the reference frame of the target particle.
FundamentalLatticeVector
Fundamental translation vector for the crystal lattice.
SimulationLanguage
A computer language used to describe simulations.
DecayConstant
Disintegrations per unit time dN/dt for an atomic nucleus divided by the number of nuclei N existing at the same time t.
DisintegrationConstant
Laplacian
Weight
Force of gravity acting on a body.
AmountSquareTimePerMassVolumeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountSquareTimePerMassVolume'.
hasDeducer
A semiotic relation connecting an index sign to the interpreter (deducer) in a deduction process.
QualityFactor
Dimensionless quantity in electromagnetism.
PerEnergyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerEnergy'.
DisplacementCurrentDensity
Vector quantity equal to the time derivative of the electric flux density.
AtomicNumber
Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
DragCoefficient
Dimensionless parameter to quantify fluid resistance.
DragFactor
MaterialRelationComputation
MeanEnergyImparted
Expectation value of the energy imparted.
Height
Minimum length of a straight line segment between a point and a reference line or reference surface.
PlasticSintering
Java
Minimal
A minimal class M (subclass of Minimal) is defined by choosing a reference type φ so that M is subclass of φ, all parts of x are needed to keep φ(x) and x is proper part of a larger φ entity.
The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole is proper part of an entity of that type.
isMemberOf
Filling
LengthPerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerAmount'.
AtomicScatteringFactor
Quotient of radiation amplitude scattered by the atom and radiation amplitude scattered by a single electron.
RollingResistance
Force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface.
RollingDrag
RollingFrictionForce
AmorphousMaterial
NonCrystallineMaterial
ResonanceEscapeProbability
In an infinite medium, the probability that a neutron slowing down will traverse all or some specified portion of the range of resonance energies without being absorbed.
Dispersion
A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.
uneceCommonCode
Replaced by schema:unitCode
SurfaceCoefficientOfHeatTransfer
Coefficient of heat transfer when heat exchange takes place between a body at thermodynamic temperature Ts and its surroundings that are at a reference temperature Tr.
Inequality
A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
f(x) > 0
hasObjectInput
The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non-overlapping part of O causes P.
MolarAttenuationCoefficient
Quotient of linear attenuation coefficient µ and the amount c of the medium.
TemperaturePressurePerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePressurePerTime'.
AnalogData
Data that are decoded retaining its continuous variations characteristic.
The fact that there may be a finite granularity in the variations of the material basis (e.g. the smallest peak in a vynil that can be recognized by the piezo-electric transducer) does not prevent a data to be analog. It means only that the focus on such data encoding is on a scale that makes such variations negligible, making them practically a continuum.
A vynil contain continuous information about the recorded sound.
CurrentLinkage
For a closed path, scalar quantity equal to the electric current through any surface bounded by the path.
TemperatureLengthPerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureLengthPerTime'.
DragForce
Retarding force on a body moving in a fluid.
DirectionAndEnergyDistributionOfCrossSection
Partial differential quotient of the cross section of a process with respect to the solid angle around a given direction and the energy of a particle scattered in that direction.
TemporalRole
An holistic temporal part of a whole.
HolisticTemporalPart
Coercivity
Coercive field strength in a substance when either the magnetic flux density or the magnetic polarization and magnetization is brought from its value at magnetic saturation to zero by monotonic reduction of the applied magnetic field strength.
hasManufacturedOutput
Curve
A one-manyfold with two unconnected end points.
TotalMassStoppingPower
Quotient of the total linear stopping power S and the mass density ρ of the material.
MassStoppingPower
MassAmountOfSubstanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassAmountOfSubstance'.
IsentropicCompressibility
Quantity characterizing the relative variation of volume V with pressure p at constant entropy.
The coherent SI unit of isentropic compressibility is pascal to the power minus one, 1/Pa.
SquareMassPerSquareTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareMassPerSquareTime'.
PaperManufacturing
contact
A person or organisation acting as a contact point for enquiries about the ontology resource
The annotation should include an email address.
IntrinsicCarrierDensity
Square root of the product of electron and hole density in a semiconductor.
GasMixture
PseudoscalarMeson
A meson with spin zero and odd parity.
RelativePermittivity
Permittivity divided by electric constant.
FundamentalReciprocalLatticeVector
Fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice.
NaturalProcess
A process occurring by natural (non-intentional) laws.
NonIntentionalProcess
GFactorOfNucleusOrNuclearParticle
Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the nuclear spin quantum number and the nuclear magneton.
NuclearGFactor
DataExchangeLanguage
A computer language that is domain-independent and can be used for expressing data from any kind of discipline.
JSON, YAML, XML
ParticleSourceDensity
Quotient of the mean rate of production of particles in a volume, and that volume.
illustration
A link to a graphical representation aimed to facilitate understanding of the concept, or of an annotation.
CountingUnit
Unit for dimensionless quantities that have the nature of count.
Unit of atomic number Unit of number of cellular Unit of degeneracy in quantum mechanics
JavaScript
IUPACName
Name of a chemical according to the IUPAC standard.
hasConventionalProperty
An object can be represented by a quantity for the fact that it has been recognized to belong to a specific class. The quantity is selected without an observation aimed to measure its actual value, but by convention.
Assigns a quantity to an object by convention.
An Hydrogen atom has the quantity atomic number Z = 1 as its conventional property.
ThermalSprayingForming
Galvanizing
AngularDisplacement
Angular displacement may also be defined as number of turns (not necessarily an integer number).
The angle through which a body rotates around an axis of rotation.
Angular displacement may be signed, indicating the sense of rotation (e.g., clockwise); it may also be greater (in absolute value) than a full turn.
Rotation
EffectiveDiffusionCoefficient
Diffusion coefficient through the pore space of a porous media.
AvogadroConstant
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. It defines the base unit mole in the SI system.
SharedAgency
Shared agency occurs when two or more individuals do something together.
AmountPerAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerArea'.
MassFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
Unit for mass fraction.
Quantum number of an atom describing the inclination of the nuclear spin with respect to a quantization axis given by the magnetic field produced by the orbital electrons.
OsmoticPressure
Measure of the tendency of a solution to take in pure solvent by osmosis.
ElectricDipoleMoment
An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
LatticePlaneSpacing
distance between successive lattice planes
Characteristic quantum number s of a particle, related to its spin.
MetallicPowderSintering
ElectricCurrentPerUnitEnergyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerUnitEnergy'.
SlowingDownDensity
Number of slowed-down particles per time and volume.
PermanentLiquidPhaseSintering
ElectroSinterForging
VectorMeson
A meson with total spin 1 and odd parity.
CubicExpansionCoefficient
Quantity characterizing the variation with thermodynamic temperature T of the volume V of a body, under given conditions.
alpha_V = (1/V) * (dV/dT)
MassPerElectricChargeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerElectricCharge'.
Fork
A tessellation in which a tile has next two or more non spatially connected tiles.
MagneticVectorPotential
Vector potential of the magnetic flux density.
Pictorial
A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
A drawing of a cat. A circle on a paper sheet. The Mona Lisa.
SpecificVolume
inverse of the mass density ρ, thus v = 1/ρ.
MassicVolume
Vergence
In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
ResidualResistivity
For metals, the resistivity extrapolated to zero thermodynamic temperature.
qudtReference
URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.
ParticleCurrentDensity
Number of particles per time and area crossing a surface.
ElectricChargePerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerTemperature'.
omReference
IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure.
Understanding
A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a sign, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation, leading to potential interpretations.
SexticLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SexticLength'.
AtomicAttenuationCoefficient
Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the number density, n, of atoms in the substance.
Exponent
ParticleFluence
Differential quotient of N with respect to a, where N is the number of particles incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area a.
Shape4x3Matrix
A real matrix with shape 4x3.
MolarInternalEnergy
Internal energy per amount of substance.
ActivityFactor
Activity factors can also be obtained applying Raoult's law or Henry's law.
For substance X in a liquid or a solid mixture; quotient of absolute activity of substance X and the product of absolute activity of the pure substance X at the same temperature and pressure and amount-of-substance fraction of substance X.
TotalLinearStoppingPower
For charged particles of a given type and energy E0 the differential quotient of E with respect to x, where E is the mean energy lost by the charged particles in traversing a distance x in the given material.
LinearStoppingPower
HandlingDevice
ProductionSystem
A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.
Lethargy
Natural logarithm of the quotient of a reference energy and the kinetic energy of a neutron.
Plane
A 2-manifold with two unconnected boundaries.
AlphaDisintegrationEnergy
Sum of the kinetic energy of the α-particle produced in the disintegration process and the recoil energy of the product atom in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.
HelmholtzEnergy
Internal energy minus the product of thermodynamic temperature and entropy.
HelmholtzFreeEnergy
ThermochemicalTreatment
CSharp
OxidationNumber
Charge number that an atom within a molecule would have if all the ligands were removed along with the electron pairs that were shared.
OxidationState
SectionModulus
Geometrical characteristic of a shape of a body.
wikidataReference
URL corresponding to entry in Wikidata.
RelaxationTime
time constant for scattering, trapping or annihilation of charge carriers, phonons or other quasiparticles
InterferenceFitting
AtomicMass
Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.
The mass of an atom in the ground state.
ThermalDiffusivity
Quotient of thermal conductivity and the product of mass density and specific heat capacity.
AreaPerQuarticTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerQuarticTime'.
inchiKey
A hash of the full International Chemical Identifier (InChi) for a chemical substance.
The InChiKey is a hash of the full InChi identifier using the SHA-256 algorithm, designed to allow for easy web searches of chemical compounds.
QueryLanguage
A construction language used to make queries in databases and information systems.
SQL, SPARQL
hasIndex
A semiotic relation that connects a deduced semiotic object to an index in a deduction process.
Powder
A powder is a granular material composed of many very fine dry solid particles that may flow freely when shaken or tilted.
Duran, J., Reisinger A., Sands, Powders, and Grains: An Introduction to the Physics of Granular Materials. November 1999, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, ISBN 0-387-98656-1.
BindingFraction
The ratio of the binding energy of a nucleus to the atomic mass number.
PhaseAngle
Angular measure between the positive real axis and the radius of the polar representation of the complex number in the complex plane.
SurfaceDensityOfElectricCharge
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the area.
AreicElectricCharge
SurfaceChargeDensity
MolecularPartitionFunction
Partition function of a molecule.
MobilityRatio
Quotient of electron and hole mobility.
Multiplication
Verifying
A semiosis where an interpretant, already present in the internal representational space of the interpreter, is resolved by the interpreter by identifying the referent, i.e. the entity for which the sign stands for according to the interpreter understanding.
PhaseVelocity
For a sinusoidal wave at a given point, velocity in the direction of propagation of the wavefront corresponding to a specified phase.
PhaseSpeed
SandMolds
Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the total angular momentum quantum number and the Bohr magneton.
GFactorOfAtom
ActivePower
Average power over a period.
isInfluencedBy
The relation between an object O that proper overlaps a process P, where the non-overlapping part of P causes O.
AmountPerMassPressureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMassPressure'.
Heap
A heap class H (subclass of Heap) is defined by choosing a reference type φ, with H subclass of φ, so that each H entity has non overlapping φ parts.
The superclass for all classes of entities that have at least two non overlapping proper parts of the same type of the whole.
SMILESReference
OpenSMILES is an open specification of the SMILE language for specifying molecular structures, which has become a defacto standard for exchange of molecular structures.
OpenSMILES representation of a molecular structure.
DissociationConstant
Ratio of the number of dissociated molecules of a specified type to the total number of dissolved molecules of this type.
NeutronNumber
Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number.
Number of neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
hasInterval
The relation between a process whole and a temporal part of the same type.
ActivityOfSolvent
For a solvent in a solution, quotient of the absolute activity and that of the pure substance at the same temperature and pressure.
LengthTimePerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimePerMass'.
LongRangeOrderParameter
Fraction of atoms in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction.
isRemovedFrom
The relation between an object O1 and a object O2 that proper overlap, where the non overapping part of O2 is caused by O1.
Shape3Vector
A real vector with 3 elements.
The quantity value of physical quantities if real space is a Shape3Vector.
MatrixData
The datatype for bidimensional arrays.
SubClassOf: hasSpatialTile some VectorData
MassPerQuarticTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerQuarticTime'.
Flanging
Electroplating
gets
The relation between an object O1 that proper overlaps an object O2, where the non-overlapping part of O2 causes O1.
IonNumberDensity
Number of ions per volume.
IonDensity
InternalTask
A generic task in a workflow, that is not the begin or the end.
ScalarMeson
A meson with spin zero and even parity.
MassLengthPerCubicTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassLengthPerCubicTime'.
hasFragment
The relation between two individuals representing a collection and a non-maximal proper part, meaning the the latter is connected with the rest of the whole.
ucumCode
The Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) is a code system intended to include all units of measures being contemporarily used in international science, engineering, and business. The purpose is to facilitate unambiguous electronic communication of quantities together with their units.
Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM).
ThermalResistivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalResistivity'.
StandardAbsoluteActivityOfMixture
For a substance in a mixture, the absolute activity of the pure substance at the same temperature but at standard pressure.
StandardAbsoluteActivity
BetaDisintegrationEnergy
Sum of the maximum beta-particle kinetic energy and the recoil energy of the atom produced in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.
SolidAngularMeasure
Measure of a conical geometric figure, called solid angle, formed by all rays, originating from a common point, called the vertex of the solid angle, and passing through the points of a closed, non-self-intersecting curve in space considered as the border of a surface.
SolidAngle
CubicElectricChargeLengthPerSquareEnergyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'CubicElectricChargeLengthPerSquareEnergy'.
ThermalUtilizationFactor
In an infinite medium, the quotient of the number of thermal neutrons absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified, and the total number of thermal neutrons absorbed.
PowerPerAreaVolumeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerPerAreaVolume'.
ChipboardManufacturing
MeanMassRange
Product of the mean linear range R and the mass density ρ of the material.
RotationalFrequency
Magnitude of the angular velocity ω divided by the angle 2π, thus n = |ω|/2π.
Atomic quantum number related to the orbital angular momentum l of a one-electron state.
BlowMolding
Atomic quantum number related to the number n−1 of radial nodes of one-electron wave functions.
SecondPolarMomentOfArea
A geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
PseudovectorMeson
A meson with total spin 1 and even parity.
Solubility
The analytical composition of a saturated solution, expressed in terms of the proportion of a designated solute in a designated solvent, is the solubility of that solute.
The solubility may be expressed as a concentration, molality, mole fraction, mole ratio, etc.
Point
A zero-manifold of only one point.
LorenzCoefficient
Quotient of thermal conductivity, and the product of electric conductivity and thermodynamic temperature.
LorenzNumber
InspectionDevice
Gel
A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.
ConfigurationLanguage
A construction language used to write configuration files.
.ini files
Files in the standard .config directory on Unix systems.
AffinityOfAChemicalReaction
Describes elements' or compounds' readiness to form bonds.
ChemicalAffinity
Porosity
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material.
ThermodynamicCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
The magnetic flux density for disappearance of superconductivity in a type I superconductor.
RelativeMassExcess
Quotient of mass excess and the unified atomic mass constant.
POH
Written as pOH
number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aOH- of the hydroxide anion OH- pH = −10 log(a_OH-)
ApplicationSpecificScript
A scripting language developed specifically for an application, so that it's usage and interpretation is limited in this context.
Scripting file for the execution of modelling software such as LAMMPS, OpenFOAM, or for general purpose platforms such as MATLAB or Mathematica.
ElectronAffinity
energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the lowest level of the conduction band in an insulator or semiconductor
AmountTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountTemperature'.
RelativeMassDensity
Mass density ρ of a substance divided by the mass density ρ0 of a reference substance, under conditions that should be specified for both substances.
RelativeDensity
DoseEquivalent
A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
TemperatureTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureTime'.
1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12C in the ground state at rest.
SystemUnit
A unit that belongs to one or more unit systems.
SpecialUnit
A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
MagneticMoment
A vector quantity equal to the product of the current, the loop area, and the unit vector normal to the loop plane, the direction of which corresponds to the loop orientation
MagneticAreaMoment
Radius of the electron orbital in the hydrogen atom in its ground state in the Bohr model of the atom.
EffectiveMass
The mass that it seems to have when responding to forces, or the mass that it seems to have when interacting with other identical particles in a thermal distribution.
ParticleConcentration
Number of particles of a given species per volume.
LengthMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthMass'.
hasJunctionPart
The part is connected with the rest item or members with both hasNext (or its inverse) and hasContact relations.
hasSpatioTemporalPart
Enthalpy
Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
LarmonFrequency
Quotient of Larmor angular frequency and 2π.
SolubilityProduct
For the dissociation of a salt AmBn → mA + nB, the solubility product is KSP = am(A) ⋅ an(B), where a is ionic activity and m and n are the stoichiometric numbers.
Product of the ion activities of the ions resulting from the dissociation of a solute in a saturated solution, raised to powers equal to their stoichiometric numbers.
SolubilityProductConstant
ElectronDensity
Number of electrons in conduction band per volume.
chemicalSymbolValue
Emulsion
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
Mayonnaise, milk.
NonNuclear
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, but have no φ proper part that is part of other φ proper parts.
NumberOfEntities
Discrete quantity; number of entities of a given kind in a system.
MolecularFormula
An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number.
hasSIQuantityValue
Relates a physical quantity to its value specified as a string consisting of a numerical, a separator and a unit.
Using hasSIQuantityValue is a convenient, but less semantic, alternative to specify value and unit of a physical quantity compared to using the 'hasNumericalPart' and 'hasReferencePart'/'hasMetrologicalReference' relations. The unit should be a valid, possible prefixed, derived SI unit.
Example showing how to specify the value of a physical quantity in turtle using hasSIQuantityValue: height1 a emmo:Height ; hasSIQuantityValue "3 cm"^^emmo:SIQuantityDatatype .
NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpereUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpere'.
LiquidSol
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
ElementalSubstance
A chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
PureSubstance
Momentum
Product of mass and velocity.
ParticleEmissionRate
Differential quotient of N with respect to time, where N is the number of particles being emitted from an infinitesimally small volume element in the time interval of duration dt, and dt.
StaticFrictionForce
Fhe force of friction on an object that is not moving.
StaticFriction
affects
The relation between a process P that through overlaps an object O.
AverageLogarithmicEnergyDecrement
Average value of the increment of the lethargy per collision.
hasServiceOutput
LengthTimeTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimeTemperature'.
ElectronMass
The rest mass of an electron.
isProcessOutputOf
The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non overlapping part of P1 is caused by P2.
NeutralAtom
A standalone atom that has no net charge.
StandardAmountConcentration
Chosen value of amount concentration, usually equal to 1 mol dm−3.
StandardConcentration
StandardMolarConcentration
Minus
ChemicalEntity
A chemical entity comprises the two different ways to represents matter: as single recognizable particle entity (molecular entity) and as a composition of particle entities (substance). This distinction is not well assessed in actual chemical nomenclature, in which an element name refers to both the pure elemental substance or the atom. In the EMMO we force the adoption of a more strict categorization based on mereotopology. The class Material hosts the subclasses for which a substance can be identified without necessarily considering its nature of molecule/atom or substance (e.g. hydrocarbon is the class of both hydrocarbon molecules or gases).
MaximumEfficiency
Efficiency of an ideal heat engine operating according to the Carnot process.
CarnotEfficiency
CoherenceLength
Distance in a superconductor over which the effect of a perturbation is appreciable at zero thermodynamic temperature
HotDipGalvanizing
Hot-dipGalvanizing
PlanckFunction
Ngative quotient of Gibbs energy and temperature.
ElectromagneticEnergyDensity
Arithmetic average of (electric field strength multiplied by electric flux density) and (magnetic field strength multiplied by magnetic flux density).
VolumicElectromagneticEnergy
DebyeWallerFactor
Factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of the lattice vibrations.
AreaTimeTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTimeTemperature'.
Resolving
A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a sign, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation. Than the interpretant is resolved by the interpreter by identifying the referent, i.e. the entity for which the sign stands for according to the interpreter understanding.
Someone says: "Ketchup." (sign). I (interpreter) hear that, elaborate internally the perception by creating an internal representation (interpretant), and then reach for the ketchup bottle (referent).
ElectricFluxUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricFlux'.
Spray
A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
ContinuousCasting
PotentialEnergy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
ThermalDiffusionFactor
Quotient of the thermal diffusion ratio and the product of the local amount-of-substance fractions.
MassDefect
Sum of the product of the proton number and the hydrogen atomic mass, and the neutron rest mass, minus the rest mass of the atom.
MachineCell
A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.
Is not simply a collection of machineries, since the connection between them is due to the parallel flow of processed parts that comes from a unique source and ends into a common repository.
InjectionMolding
MigrationArea
Sum of the slowing-down area from fission energy to thermal energy and the diffusion area for thermal neutrons.
Vapor
A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
DropForging
InorganicCompound
A chemical compound that is not organic.
isSignFor
LeakageFactor
One minus the square of the coupling factor
Admittance
Inverse of the impendance.
ComplexAdmittance
EnergyTimePerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyTimePerAmount'.
LuminousEfficacyOf540THzRadiation
Defines the Candela base unit in the SI system.
The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
Heteronuclear
A molecule composed of more than one element type.
Nitric oxide (NO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂).
MetrologicalSymbol
A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
AcousticQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-8.
IEVReference
URL for the entry in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV).
ModulusOfCompression
Measure of how resistant to compressibility a substance is.
BulkModulus
E_0 = m_0 * c_0^2 where m_0 is the rest mass of that particle and c_0 is the speed of light in a vacuum.
Product of the rest mass and the square of the speed of light in vacuum.
Command
A command must be interpretable by the computer system.
An instruction to a computer system to perform a given task.
From a bash shell would e.g. `ls` be a command. Another example of a shell command would be `/path/to/executable arg1 arg2`.
Commands are typically performed from a shell or a shell script, but not limited to them.
ParticlePositionVector
Position vector of a particle.
PowerFactor
Under periodic conditions, ratio of the absolute value of the active power P to the apparent power S.
DiffusionCoefficientForFluenceRate
Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle fluence rate.
SpecificHelmholtzEnergy
Helmholtz energy per unit mass.
hasCognised
A semiotic relation connecting a recogniting interpreter to the "cognised" semiotic object in a cognition process.
hasChemicalComposition
Relates a substance to chemical composition.
This property is often used to relate a substance directly to SingleComponentComposition indifiduals for each of its components.
This relation can be used to relate a material to a chemical composition quantity of one of its chemical species. For example, the amount of aluminium in substance subst:alloy1 can be expressed as: ```turtle subst:alloy1 a emmo:Substance ; emmo:hasChemicalComposition [ a emmo:SingleComponentComposition ; emmo:hasSpeciesPart [ a emmo:AluminiumSymbol ] ; emmo:hasQuantityPart [ a emmo:MassFraction ; hasSIQuantityValue "98.1 wt%"^^emmo:SIQuantityDatatype ] ] . ```
HalfValueThickness
Thickness of the attenuating layer that reduces the quantity of interest of a unidirectional beam of infinitesimal width to half of its initial value.
MechanicalMobilityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MechanicalMobility'.
Assembled
A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.
MeanDurationOfLife
Reciprocal of the decay constant λ.
MeanLifeTime
PartialPressure
Hypothetical pressure of gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature.
Equals
The equals symbol.
hasCogniser
A semiotic relation connecting an icon to a interpreter (cogniser) in a cognition process.
Ruby
RelativeLinearStrain
Relative change of length with respect the original length.
LengthPerCubeTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerCubeTime'.
SuperconductorEnergyGap
Width of the forbidden energy band in a superconductor.
PoyntingVector
Electric field strength multiplied by magnetic field strength.
DiffusionCoefficientForParticleNumberDensity
Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle number density n.
Guess
A guess is a theory, estimated and subjective, since its premises are subjective.
ElectricFlux
Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the electric flux density D through a given directed surface S.
ElementaryCharge
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. It defines the base unit Ampere in the SI system.
MomentOfIntertia
Scalar measure of the rotational inertia with respect to a fixed axis of rotation.
Rest mass of a nuclide X in the ground state.
SquareElectricPotentialPerSquareTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareElectricPotentialPerSquareTemperature'.
ReciprocalMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalMass'.
RelativePermeability
Scalar quantity or tensor quantity equal to the absolute permeability divided by the magnetic constant.
LogarithmicDecrement
Product of damping coefficient and period duration.
InfiniteMultiplicationFactor
In nuclear physics, the multiplication factor for an infinite medium.
Smoke
Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
ElectricCurrentAssistedSintering
SpecificActivity
Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the mass m of that sample.
MassicActivity
SolidSol
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.
LinearDensityOfElectricCharge
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the length.
GasSolution
A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
SourceVoltage
Voltage between the two terminals of a voltage source when there is no electric current through the source.
SourceTension
AqueousSolution
A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
ElectricChargeDensity
Electric charge per volume.
VolumeElectricCharge
isProcessInputOf
AmountPerMassTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMassTime'.
NeutronYieldPerFission
Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per fission event.
EnergyDistributionOfCrossSection
Differential quotient of the cross section for a process and the energy of the scattered particle.
NanoMaterial
Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm
EnergyImparted
Sum of energies deposited by ionizing radiation in a given volume.
MultiParticlePath
A chausal path whose quantum parts belongs to at least two different standard model fundamental types.
An multi-particle path is a causal path of quantum entities of different type, following the causal connection between an initial quantum up to the final one, regardless on the fact that causality is passing through elementary particles of different types. For example, a path starting from an elementary photon, then through the electron with which it scatter, and then trough a positron with which the electron collides.
ModulusOfAdmittance
Apparent admittance is often denoted by Y .
quotient of the rms value of the electric current in a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit by the rms value of the voltage between its terminals.
UnitOne
"The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically." -- SI Brochure
Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
Unitless
Refractive index or volume fraction.
Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
RefractiveIndex
Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
EuclideanSpace
A three-manifold with Euclidean metric.
MassSquareTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassSquareTime'.
NucleonNumber
number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus
MassNumber
RatioOfSpecificHeatCapacities
Ratio of specific heat capacity at constant pressure cp to specific heat capacity at constant volume cV, thus γ = cp/cV.
WaveVector
Vector k in the expression ω t−k⋅r+ϑ0 of the phase of a sinusoidal wave.
EquilibriumPositionVector
In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion in equilibrium.
TotalCurrent
Sum of electric current and displacement current
VacuumElectricPermittivity
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
PermittivityOfVacuum
PerLengthTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLengthTemperature'.
ActiveEnergy
The integral over a time interval of the instantaneous power.
RelativeHumidity
Ratio of the partial pressure p of water vapour in moist air to its partial pressure psat at saturation, at the same temperature φ = p/psat.
The relative humidity is often expressed in per cent.
Work
Product of force and displacement.
ModulusOfElasticity
Mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials.
YoungsModulus
hasIterativeTask
hasSerialTask
ElectricPolarization
At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the electric dipole moment p of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.
CPlusPlus
A language object respecting the syntactic rules of C++.
C++
PowderCoating
RecombinationCoefficient
Coefficient in the law of recombination,
DebyeAngularFrequency
Cut-off angular frequency in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.
MassChangeRate
Mass increment per time.
MesoscopicSubstance
GrowingCrystal
CelsiusTemperature
An objective comparative measure of hot or cold. Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
TemperatureAreaPerMassTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureAreaPerMassTime'.
TemperatureMassPerAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureMassPerArea'.
StandardEquilibriumConstant
Constant of a chemical reaction. It is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change.
MagneticReluctance
Magnetic tension divided by magnetic flux.
Reluctance
EmpiricalSimulationSoftware
A computational application that uses an empiric equation to predict the behaviour of a system without relying on the knowledge of the actual physical phenomena occurring in the object.
ElectricPotentialPerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerTime'.
Magnitude of the magnetic moment of an electron in a state with orbital angular momentum quantum number l=1 due to its orbital motion.
VaporDeposition
InverseSquareMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'InverseSquareMass'.
FermiAnglularWavenumber
Angular wavenumber of electrons in states on the Fermi sphere.
FermiAnglularRepetency
FermiAnglularWaveNumber
EmpiricalFormula
An expression that provide information about the element type of a compound and their relative ratio.
CurieTemperature
Critical thermodynamic temperature of a ferromagnet.
JosephsonConstantUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'JosephsonConstant'.
LatentHeatOfPhaseTransition
Energy to be added to or removed from a system under constant temperature and pressure to undergo a complete phase transition.
PerTemperatureTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTemperatureTime'.
IsothermalConversion
Theorisation
The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
Theorization
QuarticLengthPerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticLengthPerTime'.
DonorDensity
Number of donor levels per volume.
MassFlow
At a point in a fluid, the product of mass density and velocity.
SlowingDownArea
In an infinite homogenous medium, one-sixth of the mean square of the distance between the neutron source and the point where a neutron reaches a given energy.
dbpediaReference
URL to corresponding dpbedia entry.
ParticleFluenceRate
Differential quotient of fluence Φ with respect to time.
PhysicsEquationSolution
A function solution of a physics equation that provides a methods for the prediction of some quantitiative properties of an object.
This must be a mathematical function v(t), x(t). A dataset as solution is a conventional sign.
A parabolic function is a prediction of the trajectory of a falling object in a gravitational field. While it has predictive capabilities it lacks of an analogical character, since it does not show the law behind that trajectory.
Atomic quantum number related to the z component lz, jz or sz, of the orbital, total, or spin angular momentum.
Uncoded
A conventional that provides no possibility to infer the characteristics of the object to which it refers.
A random generated id for a product.
AreaFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
Unit for solid angle.
RichardsonConstant
Parameter in the expression for the thermionic emission current density J for a metal in terms of the thermodynamic temperature T and work function.
QuantumData
Data that are expressed through quantum mechanical principles, and that can have several values ​​/ be in several states in the same place at the same time (quantum superposition), each of them with a certain probability.
hasJSONValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO JSON data entity.
EnergyDensityOfStates
Quantity in condensed matter physics.
TemperaturePerLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerLength'.
SurfaceActivityDensity
Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the total area S of the surface of that sample.
DiffusivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Diffusivity'.
LinkedFlux
Magnetic flux the integration area of which is such that magnetic field lines cross it in the same orientation more than once.
IonicStrength
Charge number is a quantity of dimension one defined in ChargeNumber.
For all types of ions in a solution, half the sum of the products of their molality b_i and the square of their charge number z_i.
AngularReciprocalLatticeVector
Vector whose scalar products with all fundamental lattice vectors are integral multiples of 2pi.
DirectionDistributionOfCrossSection
Differential quotient of the cross section for scattering a particle in a given direction and the solid angle around that direction.
MagneticPolarisation
Vector quantity equal to the product of the magnetization M and the magnetic constant μ0.
DebyeTemperature
The temperature at which the highest-frequency mode (and hence all modes) are excited.
Cylinder
A 2-manifold with one unconnected boundary and two "faces".
MetrologicalConstruct
A symbolic construct used within the discipline of metrology.
RapidPrototyping
Application of additive manufacturing intended for reducing the time needed for producing prototypes.
NaturalMaterial
A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.
DebyeAngularWavenumber
Cut-off angular wavenumber in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.
DebyeAngluarRepetency
DebyeAngularWaveNumber
PlanckConstant
The quantum of action. It defines the kg base unit in the SI system.
AngularAcceleration
Vector quantity giving the rate of change of angular velocity.
SolidMixture
AreaSquareTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaSquareTime'.
LengthPerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerTemperature'.
TransferMolding
ElectricImpedance
Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
Broadcast
A mixed tiling in which a tile has next spatially connected tiles.
isInterpreterFor
hasChemicalSpecies
Relates a substance to one of its chemical species.
ApparentPower
RMS value voltage multiplied by rms value of electric current.
SpontaneousProcess
A process that has no identifiable agent driving its occurence.
FrequencyPerAreaTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'FrequencyPerAreaTime'.
MassExcess
Difference between the mass of an atom, and the product of its mass number and the unified mass constant.
LinearElectricCurrentDensity
Surface density of electric charge multiplied by velocity
MentalAgency
An intentional agency caused by the agent’s mental states and events.
Mental states are strictly connected to the definition of mind, which is traditionally connected to high cognitive skills, such as the one provided by human beings brains.
PhaseDifference
Under sinusoidal conditions, phase difference between the voltage applied to a linear two-terminal element or two-terminal circuit and the electric current in the element or circuit.
DisplacementAngle
NonConvergent
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, and so that for every two distinct φ proper parts one is not part of the other.
MechanicalEfficiency
Quotient of mechanical output and input power.
IsentropicExponent
For an ideal gas, isentropic exponent is equal to ratio of the specific heat capacities.
GrandCanonicalPartionFunction
Sum of canonical partition function Z (NA,NB,…) for the given number of particles A, B, ... multiplied by absolute activities of particles A, B, ...
GrandPartionFunction
ThermalInsulance
Reciprocal of the coefficient of heat transfer.
CoefficientOfThermalInsulance
MagneticDipoleMoment
For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as: W = g μ M B where g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density. -- ISO 80000
Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B: ΔW = −μ · B
AcceptorDensity
quotient of number of acceptor levels and volume.
BondedAtom
A bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electronic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
InternalEnergy
A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
ThermodynamicEnergy
NonActivePower
For a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit under periodic conditions, quantity equal to the square root of the difference of the squares of the apparent power S and the active power P.
ResistanceToAlternativeCurrent
Real part of the impedance.
MobiusStrip
A 2-manifold with one unconnected boundary and one "face".
MassTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassTemperature'.
LengthTimeCurrentUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimeCurrent'.
Replica
An icon that not only resembles the object, but also can express some of the object's functions.
A small scale replica of a plane tested in a wind gallery shares the same functionality in terms of aerodynamic behaviour of the bigger one.
Pinocchio is a functional icon of a boy since it imitates the external behaviour without having the internal biological structure of a human being (it is made of magic wood...).
SpecificEnthalpy
Enthalpy per unit mass.
VolumePerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerTemperature'.
Torus
The simplest 2-manifold with genus 1.
CapacitancePerLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'CapacitancePerLength'.
Foaming
ManufacturingDevice
A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.
ReciprocalSquareEnergyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalSquareEnergy'.
VolumePerSquareTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerSquareTime'.
MaterialByFunction
FunctionalMaterial
SurfaceTension
Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. -- QUDT
The tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.
SquarePressureTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquarePressureTime'.
NumericalData
Data that can be decoded under a quantitative schema and also associated with a graphical number symbols.
hasQuantityValue
A conventional relation that relates a quantity to its quantity value.
EnergyAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyArea'.
ChemicalPotential
Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
ArithmeticExpression
ElectricConductivityPerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductivityPerAmount'.
KineticFrictionFactor
Proportionality factor between the magnitudes of the kinetic friction force, and the normal component of the contact force.
When it is not necessary to distinguish between dynamic friction factor and static friction factor, the name friction factor may be used for both. The dynamic friction factor µ is independent in first approximation of the contact surface.
DynamicFrictionFactor
generates
The relation between an object O that proper overlaps a process P, where the non-overlapping part of P is caused by O.
CollectiveAgency
Collective agency occurs when two or more individuals act as a group, in accordance with certain principles or procedures that constitute and organize the group.
The group acting collectively is intended to be represented as an item, meaning that all members of the group should have had at least one causal interaction with another member. The collective action in fact is taken in accordance with certain principles or procedures that constitute and organize the group itself that requires implicitly a causal interaction between members.
LowPressureCasting
MolarVolume
Volume per amount of substance.
Quantum number in an atom describing the magnitude of total angular momentum J.
LinearIonization
Differential quotient of q with respect to l, where q is the average total charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle over a path l, divided by the elementary charge.
Communicating
A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a referent, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation. Than the interpretant is communicated by the interpreter by the production of a sign, i.e. the entity that stands for the referent according to the interpreter.
I (interpreter) see an entity (referent) whose perception stimulates in me an internal representation (interpretant). Then I say: "Ketchup." (sign) with the intention of communicate externally something about that entity.
Radioactivity
Decays per unit time.
RadioactiveActivity
PhysicalBasedSimulationSoftware
A computational application that uses a physical model to predict the behaviour of a system, providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
ProtonMass
The rest mass of a proton.
MeanFreePathOfPhonons
average distance that phonons travel between two successive interactions
ThermalConductivity
At a point fixed in a medium with a temperature field, scalar quantity λ characterizing the ability of the medium to transmit heat through a surface element containing that point: φ = −λ grad T, where φ is the density of heat flow rate and T is thermodynamic temperature.
In an anisotropic medium, thermal conductivity is a tensor quantity.
Plus
ISO80000Reference
Corresponding item number in ISO 80 000.
3-1.1 (ISO80000 reference to length)
MeanFreePathOfElectrons
Average distance that electrons travel between two successive interactions.
AbsorbedDose
Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
Quantum number related to the total angular momentum, J, of a nucleus in any specified state, normally called nuclear spin.
ElectricCurrentPhasor
A phasor is a constant complex number, usually expressed in exponential form, representing the complex amplitude (magnitude and phase) of a sinusoidal function of time. Phasors are used by electrical engineers to simplify computations involving sinusoids, where they can often reduce a differential equation problem to an algebraic one.
A representation of current as a sinusoidal integral quantity using a complex quantity whose argument is equal to the initial phase and whose modulus is equal to the root-mean-square value.
MassFractionOfDryMatter
Quantity wd = 1 − wH2O, where wH2O is mass fraction of water.
MassPerVolumeTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerVolumeTime'.
Molds
Proton
A positive charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
EnergyLengthPerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyLengthPerAmount'.
IsochoricHeatCapacity
Heat capacity at constant volume.
HeatCapacityAtConstantVolume
PoissonNumber
Ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
PoissonsRatio
DynamicViscosity
The measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow when an external force is applied.
Viscosity
MicrocanonicalPartitionFunction
Number of all quantum states consistent with given energy, volume, and external fields.
PeriodDuration
duration of one cycle of a periodic event
Period
HalfLife
Mean duration required for the decay of one half of the atoms or nuclei.
RelativePressureCoefficient
Relative change of pressure with temperature at constant volume.
NonLeakageProbability
Probability that a neutron will not escape from the reactor during the slowing-down process or while it diffuses as a thermal neutron.
Polynomial
HeatFlowRate
Amount of heat through a surface during a time interval divided by the duration of this interval.
ElectricChargeAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargeArea'.
ElectricReactance
The imaginary part of the impedance.
The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
AngularMeasure
The abstract notion of angle.
ElectricCurrentDensityPerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentDensityPerTemperature'.
LevelWidth
In nuclear physics, quotient of the reduced Planck constant and the mean duration of life of an unstable particle or an excited state.
MixingRatio
Ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air in a given volume of air.
The mixing ratio at saturation is denoted xsat.
MassRatioOfWaterVapourToDryGas
ThomsonCoefficient
Quotient of Thomson heat power developed, and the electric current and temperature difference.
NuclearPrecessionAngularFrequency
Frequency by which the nucleus angular momentum vector precesses about the axis of an external magnetic field.
AreaTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTime'.
TransportationDevice
Painting
MassPerCubicTimeQuarticTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerCubicTimeQuarticTemperature'.
LogarithmicUnit
A logarithmic unit is a unit that can be used to express a quantity (physical or mathematical) on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function applied to the ratio of the quantity and a reference quantity of the same type.
Note that logarithmic units like decibel or neper are not univocally defines, since their definition depends on whether they are used to measure a "power" or a "root-power" quantity. It is advisory to create a uniquely defined subclass these units for concrete usage.
Decibel
Luminance
A photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
Degenerency
For a quantum level, the statistical weight of that level.
Multiplicity
OsmoticCoefficientOfSolvent
Quantity characterizing the deviation of a solvent from ideal behavior.
OsmoticFactorOfSolvent
AlgebraicEquation
An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s
2 * a - b = c
SpeedOfLightInVacuum
The speed of light in vacuum. Defines the base unit metre in the SI system.
File
In computing, a computer file is a resource for recording data on a computer storage device, primarily identified by its file path.
Capacitance
The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
ElectricCapacitance
Mobility
Quotient of average drift speed imparted to a charged particle in a medium by an electric field, and the electric field strength.
PhaseSpeedOfElectromagneticWaves
Angular frequency divided by angular wavenumber.
IsothermalCompressibility
Quantity characterising the relative variation of volume with pressure at constant thermodynamic temperature.
SolidFoam
A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
Aerogel
PhysicalLaw
A law that provides a connection between a property of the object and other properties, capturing a fundamental physical phenomena.
MassPerQuarticLengthTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerQuarticLengthTime'.
HoleDensity
Number of holes in valence band per volume.
PressureFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two pressures.
Presses
CentreOfMass
In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.
The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
GaugePressure
Gauge pressure can be measured using a diaphragm sensor, where one side of the diaphragm is exposed to the pressure media that is to be measured, while the other side is exposed to the ambient atmospheric pressure.
The pressure measured relative to the ambient atmospheric pressure.
Fugacity
Measure of the tendency of a substance to leave a phase.
ConcreteOrPlasterPouring
MolarConductivity
Conductivity per molar concentration of electrolyte.
DateData
A data representing a date.
FermiEnergy
In a metal, highest occupied energy level at zero thermodynamic temperature, where energy level means the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance.
CompactMaterial
Energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state
StructureFactor
Mathematical description in crystallography.
PerLengthTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLengthTime'.
PackingFraction
Quotient of relative mass excess and the nucleon number.
Learning
A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a referent, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation.The interpretant is not commmunicated to the external world, but kept in the internal representational space of the interpreter.
VolumeFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
Unit for volume fraction.
DippingForms
hasDeduced
A semiotic relation connecting a deducing interpreter to the "deduced" semiotic object in a deduction process.
WorkFunction
Least energy required for the emission of a conduction electron.
Work function is the energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the Fermi level in the interior of a substance.
ElectronWorkFunction
ElectrolyticDeposition
AbsoluteHumidity
Mass of the contained water vapour per volume.
MassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
Macromolecule
A polyatomic entity containing a very large number of atoms.
Protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
isDeclarerFor
LatticeVector
translation vector that maps the crystal lattice on itself
DiffusionLength
In condensed matter physics, the square root of the product of diffusion coefficient and lifetime.
ShearStrain
Displacement of one surface with respect to another divided by the distance between them.
Division
DewPointTemperature
The corresponding Celsius temperature is denoted td and is also called dew point.
Thermodynamic temperature at which vapour in air reaches saturation.
RybergConstant
The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
RelativeMassFractionOfVapour
Quotient of mass concentration of water vapour and mass concentration at its saturation ψ = r/rsat where r is mass ratio of water vapour to dry gas and rsat is the mass ratio of water vapour to dry gas at saturation of the same temperature.
StructuralFormula
A graphical representation of a molecular structure showing the relative position in space of the atomic constituents and their bonds.
DataBasedSimulationSoftware
A computational application that uses existing data to predict the behaviour of a system without providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
ElectricPotentialPerAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerArea'.
ArithmeticEquation
ScalarMagneticPotential
Scalar potential of an irrotational magnetic field strength.
DieCasting
AmountPerAreaTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerAreaTime'.
SubjectiveProperty
A quantity whos value that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community).
The measure of beauty on a scale from 1 to 10.
Gyroradius
Radius of the circular movement of an electrically charged particle in a magnetic field.
LarmorRadius
Folding
FORTRAN
Torque
Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.
The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
TimePerLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TimePerLength'.
DampingCoefficient
Inverse of the time constant of an exponentially varying quantity.
isInternalRepresentationBy
NonNumericalData
Data that are non-quantitatively interpreted (e.g., qualitative data, types).
KineticEnergy
The energy of an object due to its motion.
IsobaricHeatCapacity
Heat capacity at constant pressure.
HeatCapacityAtConstantPressure
hasURLValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URL data entity.
StandardUnit
A reference unit provided by a reference material. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l
hasSimulatedObject
Relates a simulation to the object or system that is simulated.
MolarGasConstant
Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
StyleSheetLanguage
A computer language that expresses the presentation of structured documents.
CSS
LondonPenetrationDepth
Distance a magnetic field penetrates the plane surface of a semi-finite superconductor.
MolarGibbsEnergy
Gibbs energy per amount of substance.
Python
KnownConstant
A variable that stand for a well known numerical constant (a known number).
π refers to the constant number ~3.14
MolarHelmholtzEnergy
Helmholtz energy per amount of substance.
ReciprocalAmountPerVolumeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalAmountPerVolume'.
MarkupLanguage
A grammar for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text.
HTML
AreaDensity
Mass per unit area.
MassConcentrationOfWater
Quotient of the mass of water in a three-dimensional domain, irrespective of the form of aggregation, by the volume of the domain.
The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted wsat.
ReactorTimeConstant
Duration required for the neutron fluence rate in a reactor to change by the factor e when the fluence rate is rising or falling exponentially.
StatisticalWeightOfSubsystem
Number of different microstates in a subsystem.
Gathering
A mixed tiling in which a tile is the next of spatially connected tiles.
hasDatum
Relates a dataset to its datum.
hasPortion
The relation between a object whole and its spatial part of the same type.
A volume of 1 cc of milk within a 1 litre can be considered still milk as a whole. If you scale down to a cluster of molecules, than the milk cannot be considered a fluid no more (and then no more a milk).
Magnetization
At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the magnetic area moment m of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.
Circle
Self-connected one-manyfold.
HallCoefficient
The relation between electric field strength and current density in an isotropic conductor.
SpecificHeatCapacityAtSaturatedVaporPressure
Specific heat capacity at saturated vaport pressure.
VolumeFlowRate
Quantity equal to the volume dV of substance crossing a given surface during a time interval with infinitesimal duration dt, divided by this duration, thus qV = dV / dt-
VolumetricFlowRate
CarrierLifetime
Time constant for recombination or trapping of minority charge carriers in semiconductors
RadiantEnergy
Mean energy, excluding rest energy, of the particles that are emitted, transferred, or received.
isPropertyFor
LarmonAngularFrequency
Angular frequency of the electron angular momentum vector precession about the axis of an external magnetic field.
MagneticFieldStrength
Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.
MagnetizingFieldStrength
Convergent
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, and so that for every two distinct φ proper parts one is part of the other.
Illuminance
The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
KinematicViscosity
Quotient of dynamic viscosity and mass density of a fluid.
Gradient
PlasticModeling
MassEnergyTransferCoefficient
For ionizing uncharged particles of a given type and energy, the differential quotient of Rtr with respect to l. Where Rtr is the mean energy that is transferred to kinetic energy of charged particles by interactions of the uncharged particles of incident radiant energy R in traversing a distance l in the material of density rho, divided by rho and R
VoltagePhasor
Complex representation of an oscillating voltage.
DisplacementCurrent
Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the displacement current density JD through a given directed surface S.
StaticFrictionCoefficient
Proportionality factor between the maximum magnitude of the tangential component of the static friction force and the magnitude of the normal component of the contact force between two bodies at relative rest with respect to each other.
When it is not necessary to distinguish between dynamic friction factor and static friction factor, the name friction factor may be used for both.
CoefficientOfStaticFriction
StaticFrictionFactor
SeebeckCoefficient
Measure of voltage induced by change of temperature.
hasURNValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URN data entity.
TotalIonization
Quotient of the total mean charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle along its entire path and along the paths of any secondary charged particles, and the elementary charge.
hasModelledProperty
Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined modelling procedure.
UnintentionalAgency
A process that does not have an active participation of an intentional agent driving it.
BeginTask
An initial task of a workflow.
There may be more than one begin task, if they run in parallel.
SuperconductionTransitionTemperature
Critical thermodynamic temperature of a superconductor.
JosephsonConstant
Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
MassRatioOfWaterToDryMatter
The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted usat.
Ratio of the mass of water to the mass of dry matter in a given volume of matter.
VolumePerAmountTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerAmountTime'.
SpatialSequence
A monodimensional arrangement of tiles.
Sequence
AngularVelocity
Axial vector quantity describing the rotation around an axis, with magnitude ω=|dφ/dt|, where dφ is the plane angle change during the infinitesimal time interval with duration dt, and with direction along the axis for which the rotation is clockwise.
CatalyticActivity
Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
CyclotronAngularFrequency
Quotient of the product of the electric charge of a particle and the magnitude of the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field, and the particle mass.
RelativeVolumeStrain
Quotient of change of volume and original volume.
BulkStrain
VolumeStrain
SquareTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTemperature'.
StandardChemicalPotential
The value of the chemical potential under specified standard conditions (in the standard state).
PowerAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerArea'.
StandardAbsoluteActivityOfSolvent
For solvent A, standard absolute activity of the pure substance A at the same temperature and at a standard pressure.
CondensedFormula
An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number, together with simple information about the connectivity of its groups by using parenthesis or by goruping element names according to its molecular structure.
QuarticElectricDipoleMomentPerCubicEnergyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticElectricDipoleMomentPerCubicEnergy'.
MigrationLength
Square root of the migration area, M^2.
CeramicSintering
hasEndTile
The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only ingoing temporal connections.
hasTemporalLast
ExposureRate
Time derivative of exposure.
TotalCurrentDensity
Sum of electric current density and displacement current density.
ElementaryPhoton
A boson with spin of 1 that carries electromagnetism.
Activity
Number dN of spontaneous nuclear transitions or nuclear disintegrations for a radionuclide of amount N produced during a short time interval dt, divided by this time interval.
LossAngle
Arctan of the loss factor
LinearEnergyTransfer
Measure for the energy lost by charged particles per traversed distance, including only interactions up to a given energy.
FiberReinforcePlasticManufacturing
Magnetizing
InternalConversionFactor
Quotient of the number of internal conversion electrons and the number of gamma quanta emitted by the radioactive atom in a given transition, where a conversion electron represents an orbital electron emitted through the radioactive decay.
InternalConversionCoefficient
LossFactor
Inverse of the quality factor.
MassieuFunction
Negative quotient of Helmholtz energy and temperature.
Tortuosity
Parameter for diffusion and fluid flow in porous media.
OrdinalQuantity
"Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
"Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Hardness Resilience
ordinal quantity
Irradiate
HardeningByDrawing
hasDescription
A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a description in a declaration process.
LaserCutting
AmountPerVolumeTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerVolumeTime'.
CeramicMaterial
DisplacementVector
In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion relative to its equilibrium position.
HardeningByForging
NuclearQuadrupoleMoment
z component of the diagonalized tensor of nuclear quadrupole moment, in the quantum state with the nuclear spin in the field direction (z).
CouplingFactor
Ratio of the absolute value of the mutual permeance related to two circuit elements to the geometric average of their self-permeances.
InductiveCouplingFactor
TemperaturePerSquareTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerSquareTime'.
ComplexPower
Voltage phasor multiplied by complex conjugate of the current phasor.
ComplexApparentPower
Join
A tessellation in which a tile is next for two or more non spatially connected tiles.
Calendering
wikipediaReference
URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.
Vector quantity expressing the internal angular momentum of a particle or a particle system.
ModulusOfRigidity
Ratio of shear stress to the shear strain.
ShearModulus
VolumicCrossSection
In nuclear physics, product of the number density of atoms of a given type and the cross section.
MacroscopicCrossSection
Extrusion
EnergyFluence
In nuclear physics, incident radiant energy per cross-sectional area.
MassFractionOfWater
Quantity of dimension 1 equal to u/(1 + u), where u is mass ratio of water to dry matter.
FastFissionFactor
In an infinite medium, the ratio of the mean number of neutrons produced by fission due to neutrons of all energies to the mean number of neutrons produced by fissions due to thermal neutrons only.
VolumicTotalCrossSection
Product of the number density na of the atoms and the cross section σ_tot for a given type of atoms.
MacroscopicTotalCrossSection
ForceAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ForceArea'.
StoichiometricNumberOfSubstance
For substance B, an integer number or a simple fraction, being negative for a reactant and positive for a product, occurring in the expression for a chemical reaction.
The factors 1/2 and 3/2 in the chemical reaction formula below are stoicheiometric mumbers of substance. (1/2)N2 + (3/2)H2 = NH3
ElectronCharge
The charge of an electron.
The negative of ElementaryCharge.
MultiplicationFactor
Quotient of the total number of fission or fission-dependent neutrons produced in the duration of a time interval and the total number of neutrons lost by absorption and leakage in that duration.
isContributedBy
SquareCurrentQuarticTimePerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareCurrentQuarticTimePerMass'.
MolarEntropy
Entropy per amount of substance.
AreaTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTemperature'.
DoseEquivalentQualityFactor
Factor taking into account health effects in the determination of the dose equivalent.
LengthTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTemperature'.
DrawForms
isPartakenBy
The relation between an object O1 that through overlaps an object O2.
SquareLengthPerVoltageTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareLengthPerVoltageTime'.
StandaloneModelSimulation
A standalone simulation, where a single physics equation is solved.
RelativeMassDefect
Quotient of mass defect and the unified atomic mass constant.
hasCharacterised
InversePermittivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'InversePermittivity'.
CASRN
Chemical Abstact Service registry number for a chemical substance from the American Chemical Society
Exposure
Absolute value of the electric charge of ions produced in dry air by X- or gamma radiation per mass of air.
PorcelainOrCeramicCasting
MaximumBetaParticleEnergy
Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted beta particle produced in the nuclear disintegration process.
StandardAbsoluteActivityOfSolution
Property of a solute in a solution.
Riveting
NeutronYieldPerAbsorption
Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per neutron absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified.
KermaRate
Time derivative of kerma.
Curvature
Inverse of the radius of curvature.
ComptonWavelength
Quotient of the Planck constant and the product of the mass of the particle and the speed of light in vacuum.
Assignment
A estimation of a property by a criteria based on the pre-existing knowledge of the estimator.
The Argon gas in my bottle has ionisation energy of 15.7596 eV. This is not measured but assigned to this material by previous knowledge.
ElectricCurrentPerAmountVolumeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerAmountVolume'.
AssemblyLine
A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
Is not collection, since the connection between the elements of an assembly line occurs through the flow of objects that are processed.
MeanLinearRange
Mean total rectified path length travelled by a particle in the course of slowing down to rest in a given material averaged over a group of particles having the same initial energy.
LiquidFoam
A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
FiberboardManufacturing
LinearMassDensity
Mass per length.
LinearDensity
LineicMass
InChI
The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) textual identifier proposed by IUPAC to provide a standard encoding for databases of molecular information.
Sphere
A standard 2-manifold with no unconnected boundaries.
FineStructureConstant
A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
ThermalResistance
The name “thermal resistance” and the symbol R are used in building technology to designate thermal insulance.
Thermodynamic temperature difference divided by heat flow rate.
ReactivePower
Imaginary part of the complex power.
CanonicalPartitionFunction
In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Partition functions are functions of the thermodynamic state variables, such as the temperature and volume. Most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy, entropy, and pressure, can be expressed in terms of the partition function or its derivatives. The partition function is dimensionless.
Sum over quantum states of energy in a system in equilibrium.
MaterialByForceResponse
VectorData
The datatype for monodimensional arrays.
SubClassOf: hasSpatialTile some ScalarData
IonTransportNumber
Faction of electrical current carried by given ionic species.
CurrentFraction
TransferrenceNumber
BurgersVector
Vector characterising a dislocation in a crystal lattice.
NewtonianConstantOfGravity
Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.
Assigned
An estimated that has been assigned by an agent.
Input parameter to a model that has been assigned by a modeller (agent).
unitSymbolValue
SquareTemperaturePerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTemperaturePerTime'.
GrueneisenParamter
Describes the effect that changing the volume of a crystal lattice has on its vibrational properties, and, as a consequence, the effect that changing temperature has on the size or dynamics of the lattice.
Cementing
NuclearRadius
Conventional radius of sphere in which the nuclear matter is included,
ScalarData
A symbolic data that is not array data.
Scalar data are primitive symbolic data that are not built up of other types of symbolic data.
AverageEnergyLossPerElementaryChargeProduced
Quotient of the initial kinetic energy Ek of an ionizing charged particle and the total ionization Ni produced by that particle.
MassPerSquareLengthSquareTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerSquareLengthSquareTime'.
VacuumMagneticPermeability
The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
Vector quantity in a quantum system composed of the vectorial sum of angular momentum L and spin s.
EnergyPerSquareMagneticFluxDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyPerSquareMagneticFluxDensity'.
Quotient of the mass of water vapour in moist gas by the total gas volume.
The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted vsat.
PeltierCoefficient
Quotient of Peltier heat power developed at a junction, and the electric current flowing from substance a to substance b.
RotationalDisplacement
Quotient of the traversed circular path length of a point in space during a rotation and its distance from the axis or centre of rotation.
Permeance
Inverse of the reluctance.
SpecificGibbsEnergy
Gibbs energy per unit mass.
CentrifugalCasting
FlameCutting
PlasmaCutting
LuminousFlux
Perceived power of light.
ExtentOfReaction
Difference between equilibrium and initial amount of a substance, divided by its stoichiometric number.
GibbsEnergy
Type of thermodynamic potential; useful for calculating reversible work in certain systems.
GibbsFreeEnergy
Acceleration
Derivative of velocity with respect to time.
ThermodynamicEfficiency
Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, expressed as the ratio of work done over thermal energy used.
ThermalEfficiency
Dust
A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
IlluminanceTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'IlluminanceTime'.
RadiantFlux
The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
Width
Length in a given direction regarded as horizontal.
The terms breadth and width are often used by convention, as distinguished from length and from height or thickness.
Breadth
SectionAreaIntegralUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SectionAreaIntegral'.
MagneticSusceptibility
Scalar or tensor quantity the product of which by the magnetic constant μ0 and by the magnetic field strength H is equal to the magnetic polarization J.
ExchangeIntegral
constituent of the interaction energy between the spins of adjacent electrons in matter arising from the overlap of electron state functions
ElectricChargePerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerAmount'.
Proportionality constant between the magnetic dipole moment and the angular momentum of the electron.
GyromagneticCoefficientOfTheElectron
MagnetogyricRatioOfTheElectron
ElectronRadius
Radius of a sphere such that the relativistic electron energy is distributed uniformly.
ElectrolyticConductivity
Electric conductivity of an electrolyte.
ShortRangeOrderParameter
fraction of nearest-neighbour atom pairs in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction
MagnetomotiveForce
Scalar line integral of the magnetic field strength along a closed path.
SpeedFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
Unit for refractive index.
Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a theory, estimated and objective, since its estimated premises are objective.
SpecificInternalEnergy
Internal energy per unit mass.
ArchetypeManufacturing
A manufacturing in which the product is a solid body with a well defined geometrical shape made from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
Urformen
PrimitiveForming
DiffusionArea
One-sixth of the mean square distance between the point where a neutron enters a specified class and the point where it leaves this class.
Kerma
Kinetic energy released per mass.
MolarMass
Mass per amount of substance.
TransientLiquidPhaseSintering
ReactionEnergy
In a nuclear reaction, sum of the kinetic energies and photon energies of the reaction products minus the sum of the kinetic and photon energies of the reactants.
TransformationLanguage
A construction language designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that meets some specific goal.
Tritium, XSLT, XQuery, STX, FXT, XDuce, CDuce, HaXml, XMLambda, FleXML
MutualInductance
Given an electric current in a thin conducting loop and the linked flux caused by that electric current in another loop, the mutual inductance of the two loops is the linked flux divided by the electric current.
Molality
quotient of the amount of substance nB of solute B by the mass m of the solvent: bB = nB / m.
AmountPerMass
VonKlitzingConstant
Resistance quantum.
The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
LinearAttenuationCoefficient
In nuclear physics, fraction of interacting particles per distance traversed in a given material.
LinkedModelsSimulation
A chain of linked physics based model simulations, where equations are solved sequentially.
SurfaceMassDensity
at a given point on a two-dimensional domain of quasi-infinitesimal area dA, scalar quantity equal to the mass dm within the domain divided by the area dA, thus ρA = dm/dA.
AreicMass
SurfaceDensity
Attenuation
Decrease in magnitude of any kind of flux through a medium.
Extinction
ClassicalData
Data that are expressed through classical physics mechanisms, having one value and one state, and being in the same place at the same time.
ElectricCurrentPerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerTemperature'.
MolarEnthalpy
Enthalpy per amount of substance.
TotalCrossSection
Sum of all cross sections corresponding to the various reactions or processes between an incident particle of specified type and energy and a target entity.
ElectricSusceptibility
Electric polarization divided by electric constant and electric field strength.
hasCharacteriser
NumberOfTurnsInAWinding
Number of turns in a winding.
ModulusOfImpedance
Quotient of the rms value of the voltage between the terminals of a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit by the rms value of the electric current in the element or circuit.
SparkPlasmaSintering
NeelTemperature
Critical thermodynamic temperature of an antiferromagnet.
IonizationEnergy
Difference between energy of an electron at rest at infinity and a certain energy level which is the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance.
NonAgent
A participant that does not have an active role in driving the process.
SpecificEntropy
Quotient of entropy and mass.
MaterialLaw
A law that provides a connection between a material property and other properties of the object.
GravityCasting
Assigner
A estimator that uses its predefined knowledge to declare a property of an object.
I estimate the molecular mass of the gas in my bottle as 1.00784 u because it is tagged as H.
SquareTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTime'.
ShellScript
A command language designed to be run by a command-line interpreter, like a Unix shell.
DegreeOfDissociation
Dissociation may occur stepwise.
Ratio of the number of dissociation events to the maximum number of theoretically possible dissociation events.
DissociationFraction
ElectricFieldStrength
Vector field quantity E which exerts on any charged particle at rest a force F equal to the product of E and the electric charge Q of the particle.
TemperaturePerMagneticFluxDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerMagneticFluxDensity'.
AmountFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
Unit for amount fraction.
EnergyFluenceRate
In nuclear physics, time derivative of the energy fluence.
Hyperon
A baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quark.
This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars.
TensorMeson
A meson with spin two.
Modeller
A estimator that uses modelling to declare a property of an object (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
ActivityDensity
Activity per unit volume of the sample.
ActivityConcentration
VolumetricActivity
VolumicActivity
HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. It defines the base unit second in the SI system.
PropagationCoefficient
Measure of the change of amplitude and phase angle of a plane wave propagating in a given direction.
GroupVelocity
Speed with which the envelope of a wave propagates in space.
GroupSpeed
MaterialSynthesis
Deals with undefined shapes both input and output.
The creation of a material entity starting from fundamental substances, involving chemical phenomena (e.g. reaction, bonding).
hasNumberValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO numerical data entity.
PolymericMaterial
SpecificationLanguage
A language used to describe what a computer system should do.
ACSL, VDM, LOTUS, MML, ...
Absolute value of the magnetic moment of a nucleus.
SlowingDownLength
Square root of the slowing down area.
Action
Physical quantity of dimension energy × time.
Susceptance
Imaginary part of the admittance.
NonTemporalRole
An holistic spatial part of a whole.
HolisticSpatialPart
MagneticTension
Scalar quantity equal to the line integral of the magnetic field strength H along a specified path linking two points a and b.
PressurePerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PressurePerTime'.
MassAttenuationCoefficient
Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the mass density ρ of the medium.
Expressing
A semiosis where the interpreter wants to express an interpretant (e.g., an idea, a reasoning, a distant entity) to the rest of the world by the production of a sign. In the intention of the interpreter, the sign should impress another agent with an intended interpretation that should match his one.
FermiTemperature
in the free electron model, the Fermi energy divided by the Boltzmann constant
iupacReference
DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC
KineticFrictionForce
Force opposing the motion of a body sliding on a surface.
DynamicFrictionForce
ArtificialAgency
An intentional agency exercised by artificial systems that have internal states that enables adaptive regulation of the agent’s coupling with the environment and metabolic self-maintenance.
ThermalConductance
Reciprocal of the thermal resistance.
hasBeginTile
The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only outgoing temporal connections.
hasTemporalFirst
Unknown
The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
RadiusOfCurvature
Radius of the osculating circle of a planar curve at a particular point of the curve.
ThermoelectricVoltage
Voltage between substances a and b caused by the thermoelectric effect.
PerLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLength'.
PhaseCoefficient
Change of phase angle with the length along the path travelled by a plane wave.
The imaginary part of the propagation coefficient.
PhaseChangeCoefficient
ThermodynamicGrueneisenParameter
A dimensionless thermodynamic parameter named after German physicist Eduard Grüneisen.
SquarePressurePerSquareTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquarePressurePerSquareTime'.
BoltzmannConstant
A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. It defines the Kelvin unit in the SI system.
The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
MathematicalConstruct
A construct of two or more mathematical symbols.
ACVoltammetry
Voltammetry in which a sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz) is superimposed on a slowly and linearly varying potential ramp. The obtained AC voltammogram is peak-shaped.
Voltammetry in which a sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz) is superimposed on a slowly and linearly varying potential ramp. The resulting alternating current is plotted versus imposed DC potential. The obtained AC voltammogram is peak-shaped.
ACV
AdsorptiveStrippingVoltammetry
Stripping voltammetry involving pre-concentration by adsorption of the analyte (in contrast to electro-chemical accumulation). A peak-shaped adsorptive stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution. AdSV is usually employed for analysis of organic compounds or metal complexes with organic ligands. Stripping is done by means of an anodic or a cathodic voltammetric scan (linear or pulse), during which the adsorbed compound is oxidized or reduced.
AdSV
AlphaSpectrometry
Alpha spectrometry (also known as alpha(-particle) spectroscopy) is the quantitative study of the energy of alpha particles emitted by a radioactive nuclide that is an alpha emitter. As emitted alpha particles are mono-energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay) with energies often distinct to the decay they can be used to identify which radionuclide they originated from.
AnalyticalElectronMicroscopy
Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) refers to the collection of spectroscopic data in TEM or STEM, enabling qualitative or quantitative compositional analysis.
AnodicStrippingVoltammetry
Stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically oxi- dized in the stripping step. A peak-shaped anodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution. A solid electrode, carbon paste or composite electrode, bismuth film electrode, mercury film electrode, or static mercury drop electrode may be used.
AtomProbeTomography
Atom Probe Tomography (APT or 3D Atom Probe) is the only material analysis technique offering extensive capabilities for both 3D imaging and chemical composition measurements at the atomic scale (around 0.1-0.3nm resolution in depth and 0.3-0.5nm laterally). Since its early developments, Atom Probe Tomography has contributed to major advances in materials science. The sample is prepared in the form of a very sharp tip. The cooled tip is biased at high DC voltage (3-15 kV). The very small radius of the tip and the High Voltage induce a very high electrostatic field (tens V/nm) at the tip surface, just below the point of atom evaporation. Under laser or HV pulsing, one or more atoms are evaporated from the surface, by field effect (near 100% ionization), and projected onto a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) with a very high detection efficiency. Ion efficiencies are as high as 80%, the highest analytical efficiency of any 3D microscopy.
AtomicForceMicroscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an influential surface analysis technique used for micro/nanostructured coatings. This flexible technique can be used to obtain high-resolution nanoscale images and study local sites in air (conventional AFM) or liquid (electrochemical AFM) surroundings.
BrunauerEmmettTellerMethod
A technique used to measure the specific surface area of porous materials by analyzing the adsorption of gas molecules onto the material's surface
BET
Calorimetry
In chemistry and thermodynamics, calorimetry (from Latin calor 'heat', and Greek μέτρον (metron) 'measure') is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter.
CathodicStrippingVoltammetry
Stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically reduced in the stripping step. A peak-shaped cathodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution.
CSV
CharacterisationExperiment
A characterisation experiment is the process by which a material's structure and properties are probed and measured. It is a fundamental process in the field of materials science, without which no scientific understanding of engineering materials could be ascertained.
HardwareManufacturer
CharacterisationProtocol
A characterisation protocol is defined whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other laboratories.
The sample after having been subjected to a characterization process.
Chronoamperometry
Amperometry in which the current is measured as a function of time after a change in the applied potential. If the potential step is from a potential at which no current flows (i.e., at which the oxidation or reduction of the electrochemically active species does not take place) to one at which the current is limited by diffusion (see diffusion-limited current), the current obeys the Cottrell equation.
AmperiometricDetection
AmperometricCurrentTimeCurve
Chronocoulometry
Direct coulometry at controlled potential in which the electric charge passed after the application of a potential step perturbation is measured as a function of time (Q-t curve). Chronocoulometry provides the same information that is provided by chronoamperometry, since it is based on the integration of the I-t curve. Nevertheless, chronocoulometry offers important experimental advantages, such as (i) the measured signal usually increases with time and hence the later parts of the transient can be detected more accurately, (ii) a better signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved, and (iii) other contributions to overall charge passed as a function of time can be discriminated from those due to the diffusion of electroactive substances.
ConductometricTitration
Titration in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured as a function of the amount of titrant added. The equivalence-point is obtained as the intersection of linear parts of the conductance G, versus titrant volume V, curve. The method can be used for deeply coloured or turbid solutions. Acid-base and precipitation reactions are most frequently used. The method is based on replacing an ionic species of the analyte with another species, cor- responding to the titrant or the product with significantly different conductance.
ConfocalMicroscopy
Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.
CoulometricTitration
Titration in which the titrant is generated electrochemically, either by constant current or at constant potential. The titrant reacts stoichiometrically with the analyte, the amount of which is calculated using Faraday’s laws of electrolysis from the electric charge required to reach the end-point. Coulometric titrations are usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode using a large surface working electrode. The reference and auxiliary electrodes are located in sepa- rate compartments. A basic requirement is a 100 % current efficiency of titrant generation at the working electrode. End-point detection can be accomplished with potentiometry, amperometry, biamperometry, bipotentiometry, photometry, or by using a visual indicator. The main advantages are that titration is possible with less stable titrants, the standardi- zation of titrant is not necessary, the volume of the test solution is not changed, and the method is easily automated.
CriticalAndSupercriticalChromatography
CyclicVoltammetry
Voltammetry in which the electric current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied with time cyclically between two potential limits, normally at a constant scan rate. Cyclic voltammetry is frequently used for the investigation of mechanisms of electrochemical/electrode reactions. The current-potential curve may be modelled to obtain reaction mechanisms and electrochemical parameters. Normally the initial potential is chosen where no electrode reaction occurs and the switching potential is greater (more positive for an oxidation or more negative for a reduction) than the peak potential of the analyte reaction. The initial potential is usually the negative or positive limit of the cycle but can have any value between the two limits, as can the initial scan direction. The limits of the potential are known as the switching potentials. The plot of current against potential is termed a cyclic voltammogram. Usually peak-shaped responses are obtained for scans in both directions.
DataNormalisation
Data normalization involves adjusting raw data to a notionally common scale.
It involves the creation of shifted and/or scaled versions of the values to allow post-processing in a way that eliminates the effects of influences on subsequent properties extraction.
DeviceSample
Specific type of sample that is a device.
DielectricAndImpedanceSpectroscopy
Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) or impedance spectroscopy, also known as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, is frequently used to study the response of a sample subjected to an applied electric field of fixed or changing frequency. DS describes the dielectric properties of a material as a function of frequency. In DS, the radio and microwave frequency regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have been successfully made to interact with materials, so as to study the behavior of molecules. The interaction of applied alternating electric fields with dipoles possessing reorientation mobility in materials is also dealt by DS.
Dielectrometry
Electrochemical measurement principle based on the measurement of the dielectric constant of a sample resulting from the orientation of particles (molecules or ions) that have a dipole moment in an electric field. Dielectrometric titrations use dielectrometry for the end-point detection. The method is used to monitor the purity of dielectrics, for example to detect small amounts of moisture.
DifferentialRefractiveIndex
DifferentialScanningCalorimetry
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. Additionally, the reference sample must be stable, of high purity, and must not experience much change across the temperature scan. Typically, reference standards have been metals such as indium, tin, bismuth, and lead, but other standards such as polyethylene and fatty acids have been proposed to study polymers and organic compounds, respectively.
DifferentialThermalAnalysis
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermoanalytic technique that is similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA, the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, (i.e., same cooling or heating programme) while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference.[1] This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or against temperature (DTA curve, or thermogram). Changes in the sample, either exothermic or endothermic, can be detected relative to the inert reference. Thus, a DTA curve provides data on the transformations that have occurred, such as glass transitions, crystallization, melting and sublimation. The area under a DTA peak is the enthalpy change and is not affected by the heat capacity of the sample.
Dilatometry
Dilatometry is a method for characterising the dimensional changes of materials with variation of temperature conditions.
DirectCoulometryAtControlledCurrent
Coulometry at an imposed, constant current in the electrochemical cell. Direct coulometry at controlled current is usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode. The end-point of the electrolysis, at which the current is stopped, must be determined either from the inflection point in the E–t curve or by using visual or objective end-point indi- cation, similar to volumetric methods. The total electric charge is calculated as the product of the constant current and time of electrolysis or can be measured directly using a coulometer. The advantage of this method is that the electric charge consumed during the electrode reaction is directly proportional to the electrolysis time. Care must be taken to avoid the potential region where another electrode reaction may occur.
DirectCoulometryAtControlledPotential
Coulometry at a preselected constant potential of the working electrode. Direct coulometry at controlled potential is usually carried out in convective mass trans- fer mode using a large surface working electrode. Reference and auxiliary electrodes are placed in separate compartments. The total electric charge is obtained by integration of the I–t curve or can be measured directly using a coulometer.
In principle, the end point at which I = 0, i.e. when the concentration of species under study becomes zero, can be reached only at infinite time. However, in practice, the electrolysis is stopped when the current has decayed to a few percent of the initial value and the charge passed at infinite time is calculated from a plot of charge Q(t) against time t. For a simple system under diffusion control Qt= Q∞[1 − exp(−DAt/Vδ)], where Q∞ = limt→∞Q(t) is the total charge passed at infinite time, D is the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive species, A the electrode area, δ the diffusion layer thickness, and V the volume of the solution.
DirectCurrentInternalResistance
Method of determining the internal resistance of an electrochemical cell by applying a low current followed by higher current within a short period, and then record the changes of battery voltage and current.
DynamicLightScattering
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in solution. In the scope of DLS, temporal fluctuations are usually analyzed using the intensity or photon auto-correlation function (also known as photon correlation spectroscopy - PCS or quasi-elastic light scattering - QELS).
DynamicMechanicalSpectroscopy
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a material characterization technique where a small deformation is applied to a sample in a cyclic manner. This allows measurement of the materials response to stress, temperature, frequency or time. The term is also used to refer to the analyzer that performs the test.
ElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopy
Electrochemical measurement method of the complex impedance of an electrochemical system as a function of the frequency of a small amplitude (normally 5 to 10 mV) sinusoidal voltage perturbation superimposed on a fixed value of applied potential or on the open circuit potential. Impedimetric sensors are based on measurement of a concentration-dependent parameter taken from analysis of the respective electrochemical impedance spectra, or from the impedance magnitudes at a chosen fixed frequency. The sinusoidal current response lags behind the sinusoidal voltage perturbation by a phase angle φ. Resistances (e.g. to charge transfer) give a response in phase with the voltage perturbation; capacitances (e.g. double layer) give a response 90° out of phase; combinations of resistances and capacitances give phase angles between 0 and 90°. Plots of the out of phase vs. the in phase component of the impedance for all the frequencies tested are called complex plane (or Nyquist) plots. Plots of the phase angle and the magnitude of the impedance vs. the logarithm of perturbation frequency are called Bode diagrams. Complex plane plots are the more commonly used for electrochemical sensors.
EIS
ElectrochemicalPiezoelectricMicrogravimetry
Electrogravimetry using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The change of mass is, for rigid deposits, linearly proportional to the change of the reso- nance frequency of the quartz crystal, according to the Sauerbrey equation. For non- rigid deposits, corrections must be made.
ElectronBackscatterDiffraction
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique used to study the crystallographic structure of materials. EBSD is carried out in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD detector comprising at least a phosphorescent screen, a compact lens and a low-light camera. In this configuration, the SEM incident beam hits the tilted sample. As backscattered electrons leave the sample, they interact with the crystal's periodic atomic lattice planes and diffract according to Bragg's law at various scattering angles before reaching the phosphor screen forming Kikuchi patterns (EBSPs). EBSD spatial resolution depends on many factors, including the nature of the material under study and the sample preparation. Thus, EBSPs can be indexed to provide information about the material's grain structure, grain orientation, and phase at the micro-scale. EBSD is applied for impurities and defect studies, plastic deformation, and statistical analysis for average misorientation, grain size, and crystallographic texture. EBSD can also be combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) for advanced phase identification and materials discovery.
ElectronProbeMicroanalysis
Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is used for quantitative analysis of the elemental composition of solid specimens at a micrometer scale. The method uses bombardment of the specimen by keV electrons to excite characteristic X-rays from the sample, which are then detected by using wavelength-dispersive (WD) spectrometers.
Ellipsometry
Ellipsometry is an optical technique that uses polarised light to probe the dielectric properties of a sample (optical system). The common application of ellipsometry is the analysis of thin films. Through the analysis of the state of polarisation of the light that is reflected from the sample, ellipsometry yields information on the layers that are thinner than the wavelength of the light itself, down to a single atomic layer or less. Depending on what is already known about the sample, the technique can probe a range of properties including layer thickness, morphology, and chemical composition.
EnvironmentalScanningElectronMicroscopy
The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are wet, uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber.
Exafs
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), along with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a subset of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Like other absorption spectroscopies, XAS techniques follow Beer's law. The X-ray absorption coefficient of a material as a function of energy is obtained by directing X-rays of a narrow energy range at a sample, while recording the incident and transmitted x-ray intensity, as the incident x-ray energy is incremented. When the incident x-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron of an atom within the sample, the number of x-rays absorbed by the sample increases dramatically, causing a drop in the transmitted x-ray intensity. This results in an absorption edge. Every element has a set of unique absorption edges corresponding to different binding energies of its electrons, giving XAS element selectivity. XAS spectra are most often collected at synchrotrons because of the high intensity of synchrotron X-ray sources allow the concentration of the absorbing element to reach as low as a few parts per million. Absorption would be undetectable if the source is too weak. Because X-rays are highly penetrating, XAS samples can be gases, solids or liquids.
FieldEmissionScanningElectronMicroscopy
Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) is an advanced technology used to capture the microstructure image of the materials. FE-SEM is typically performed in a high vacuum because gas molecules tend to disturb the electron beam and the emitted secondary and backscattered electrons used for imaging.
FourierTransformInfraredSpectroscopy
A technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas
FTIR
Fractography
Fractography is the study of fracture surfaces in order to determine the relation between the microstructure and the mechanism(s) of crack initiation and propagation and, eventually, the root cause of the fracture. Fractography qualitatively interprets the mechanisms of fracture that occur in a sample by microscopic examination of fracture surface morpholog.
FreezingPointDepressionOsmometry
The general principle of freezing point depression osmometry involves the relationship between the number of moles of dissolved solute in a solution and the change in freezing point.
GalvanostaticIntermittentTitrationTechnique
Electrochemical method that applies current pulses to an electrochemical cell at rest and measures the voltage response.
GITT
GammaSpectrometry
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the qualitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics.[1] Gamma-ray spectrometry, on the other hand, is the method used to acquire a quantitative spectrum measurement. Most radioactive sources produce gamma rays, which are of various energies and intensities. When these emissions are detected and analyzed with a spectroscopy system, a gamma-ray energy spectrum can be produced. A detailed analysis of this spectrum is typically used to determine the identity and quantity of gamma emitters present in a gamma source, and is a vital tool in radiometric assay. The gamma spectrum is characteristic of the gamma-emitting nuclides contained in the source, just like in an optical spectrometer, the optical spectrum is characteristic of the material contained in a sample.
Grinding
Grinding is a machining process that involves the use of a disc-shaped grinding wheel to remove material from a workpiece. There are several types of grinding wheels, some of which include grindstones, angle grinders, die grinders and specialized grinding machines.
HPPC
Electrochemical method that measures the voltage drop of a cell resulting from a square wave current load.
HybridPulsePowerCharacterisation
HybridPulsePowerCharacterization
ICI
Electrochemical method that measures the voltage response of an electrochemical cell under galvanostatic conditions to short interruptions in the current.
IntermittentCurrentInterruptionMethod
IntermediateSample
IonChromatography
Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a form of chromatography that separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
IonMobilitySpectrometry
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) It is a method of conducting analytical research that separates and identifies ionized molecules present in the gas phase based on the mobility of the molecules in a carrier buffer gas. Even though it is used extensively for military or security objectives, such as detecting drugs and explosives, the technology also has many applications in laboratory analysis, including studying small and big biomolecules. IMS instruments are extremely sensitive stand-alone devices, but are often coupled with mass spectrometry, gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography in order to achieve a multi-dimensional separation. They come in various sizes, ranging from a few millimeters to several meters depending on the specific application, and are capable of operating under a broad range of conditions. IMS instruments such as microscale high-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry can be palm-portable for use in a range of applications including volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring, biological sample analysis, medical diagnosis and food quality monitoring.
IsothermalMicrocalorimetry
Isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) is a laboratory method for real-time monitoring and dynamic analysis of chemical, physical and biological processes. Over a period of hours or days, IMC determines the onset, rate, extent and energetics of such processes for specimens in small ampoules (e.g. 3–20 ml) at a constant set temperature (c. 15 °C–150 °C). IMC accomplishes this dynamic analysis by measuring and recording vs. elapsed time the net rate of heat flow (μJ/s = μW) to or from the specimen ampoule, and the cumulative amount of heat (J) consumed or produced.
LightScattering
Light scattering is the way light behaves when it interacts with a medium that contains particles or the boundary between different mediums where defects or structures are present. It is different than the effects of refraction, where light undergoes a change in index of refraction as it passes from one medium to another, or reflection, where light reflects back into the same medium, both of which are governed by Snell’s law. Light scattering can be caused by factors such as the nature, texture, or specific structures of a surface and the presence of gas, liquid, or solid particles through which light propagates, as well as the nature of the light itself, of its wavelengths and polarization states. It usually results in diffuse light and can also affect the dispersion of color.
LinearScanVoltammetry
Voltammetry in which the current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied linearly with time. LSV corresponds to the first half cycle of cyclic voltammetry. The peak current is expressed by the Randles-Ševčík equation. The scan is usually started at a potential where no electrode reaction occurs.
LSV
LinearPolarization
LinearSweepVoltammetry
MassSpectrometry
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used to quantify known materials, to identify unknown compounds within a sample, and to elucidate the structure and chemical properties of different molecules.
Activity which has the goal of adjusting/tuning a measing instrument, without performing a measurement on a reference sample (which is a calibration). The output of this process can be a specific measurement parameter to be used in the characteriasation measurement process. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity being measured. NOTE 1: If there is any doubt that the context in which the term is being used is that of metrology, the long form “adjustment of a measuring system” might be used. NOTE 2: Types of adjustment of a measuring system include zero adjustment, offset adjustment, and span adjustment (sometimes called “gain adjustment”). NOTE 3: Adjustment of a measuring system should not be confused with calibration, which is sometimes a prerequisite for adjustment. NOTE 4: After an adjustment of a measuring system, the measuring system must usually be recalibrated.
Activity which has the goal of adjusting/tuning a measing instrument, without performing a measurement on a reference sample (which is a calibration). The output of this process can be a specific measurement parameter to be used in the characteriasation measurement process.
From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity being measured. NOTE 1: If there is any doubt that the context in which the term is being used is that of metrology, the long form “adjustment of a measuring system” might be used. NOTE 2: Types of adjustment of a measuring system include zero adjustment, offset adjustment, and span adjustment (sometimes called “gain adjustment”). NOTE 3: Adjustment of a measuring system should not be confused with calibration, which is sometimes a prerequisite for adjustment. NOTE 4: After an adjustment of a measuring system, the measuring system must usually be recalibrated.
Adjustment
MembraneOsmometry
In the membrane osmometry technique, a pure solvent and polymer solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane, due to the higher chemical potential of the solvent in the pure solvent than in polymer solution, the solvent starts moving towards the polymer solution.
MercuryPorosimetry
A method used to measure the pore size distribution and total pore volume of solid materials by infiltrating mercury into the pores under controlled pressure conditions and analyzing the amount of mercury intrusion.
Milling
Milling is a machining process that involves the use of a milling machine to remove material from a workpiece. Milling machines feature cutting blades that rotate while they press against the workpiece.
The sample is mounted on a holder.
NeutronSpinEchoSpectroscopy
Neutron spin echo spectroscopy is a high resolution inelastic neutron scattering method probing nanosecond dynamics. Neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy uses the precession of neutron spins in a magnetic field to measure the energy transfer at the sample and decouples the energy resolution from beam characteristics like monochromatisation and collimation.
Nexafs
Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), also known as X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states in the energy region of 50–100 eV above the selected atomic core level ionization energy, where the wavelength of the photoelectron is larger than the interatomic distance between the absorbing atom and its first neighbour atoms.
NormalPulseVoltammetry
Voltammetry in which potential pulses of amplitude increasing by a constant increment and with a pulse width of 2 to 200 ms are superimposed on a constant initial potential. Normal pulse polarography is NPV in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied just before the mechanically enforced end of the drop. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop time. The drop dislodgment is synchro- nized with current sampling, which is carried out just before the end of the pulse, as in NPV. Sigmoidal wave-shaped voltammograms are obtained. The current is sampled at the end of the pulse and then plotted versus the potential of the pulse. The current is sampled just before the end of the pulse, when the charging current is greatly diminished. In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detec- tion is lowered. The sensitivity of NPV is not affected by the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
NPV
NuclearMagneticResonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. This spectroscopy is based on the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiations in the radio frequency region from roughly 4 to 900 MHz. Absorption of radio waves in the presence of magnetic field is accompanied by a special type of nuclear transition, and for this reason, such type of spectroscopy is known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, in modern organic chemistry practice, NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.
OpenCircuitHold
A process in which the electric current is kept constant at 0 (i.e., open-circuit conditions).
OCVHold
OpticalMicroscopy
Optical microscopy is a technique used to closely view a sample through the magnification of a lens with visible light.
Outlier removal refers to the process of identifying and eliminating anomalous data points that deviate significantly from the overall pattern of a dataset. These outliers are generally considered to be observations that are unusually distant from other values and can potentially distort the results of analyses.
PhotoluminescenceMicroscopy
Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a widely used technique for characterisation of the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors and molecules.
PrimaryData
Data resulting of a pre-processing of raw data, applying corrections to normalize/harmonize, in order to prepare them for the post-processing.
Data resulting of a pre-processing of raw data, applying corrections to normalize/harmonize, in order to prepare them for the post-processing. Examples include: baseline subtraction, noise reduction , X and Y axes correction.
Baseline subtraction, noise reduction , X and Y axes correction.
Profilometry
Profilometry is a technique used to extract topographical data from a surface. This can be a single point, a line scan or even a full three dimensional scan. The purpose of profilometry is to get surface morphology, step heights and surface roughness.
PseudoOpenCircuitVoltageMethod
A technique used to measure the voltage of a cell under a low applied current as an estimate for the open-circuit voltage.
PseudoOCV
PulsedElectroacousticMethod
The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is an established method for space charge measurements in polymeric dielectrics.
RamanSpectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy (/ˈrɑːmən/) (named after physicist C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy relies upon inelastic scattering of photons, known as Raman scattering. A source of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range is used, although X-rays can also be used. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Infrared spectroscopy typically yields similar yet complementary information. Typically, a sample is illuminated with a laser beam. Electromagnetic radiation from the illuminated spot is collected with a lens and sent through a monochromator. Elastic scattered radiation at the wavelength corresponding to the laser line (Rayleigh scattering) is filtered out by either a notch filter, edge pass filter, or a band pass filter, while the rest of the collected light is dispersed onto a detector.
RawSample
SampleExtractionInstrument
SampledDCPolarography
DC polarography with current sampling at the end of each drop life mechanically enforced by a knocker at a preset drop time value. The current sampling and mechanical drop dislodge are synchronized. In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to double layer charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lowered.
TASTPolarography
ScanningAugerElectronMicroscopy
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES or simply Auger) is a surface analysis technique that uses an electron beam to excite electrons on atoms in the particle. Atoms that are excited by the electron beam can emit “Auger” electrons. AES measures the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons. The energy of the emitted electrons is characteristic of elements present at the surface and near the surface of a sample.
AES
ScanningKelvinProbe
Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) are probe techniques which permit mapping of topography and Volta potential distribution on electrode surfaces. It measures the surface electrical potential of a sample without requiring an actual physical contact.
SKB
ScanningProbeMicroscopy
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen.
SPM
ScanningTunnelingMicroscopy
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, or STM, is an imaging technique used to obtain ultra-high resolution images at the atomic scale, without using light or electron beams.
STM
SecondaryData
Data resulting from the application of post-processing or model generation to other data.
Data resulting from the application of post-processing or model generation to other data. Examples include: deconvoluted curves, intensity maps.
Elaborated data
Deconvoluted curves, intensity maps.
SecondaryIonMassSpectrometry
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a technique used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films by sputtering the surface of the specimen with a focused primary ion beam and collecting and analyzing ejected secondary ions.
SIMS
SquareWaveVoltammetry
Voltammetry in which a square-wave potential waveform is superimposed on an underlying linearly varying potential ramp or staircase ramp. Most instruments show plots of the current at the end of the forward-going pulse and of the backward-going pulse vs. the potential, as well as their difference. This can give valuable information on the kinetics of the electrode reaction and the electrode process. The current is sampled just before the end of the forward- going pulse and of the backward-going pulse and the difference of the two sampled currents is plotted versus the applied potential of the potential or staircase ramp. The square-wave voltammogram is peak-shaped. The sensitivity of SWV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
OSWV
OsteryoungSquareWaveVoltammetry
SWV
Synchrotron
Thermogravimetry
Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction).
TGA
ThreePointBendingTesting
Method of mechanical testing that provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending, flexural stress, flexural strain, and the flexural stress–strain response of a material sample.
ThreePointFlexuralTest
UltrasonicTesting
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion. Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
UltravioletVisibleSpectroscopy
It is routinely used in material science and analytical chemistry, commonly carried out in gas, solutions or vacuum environment.
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or UV/VIS refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region.
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or UV/VIS refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. It is routinely used in material science and analytical chemistry, commonly carried out in gas, solutions or vacuum environment.
UV-VIS
VaporPressureDepressionOsmometry
Vapor pressure osmometry measures vapor pressure indirectly by measuring the change in temperature of a polymer solution on dilution by solvent vapor and is generally useful for polymers with Mn below 10,000–40,000 g/mol. When molecular weight is more than that limit, the quantity being measured becomes very small to detect.
VPO
Viscometry
Viscometry or viscosity method was one of the first methods used for determining the MW of polymers. In this method, the viscosity of polymer solution is measured, and the simplest method used is capillary viscometry by using the Ubbelohde U-tube viscometer. In this method, both the flow time of the polymer solution (t) and the flow time of the pure solvent (t0) are recorded. The ratio of the polymer solution flow time (t) to the flow time of pure solvent (t0) is equal to the ratio of their viscosities (η/η0) only if they have the same densities.
VoltammetryAtARotatingDiskElectrode
Hydrodynamic voltammetry using a a rotating disc electrode, where the limiting current is described by the Levich equation.
XpsVariableKinetic
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), also known as ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) is a surface analysis technique which provides both elemental and chemical state information virtually without restriction on the type of material which can be analysed. It is a relatively simple technique where the sample is illuminated with X-rays which have enough energy to eject an electron from the atom. These ejected electrons are known as photoelectrons. The kinetic energy of these emitted electrons is characteristic of the element from which the photoelectron originated. The position and intensity of the peaks in an energy spectrum provide the desired chemical state and quantitative information. The surface sensitivity of XPS is determined by the distance that that photoelectron can travel through the material without losing any kinteic energy. These elastiaclly scattered photoelectrons contribute to the photoelectron peak, whilst photoelectrons that have been inelastically scattered, losing some kinetic energy before leaving the material, will contribute to the spectral background.
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA)
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
XrayPowderDiffraction
A method for analyzing the crystal structure of powdered materials by measuring the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with randomly oriented crystallites within the sample.
XRPD
XrdGrazingIncidence
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hasHolder
hasInstrumentForCalibration
hasInteractionVolume
hasInteractionWithProbe
hasInteractionWithSample
hasLaboratory
hasLab
hasLevelOfAutomation
hasManufacturer
A string representing the Manufacturer of a CharacterisationHardware
hasMeasurementDetector
hasMeasurementParameter
hasMeasurementProbe
hasMeasurementSample
hasMeasurementTime
hasModel
A string representing the model of a CharacterisationHardware
hasOperator
hasPeerReviewedArticle
A reference to academic literature proving the scientific validity of the approach.
hasPhysicsOfInteraction
hasPostProcessingModel
hasProcessingReproducibility
hasReferenceSample
hasSampleForInspection
hasSampleBeforeSamplePreparation
hasSampleForPreparation
hasSampleInspectionInstrument
hasSampleInspectionParameter
hasSamplePreparationInstrument
hasSamplePreparationParameter
hasSampledSample
hasUniqueID
A string representing the UniqueID of a CharacterisationHardware
rationaleHasCharacterisationProcedure
rationaleHasUserCase
requiresLevelOfExpertise
hasDateOfCalibration
SADProcess
A diffraction process where the pattern is produced from a selected area of the sample.
SelectedAreaDiffractionProcess
studiedBy
Relates a sample to the operator that has studied it.
ThermomechanicalSamplePreparation
Thermomechanical sample preparation.
DarkFieldImaging
An imaging technique where the image is produced from a diffracted beam.
SPED
A STEM technique where a diffraction pattern is acquired at each pixel.
ScanningPrecessionElectronDiffractionProcess
ElectronImaging
A subclass of imaging where the image is produced by electron.
BrightFieldImaging
Simple imaging technique where the image is produced from an unscattered beam.
HAADF
A STEM technique which produces an annular dark field image formed by very high angle, incoherently scattered electrons.
HAADFSTEM
HighAngleAnnularDarkFieldScanningTransmissionElectronMicroscopyProcess
EDSProcess
Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) is a routine technique for determining the elemental makeup and composition of materials in the Scanning or Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM/TEM).
EELS
A spectroscopy process where a spectrum is aquired of the energy that the beam looses when passing through the sample.
ElectronEnergyLossSpectroscopy
SEMCharacterisation
A characterisation process performed by scanning electron microscopy.
SinglePhaseParticle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass. [Wikipedia]
Particle containing one PhaseOfMatter
EquivalentSphericalGrainSize
Diameter of an equivalent sphere with the same volume as the grain
EquivalentSphericalGrainDiameter
HeterogeneousNucleation
Most common nucleation process.
The surface of some different substance, such as a dust particle or the wall of the container, acts as the centre upon which the first atoms, ions, or molecules of the crystal become properly oriented.
MicrostructureMatrix
Continuous phase in which a composite or multi-phase alloy is formed in a microstructure of metals and completely surrounds the other (dispersed) phases.
HostMatrix
HighAngleGrainBoundary
A grain boundary with a high oritation angle between the grains.
In aluminium are high angle grain boundaries typically defined with as grain boundaries with a grain boundary angle larger than 15 degree.
PropertyModel
A microstructure model that predicts the value of a property from a given microstructure.
YieldStress
The stress corresponding to the yield point at which the material begins to deform plastically.
The yield strength is often used to determine the maximum allowable load in a mechanical component, since it represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without producing permanent deformation. In some materials, such as aluminium, there is a gradual onset of non-linear behavior, and no precise yield point. In such a case, the offset yield point (or proof stress) is taken as the stress at which 0.2% plastic deformation occurs. Yielding is a gradual failure mode which is normally not catastrophic, unlike ultimate failure.
ElasticLimit
YieldStrength
Centroid
The arithmetic mean position vector of all the position vectors in the object
defined the position of an extended object
NumberDensity
Number of objects per volume
PhysicalVectorField
A physical field who’s values are vectors.
DistanceFromSurface
Distance from a point inside a material to the surface.
VoxelField
Field values assigned to each voxel (VoxelGrid cell)
tomography image
OrderedCluster
Short-range ordered fluctuations of the spatial distribution of solutes in a non-random solid solution.
Cluster
PlanarDefect
A planar defect is a discontinuity of the perfect crystal structure across a plane.
AverageParticleSize
The average size of a set of particles.
IncoherentPhaseBoundary
Boundray between two crystalline solid phases - incoherent lattices
Precipitation
The process by which a solute separates from a solution and forms solid particles.
This can occur either from a liquid solution or a solid solution.
MaterialName
A name identifying a material.
Subgrain
A common definition is that subgrains are separated from their neighbours by subgrain boundaries with a misorientation angle between 5 and 15 degrees.
A region of a grain with (almost) the same crystal orientation.
MobilityDatabase
A database containing mobilities of a range of species.
A mobility database is typically combined with a thermodynamic database for predicting diffusivities and other kinetic properties.
HomogenousNucleation
Nucleation because to atoms coming into a enegetically beneficial configuration due to random movement of through the bulk of the medium.
GlobalReferenceFrame
A conventional global reference frame.
SubgrainSize
Representative length of a subgrain measured according to a specified procedure (experimentally or theoretically).
LowAngleGrainBoundary
A grain boundary with a low oritation angle between the grains.
In aluminium are high angle grain boundaries typically defined with as grain boundaries with a grain boundary angle less than 5 degree.
BoxAspectRatio
Also a method to characterize object by finding the smallest box that fully comprise the object
Ratio between the maximum and minimum length of a box
RepresentativeElementaryVolume
The smallest volume over which a measurement can be made that will provide a value representative for the whole.
REV
RVE
RepresentativeVolumeElement
DualBoundary
A boundary consisting of exactly two phase of matter.
Recovery
A physical phenomenon where deformed grains within a metal reduce their stored energy by removing or rearranging defects in their crystal structure, primarily dislocations.
Dislocations are introduced by plastic deformation and contribute to increasing the yield strength of the material. The recovery process reduces dislocation density, leading to a decrease in material strength but an increase in ductility. This is why recovery can be seen as either beneficial or detrimental depending on the application.
Doherty et al. (1997) defined recovery as All annealing processes occurring in deformed materials that occur without the migration of a high-angle grain boundary. This definition allows to differentiated recovery from recrystallization and grain growth as both feature extensive movement of high-angle grain boundaries. -- RD Doherty; DA Hughes; FJ Humphreys; JJ Jonas; D Juul Jenson; ME Kassner; WE King; TR McNelley; HJ McQueen; AD Rollett (1997). "Current Issues In Recrystallisation: A Review". Materials Science and Engineering. A238: 219–274.
Recovery differs from recrystallization and grain growth, which involve significant movement of high-angle grain boundaries. In contrast, recovery occurs without this migration. If recovery happens during deformation (common in high-temperature processing), it is known as dynamic recovery. When it happens after processing, it is called static recovery.
EvolutionModel
A microstructure model that predicts the evolution of a microstructure given a starting point and some boundary conditions.
An evilution model is a formal description of one or more physical phenomena.
ThermodynamicDatabase
A set of critically evaluated parameter values for a range of thermodynamic functions.
For metallic systems is CALPHAD a popular approach for calculating thermodynamic properties. In this approach are the thermodynamic properties defived from parametrised expressions of the Gibb free energy (and possible other basic quantities) of each phase. It is the parameters of these expressions that are stored in the thermodynamic database.
AreaPhaseFraction
Area of one phase divided by the total area.
PhysicalScalarField
A physical field who’s values are scalars.
LineDefect
A line defect is a line along which whole rows of atoms in a solid are arranged anomalously.
Stacking fault, dislocation
VoxelGrid
Grid with cubic elements of exactly the same size composing a box.
alloyDesignation
An alloy designation is a system of numbers, letters, and sometimes chemical symbols used to identify the composition and properties of a metal alloy. These designations often indicate the primary alloying elements, their percentages.
Common systems include the four-digit numerical system for wrought aluminum and the Unified Numbering System (UNS), which uses a prefix letter followed by five digits.
- 6061 (four-digit aluminium alloy designation) - S31008 (UNS)
AlloySystem
A language within physical metallurgy with which alloys are categorised.
AA6082 Inconel 625
Dispersoid
clarify difference from precipitate
finely divided particles of one substance [PhaseOfMatter] dispersed in another [Merriam-Webster]
Diffusion
The movement of individual atoms, ions and molecules relative to the remainder of the material.
The movements of individual atoms is random but where there is a concentration gradient and a large number of movement occur, there will be a net effect for atoms to move down the gradient.
PhysicalTensorField
A physical field who’s values are tensors.
Distribution
Numbers of counts for a number of intervals for the value of some property.
Histogram
DependentElement
An element whos concentration is given from the remaining concentration after the concentration of all other elements has been given.
BalanceElement
NumberOfGrains
Number of grains in a control volume.
NumberOfPhases
Number of phases in a control volume.
GasPoreSize
Length of a gas pore measured according to a specified procedure (and/or model)
CoherentPhaseBoundary
Boundray between two crystalline solid phases - epitaxial layer
CylinderShapedGrainLength
Length or thickness of a grain who's shape can be approximated with a cylinder.
CylinderShapedGrainDiameter
Diameter of a grain who's shape can be approximated with a cylinder.
PoreSizeDistribution
A distribution of the Sizes of multiple pores
ProbabilityDistribution
A distribution that gives the probabilities of the occurence of different possible outcomes (of a measurement).
MassPhaseFraction
Mass of one phase divided by the total mass.
EllipsoidAspectRatio
Also a method to characterize object by finding the smallest ellipsoid that fully comprise the object
Ratio between the major axis and minor axis length of an ellipsoid
ConcentrationField
a PhysicalField where
PrimaryParticle
SinglePhaseParticle forming during solidification
sampleName
A name identifying a sample.
NominalComposition
Average total composition of a microstructure.
InterstitialDefect
An interstitial defect is an atom that occupies a site in the crystal structure at which there is usually not an atom
GrainSizeDistribution
A distribution of the Sizes of multiple grains
GPZone
A Guinier–Preston zone, or GP-zone, is a fine-scale metallurgical phenomenon, involving early stage precipitation.
GP-zones are associated with the phenomenon of age hardening, whereby room-temperature reactions continue to occur within a material through time, resulting in changing physical properties.
GuinierPrestonZone
PixelGrid
Grid with square elements of exactly the same size composing a rectangular shape.
FractalObject
Self-similar object at different length scale
Average
A mathematical operator producing a single number that represents a set of numbers.
An average operator can be defined in several ways, like as an median, arithmetic mean or geometrical mean.
AverageValue
NumberOfPrecipitates
Number of precipitates in a control volume.
DislocationDensity
Length of the dislocation per volume. Usually counted by pits in an etched area section
EulerAngles
Three angles describing the orientation of a real world object with respect to a main reference frame.
HeatingTime
Time duration for heating.
SolidSolutionHardening
The attainment of an increase in matrix strength through addition of different soluble elements, which are likely to include chromium, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, rhenium and ruthenium. The distortion of atomic lattice caused by the misfit of atomic radius inhibits dislocation movement.
CoolingTime
Time duration for cooling.
WorkHardening
The process involves deforming the metal at temperatures below its recrystallization point, which introduces defects into the crystal structure. These defects impede the movement of dislocations, making the metal harder and stronger. Common methods include rolling, hammering, and drawing.
ColdWorking
SoluteCluster
The size distribution of solute clusters are assumed to follow Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics.
Unordered fluctuations of the spatial configuration of solutes in a solid solution.
NMer
UnorderedCluster
PixelField
Field values assigned to each pixel (PixelGrid cell)
Pixelated image.
HeatingRate
Rate of heating.
Dislocation
A linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure.
NEED TO CLARIFY LINE OR PLANAR
VolumetricConcentration
Number of specifiying chemical compounds or atoms in a volume
LengthDensity
the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length.
LineDensity
TripleJunction
A boundary volume , where tree things collocate.
A triple junction is a line in space.
NucleationRate
Number of particles that are nucleated per time unit.
AtomVolume
The average volume of atoms in a given phase.
Misorientation
The difference between two orientations.
The misorientation depends only on the two local reference frames, but not on the main reference frame.
Misorientation between two grains.
QuadrupleJunction
A boundary volume , where four things collocate.
A quadruple junction is a point in space.
CompositionMeasurement
A characterisation measurement process where the composition of a material is measured.
NumberOfCells
Number of VolumeElements in a mesh (or grid)
OrientationDistribution
The distribution of orientations of the constituents of a whole.
Alloy
Alloys may have very different properties compared to the pure substances it is composed of.
Mixture with metallic character composed of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal.
SecondaryDendriteArmSpacing
Averaging the distance between adjacent side branches on the longitudinal section of a primary dendrite.
DAS
SDAS
AmountPhaseFraction
Number of moles of one phase divided by the total number of moles.
MolePhaseFraction
GrainVolume
The volume of a grain.
VolumePhaseFraction
Volume of one phase divided by the total volume.
LocalReferenceFrame
Reference frame that is local to (follows) a real world object.
SolidificationCoolingRate
Cooling rate during solidification.
Typically an average value is referred to.
GrainSurfaceArea
The surface area of a grain.
PrecipitateSizeDistribution
An alloy can have multiple precipitate size distributions, one for each type of precipitates. For example GP zones, β'', β', U1 and U2 in an aluminium 6xxx alloy.
Size distribution of precipitates.
temperDesignation
Temper designations tell both the producer and the user how the alloy has been mechanically and/or thermally treated to achieve the properties desired. The first character in the temper designation (a capital letter, F, O, H, W, or T) indicates the general class of treatment. - F, as fabricated. Most F-temper products are “semi-finished” products. They will be used in shaping, finishing or thermal processes to achieve other finished forms or tempers. - O, annealed. Annealing treatments are used to achieve the lowest-strength condition for the alloy. The main reason is to maximize workability or increase toughness and ductility. - H, strain-hardened. This is for non-heat-treatable alloys that have had their strength increased by strain hardening, usually at room temperature. - W, solution heat-treated. This designation applies only to alloys that age naturally and spontaneously after solution heat treating. It is rarely a finished temper. - T, thermally treated. This applies to any product form of any heat-treatable alloy that has been given a solution heat treatment followed by quenching and aging.
An alphanumeric designation appended to the alloy designation that describes the thermomecanical treatment of the alloy.
T6 (peak aged)
EffectiveComposition
The composition in the matrix.
The effective composition is different from the nominal composition, since it only considers the composition of the matrix, excluding all other phases.
ParticleGrowth
Particle growth occurs through several mechanisms: * Diffusion: Atoms, molecules, or ions move randomly and attach to the surface of a growing particle. * Aggregation: Smaller particles collide and stick together, forming larger particles. * Coalescence: Two or more smaller particles merge to form a single larger particle. * Condensation: A vapor or gas transforms into solid or liquid particles under supersaturated conditions. * Ostwald Ripening: Larger particles grow at the expense of smaller ones, driven by differences in solubility.
The process where particles increase in size and mass over time. particle growth can be understood as the manifestation of various physical processes that lead to the enlargement of particles in a system.
TEMGO
The TEM Gemini Ontology (TEMGO) provides a standardised taxonomy and vocabulary for TEM and SEM characterisation procedures, workflows, instruments and tools used within the TEM Gemini Centre.
An EMMO-based application-level ontology that defines standardised TEM and SEM characterisation procedures, workflows, instruments and tools used within the TEM Gemini Centre.
TEM Gemini Ontology (TEMGO)
AluminiumElectropolishing
Standard procedure for electropolishing of aluminium samples within the TEM Gemini Centre.
ExtrudedAluminiumCuttingAndPolishing
The standard cutting and polishing procedure within the TEM Gemini Centre for an extruded aluminium profile.
High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM)
An atomic-resolution imaging technique that uses a specialized detector to capture high-angle, incoherent scattered electrons. This method creates images where the brightness of an atomic column is directly related to its atomic number (Z-contrast), allowing for the direct interpretation of atomic-scale chemical composition without needing complex simulations, unlike conventional bright-field imaging.
A specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope. By scanning over the sample and for each pixel rotating a tilted incident electron beam around the central axis of the microscope, a SPED pattern is formed by integration over a collection of diffraction conditions.
A type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition.
T8T9Treatment
Thermomechanical treatment for T8 and T9 temper. Treatment steps: - 100°C @ 1h - 15% deformation - 150°C @ 2h
A high-resolution characterisation system that uses a beam of electrons transmitted through the sample. It provides detailed information about a sample's internal structure, morphology, and chemical composition down to the atomic level by detecting the electrons that pass through.
dateOfReceival
The date an object is received.
receivedDate
Beam dwell time on each pixel during scan.
Number of times each line was scanned for intensity integration.
relatedTechnique
Relates a property to a characterisation technique that this property is relevant for.
Reference to sample holder.
X position of the stage/specimen relative to origin
Y position of the stage/specimen relative to origin
Z position of the stage/specimen relative to origin
In-plane rotation of the SEM sample stage about the beam relative to the chamber X-axis. Positive rotation is clockwise.
Maximum in-plane rotation of the SEM sample stage about the beam relative to the chamber X-axis. Positive rotation is clockwise.
Minimum in-plane rotation of the SEM sample stage about the beam relative to the chamber X-axis. Positive rotation is clockwise.
Tilt of the stage (SEM) or specimen holder (TEM) about the X-axis. For SEM, the X-axis is defined in the chamber coordinate system (left-right). For TEM, this corresponds to ?-tilt (perpendicular to the holder's longitudinal axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
Maximum tilt of the stage (SEM) or specimen holder (TEM) about the X-axis. For SEM, the X-axis is defined in the chamber coordinate system (left-right). For TEM, this corresponds to ?-tilt (perpendicular to the holder's longitudinal axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
Minimum tilt of the stage (SEM) or specimen holder (TEM) about the X-axis. For SEM, the X-axis is defined in the chamber coordinate system (left-right). For TEM, this corresponds to ?-tilt (perpendicular to the holder's longitudinal axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
Tilt of the TEM specimen holder about the ? axis (orthogonal to ? axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
Maximum tilt of the TEM specimen holder about the ? axis (orthogonal to ? axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
Minimum tilt of the TEM specimen holder about the ? axis (orthogonal to ? axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
The Agent who studied the documented object.
Description about what the documented object is studied for.
Distance between the sample and the electron polepiece.
hasMultipleMembers
A sub collection relation where the proper part is fully encompasses some of the members of the collection.
isObjectOutputOf
Ratio of magnetic dipole moment to total angular momentum.
GyromagneticCoefficient
MagnetogyricRatio
AmountFraction
The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
MoleFraction
ElectricInductance
A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
Inductance
Density
Quantity representing the spatial distribution of mass in a continuous material.
MassConcentration
MassDensity
Mass per volume.
DerivedUnit
A measurement unit for a derived quantity. -- VIM
Derived units are defined as a numerical factor times the products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
derived unit
When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units.
Permeability
Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
ZeroManifold
A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 0-dimensional Euclidean space.
0-manifold
PhaseHomogeneousMixture
A single phase mixture.
Permittivity
Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.
ParticlesSystem
A particle system is a combination of elementary particles that may include also decays and/or annihilations, without any space-like interaction between elementary particles.
A particles system is a system made of causal paths that are not interacting between each others, or possibly merge and fork.
NonInteractingSystem
A W boson that travels through time and space and decays in a quark and anti-quark, and their evolution after their generation.
ActivityOfSolute
For a solute X in a solution; quantity proportional to the absolute activity.
RelativeActivityOfSolute
Heat
Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
AbsorbedDoseRate
Differential quotient of the absorbed dose with respect to time.
ModellingLanguage
An artificial computer language used to express information or knowledge, often for use in computer system design.
Architecture description language – used as a language (or a conceptual model) to describe and represent system architectures.
Hardware description language – used to model integrated circuits. Architecture description language – used as a language (or a conceptual model) to describe and represent system architectures. Algebraic Modeling Language which is a high-level programming languages for describing and solving high complexity problems like large-scale optimisation.
hasSpeciesPart
Relates a chemical composition to one its species.
This property is typically used to relate a SingleComponentComposition to its chemical species.
Observed
A coded that has been observed by an interpreter.
The biography of a person met by the author.
CompositeBoson
A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental bosonic type (integer spin).
Examples of composite particles with integer spin: spin 0: H1 and He4 in ground state, pion spin 1: H1 and He4 in first excited state, meson spin 2: O15 in ground state.
Array3D
3-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are matrices.
3DArray
Behaviour
A process which is a temporal part of an object.
Accelerating is a behaviour of a car.
Experiment
An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
UndefinedEdgeCutting
Spanen mit geometrisch unbestimmten Schneiden
SubObject
An object which is a temporal part of another object.
Here we consider a temporal interval that is lower than the characteristic time of the physical process that provides the causality connection between the object parts.
If an inhabited house is considered as an house that is occupied by some people in its majority of time, then an interval of inhabited house in which occasionally nobody is in there is no more an inhabited house, but an unhinabited house, since this temporal part does not satisfy the criteria of the whole.
ChemicalName
Name of a chemical according to a standard.
SerialTask
A task that is a temporal tile of a workflow when there are no other activities taking place concurrently (i.e., no parallelism).
isObjectInputOf
DefiningEquation
An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt. The definition of density as mass/volume. y = f(x)
FormingFromIonised
isNotCausedBy
ActivityCoefficient
A coefficient in thermodynamics used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour.
Arrangement
A causal object which is tessellated with only spatial direct parts.
The definition of an arrangement implies that its spatial direct parts are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in an arrangement is constant. This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the arrangement direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself.
MereologicalState
e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that an arrangement cannot overlap in space another arrangement that is direct part of the same whole.
LinearExpansionCoefficient
Relative change of length per change of temperature.
MagneticFlux
Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
PerQuarticLengthUnit
The class of units with physical dimensionality per length to the power of four.
influences
The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non overlapping part of P is cause of O.
RestMass
For particle X, mass of that particle at rest in an inertial frame.
InvariantMass
ProperMass
AtomicPhysicsCrossSection
Measure of probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles.
Thickness
Shortest distance between two surfaces limiting a layer, when this distance can be considered to be constant over a region of a finite size.
CoefficientOfHeatTransfer
At a point on the surface separating two media with different thermodynamic temperatures, magnitude of the density of heat flow rate φ divided by the absolute value of temperature difference ΔT.
ThermalTransmittance
isFragmentOf
MolecularConcentration
Number of molecules of a substance in a mixture per volume.
GranularMaterial
A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles that are large enough to avoid thermal motion fluctuations, and characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact.
SubProcess
A process which is a spatial part of another process.
In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.
Breathing is a subprocess of living for a human being.
precedes
A temporal relation between two entities occurs when the two entities are in a one directional causality relation. The idea is that a temporal relation always implies a one-directional causality between two entities, leading to a asymmetric relation. This means that the causing entity can be in direct and optionally indirect causality relation with the effect entity. On the contrary, the effect entity cannot be in any causal relation (direct or indirect) with the causing entity.
A time contact occurs when x isDirectCause y and not(y isCauseOf x).
Each pair of entities in direct causality relation is either in hasNext or hasTwoWayCauseWith relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
foregoes
hasNext
isBefore
My life between 18-24 years has next my life between 24-32 years.
The raw sample has next the treated sampled, which has next the examined sample. In this sense the whole sample is made of three states, connected by the has next relation, following its evolution in time.
This relation is asymmetric and irreflexive.
Auditory
'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, an ear.
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
Sound
When we use the term 'sound' what are we referring to? The EMMO identifies a sound as the physical object that can be heard by the observer (more exactly, by the sensor of the observer). In this sense, a sound (which is an acoustical object) is to be identified as the air region that manifests the sound wave and is able to be perceived by an observer. In case the wave is travelling through water or steel, then these other media regions are the sounds. If the waveform is travelling through a cable as electronic signal (analog or digital) it is no more a sound, since it cannot be perceived by an observer as an acoustical object. This electrical waveform (or digital packet) is another physical that may stand for a sound if interpreted by a device (e.g. an amplifier, a DA converter).
LiquidSolution
A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
MathematicalFunction
A function defined using functional notation.
A mathematical relation that relates each element in the domain (X) to exactly one element in the range (Y).
FunctionDefinition
y = f(x)
MetallicMaterial
FormingFromGas
TemperaturePerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerTime'.
Datum
A self-consistent encoded data entity.
A character, a bit, a song in a CD.
Wavelength
Length of the repetition interval of a wave.
SerialWorkflow
A workflow whose tasks are tiles of a sequence.
CompositePhysicalObject
The class of physical objects possessing a structure that is larger than a single composite particle, for which its bosonic or fermionic nature is undetermined.
A composite physical object is made of bonded objects (i.e. characterised by their quantum states using a Schrodinger equation approach) that are connected together by elementary particles travelling between them. These elemenentary particles are real particles, describing the existance of a classical field (e.g. Coulomb potential between charged particles).
ParallelWorkflow
A workflow can be seen as a direct acyclic graph, whose nodes are tasks and edges are asymmetric causal relations. A parallel graph occurs when the topological order of such graph if not unique, meaning that there is at least one portion of the workflow in which at least two tasks are running concurrently. Concurrent tasks may or may not communicate. Communication is represented as a symmetric causality relation, superimposing the direct acyclic graph structure of the workflow.
A workflow with some tasks running concurrently.
ProcessEngineeringProcess
Deals with entities that have a undefined shape. Undefined means that the actual shape of the entity that is produced is not relevant for the definition of the process. In fact, everything has a shape, but in process engineering this is not relevant. e.g. the fact that steel comes in sheets is not relevant for the definition of steel material generated in a steel-making process.
NonEncodedContrast
A non encoded contrast (e.g. a temperature variation) can be represented by data that describes (e.g. the string "today it's warmer than yesterday") or quantifies (e.g. Monday 28 °C, Tuesday 30 °C) it through a semiotic process.
Contrast that occurs naturally without an encoding agent producing it.
EnvironmentalData
A cloud in the sky. The radiative spectrum of a star.
This is a really broad class that gathers all physical phenomena in which a contrast occurs naturally, such as cloud patterns, tree rings, stains. It doesn't mean that such contrasts cannot be used to deduce something: in fact they can be seen as indexes (in semiotic sense) of a causally connected phenomena. Simply, there is no agent behind that contrast with the intention to transmit data.
releases
The relation between an object O1 that proper overlaps an object O2, where the non-overlapping part of O2 is caused by O1.
PhysicalPhenomenon
A physical phenomenon is intended as a physical process that starts or ends with an unbonded state, or that includes incoming or aoutgoing particles.
The class of individuals standing for causally non-convex interacting systems.
A molecule, including a photon emitted (or captured) as result of a de-excitation (or excitation) process.
The formation of an hydrogen atom from a proton and electron.
PhysicsMathematicalComputation
A functional icon that imitates the behaviour of the object through mathematical evaluations of some mathematical construct.
The equation that describes the velocity of a uniform accelerated body v = v0 + a*t is a functional icon. In general every analitical solution of a mathematical model can be considered an icon. A functional icon expresses its similarity with the object when is part of a process the makes it imitate the behavior of the object. In the case of v = v0 + a*t, plotting the velocity over time or listing their values at certain instants is when the icon expresses it functionality.
SolidSolution
A solid solution made of two or more component substances.
ReciprocalDuration
A quantity defined as the inverse of time.
InverseDuration
InverseTime
ReciprocalTime
Frequency or rate.
follows
isNextOf
succeeds
GapEnergy
Smallest energy difference between the lowest level of conduction band and the highest level of valence band at zero thermodynamic temperature.
BandgapEnergy
UpperCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for disappearance of bulk superconductivity.
SecondAxialMomentOfArea
OrganicCompound
A chemical compound containing carbon atoms. -- IUPAC
The definition of organic compound is based on the IUPAC Gold Book. However, sometimes an organic compound is defined as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond. Also, some carbon-containing compounds are typically not classified as organic, like carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.
ProductionEngineering
DerivedQuantity
"Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
derived quantity
processedFrom
hasUnitNonPrefixPart
Relates a prefixed unit to its non-prefixed part.
For example the unit CentiNewtonMetre has prefix "Centi" and non-prefix part "NewtonMetre".
At about 25 °C aqueous solutions with: pH < 7 are acidic; pH = 7 are neutral; pH > 7 are alkaline. At temperatures far from 25 °C the pH of a neutral solution differs significantly from 7.
Number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aH+ of the hydrogen cation H+ pH = −10 log(a_H+).
Written as pH
For more details, see ISO 80000-9:2009, Annex C
MetrologicalUncertainty
In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.
Metrological uncertainty in EMMO is a slight generalisation of the VIM term 'measurement uncertainty', which is defined as "a non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity being measured".
Metrological uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated.
The uncertainty of a quantity obtained through a well-defined procedure, characterising of the dispersion of the quantity.
A metrological uncertainty can be assigned to any objective property via the 'hasMetrologicalUncertainty' relation.
- Standard deviation - Half-width of an interval with a stated coverage probability
NonPrefixedUnit
A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.
contacts
A spatial contact between two entities occurs when the two entities are in an interaction relation whose causal structure is a representation of the fundamental interactions between elementary particles (Feynman diagrams). It means that if two entities are in contact, then there is at least a couple of elementary particles, one part of the first and one part of the second, interacting according to one of the fundamental interactions through virtual particles. This kind of connection is space-like (i.e. interconnecting force carrier particle is offshelf). Contacts between two entities exclude the possibility of other causal relations that are not included in a fundamental space-like interaction.
An interaction that is the sum of direct causality relations between two entities that are interpretable as fundamental physical interactions.
Spatial contact is symmetric and irreflexive.
adjacentWith
hasSpatialnteractionWith
touches
An elementary electron is in contact with another elementary electron in a scattering process.
The laptop is in contact with the desk, since there is a double-directional causality.
The contact relation is not an ordering relation since is symmetric.
DensityOfVibrationalStates
quotient of the number of vibrational modes in an infinitesimal interval of angular frequency, and the product of the width of that interval and volume
isInterpretantFor
SpatialTiling
A well formed tessellation with tiles that all spatial.
EndTask
The final task of a workflow.
There may be more than one end task, if they run in parallel leading to more than one output.
Somatosensory
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sensation (such as a pressure, pain or temperature).
PartialComposition
A language construct that represents fraction or amount of some (but not all) constituents of a substance.
hasEndTask
The relation identifying the tasks of a workflow that are not a temporal cause of other parts of the workflow.
TemporalSequence
A tessellation of temporal slices.
isDirectPartOf
ScientificTheory
A scientific theory is a description, objective and observed, produced with scientific methodology.
LiquidAerosol
An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
hasQuantityPart
Relates a symbolic construct to one of its quantity parts.
SolidAerosol
An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
isCogniserFor
IterativeTask
An iterative workflow which is a task of a larger workflow.
A Jacobi method, involving the iterative multiplication between a matrix A and a vector x, which is part of larger workflow for the solution of a partial differential equation using finite differences.
Entropy
Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.
isRedundantPartOf
StandardizedPhysicalQuantity
The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to a standard (e.g. ISQ).
isDistinctPartOf
PolyatomicEntity
An entity made of two or more bonded atoms.
PathLength
Length of a rectifiable curve between two of its points.
ArcLength
JouleThomsonCoefficient
Change of thermodynamic temperature with respect to pressure in a Joule-Thomson process at constant enthalpy.
PressureCoefficient
Change of pressure per change of temperature at constant volume.
SpecificEnergyImparted
In nuclear physics, energy imparted per mass.
Stage
A process which is a temporal part of another process.
Moving a leg is a stage of the process of running.
VolumeFraction
Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
hasQualifiedRole
hasQualifiedPart
Strain
Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.
Maximal
A maximal class M (subclass of Maximal) is defined by choosing a reference type φ so that M is subclass of φ, all parts of x are needed to keep φ(x) and if you add something to x, then x is no more a φ.
The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole are not proper part of an entity of that type.
SpecificHeatCapacity
Heat capacity divided by mass.
ChemicalSymbolicConstruct
A symbolic construct that stands for a chemical.
H2O
isReferredBy
isDeducedBy
RelativeMassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
For normal cases, the relative humidity may be assumed to be equal to relative mass concentration of vapour.
Ratio of the mass concentration of water vapour v to its mass concentration at saturation vsat, at the same temperature, thus ψ = v/vsat.
Diameter
The diameter of a circle or a sphere is twice its radius.
maximal distance of two points of an object, in a given direction or along a straight line passing through the centre.
IsIndexFor
isSignifiedBy
CommandLanguage
An interpreted computer language for job control in computing.
Unix shell. Batch programming languages.
ProcedureUnit
A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
Procedure units and measurement units are disjoint.
Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)
IntermidiateTile
A tile that has next and is next of other tiles within the same tessellation.
Document
A heterogeneous object made of different graphical object parts.
LengthFractionUnit
Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
Unit for plane angle.
ElectricConductivity
Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current.
ModelledProperty
A quantity obtained from a well-defined modelling procedure.
hasProcessOutput
The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non-overlapping part of P2 is caused by P1.
Stress
Force per unit oriented surface area .
Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
ChemicalSymbol
A symbol that stands for a chemical element.
"H" "He" "Li" ...
isAffectedBy
AmountConcentration
The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
Concentration
MolarConcentration
Molarity
RadialDistance
Distance, where one point is located on an axis or within a closed non self-intersecting curve or surface.
Status
An object which is a temporal part of a process.
State
A semi-naked man is a status in the process of a man's dressing.
IonAtom
A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
isDeducerFor
BaseUnit
A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
base unit
ChargeNumber
For a particle, electric charge q divided by elementary charge e.
The charge number of a particle may be presented as a superscript to the symbol of that particle, e.g. H+, He++, Al3+, Cl−, S=, N3−.
The charge number of an electrically charged particle can be positive or negative. The charge number of an electrically neutral particle is zero.
IonizationNumber
Gustatory
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a taste.
Neutron
An uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
Homonuclear
A molecule composed of only one element type.
ElementalMolecule
Hydrogen molecule (H₂).
Wavenumber
Reciprocal of the wavelength.
The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.
Repetency
Olfactory
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a smell.
ElectricResistivity
Electric field strength divided by the current density.
participatesTo
The relation between an object O that through overlaps a process P.
hasObjectOutput
The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non-overlapping part of O is caused by P.
ParticleNumberDensity
Mean number of particles per volume.
partakesIn
RollingResistanceFactor
Quotient of tangential and normal component of the force applied to a body which is rolling at constant speed over a surface.
isAddedTo
The relation between an object O1 and a object O2 that proper overlap, and the overlapping part of O1 is: a) next of the non overlapping part and b) a constituent of O2.
hasProcessInput
The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non-overlapping part of P2 causes P1.
QualifiedWhole
Al QWhole subclasses shuld have an axiom to express the part requirements, in the form of: MyQWholeClass SubClassOf: hasProperPart some AnotherClass This is a necessary but not sufficient condition.
The qualified whole concept express the requirement for an entity of a type, say A, to have a part of another type, say B, with A and B belonging to different taxonomical branches. The concept of whole is then defined as something that needs a part of a specific type to exist. For example, an atom always requires a nucleus part to exist (but not viceversa)
The superclass for all classes of individuals that requires to have a part of another specific class of entity of different type with a specific relation with it.
QWhole
Representation
A graphical object aimed to represent schematically the conceptual, temporal or spatial structure of another object, that may or may not exist.
LightAndRadiationQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-7.
ManufacturedMaterial
A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.
EngineeredMaterial
ProcessedMaterial
ChemicalRepresentation
A representation of objects belonging to the chemistry field.
isGeneratedBy
The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O , where the non overapping part of P is caused by O.
isReferentFor
DensityOfHeatFlowRate
At a fixed point in a medium, the direction of propagation of heat is opposite to the temperature gradient. At a point on the surface separating two media with different temperatures, the direction of propagation of heat is normal to the surface, from higher to lower temperatures.
Vector quantity with magnitude equal to the heat flow rate dΦ through a surface element divided by the area dA of the element, and direction eφ in the direction of propagation of heat.
AreicHeatFlowRate
isIconFor
contributesTo
The relation between a process P1 that through overlaps a process P2.
isSpatialPartOf
SpecificGasConstant
Quotient of the Boltzmann constant and the mass m.
CompositeMaterial
A material that contains two or more constituent materials.
Composite
ConstitutiveProcess
A constitutive process is a process that is holistically relevant for the definition of the whole.
A process which is a spatial part of an object.
Blood circulation in a human body.
isDescriptionFor
A semiotic relation that connects a description to a declared semiotic objec in a declaration process.
LatentHeat
Heat released or absorbed energy during a constant-temperature process.
FromWorkPIecetoWorkPiece
LowerCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for magnetic flux entering the superconductor.
hasMeasuredProperty
Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined measurement procedure.
Intensity
Power transferred per unit area.
AccessConditions
Describes what is needed to repeat the experiment.
Amperometry
Amperometry can be distinguished from voltammetry by the parameter being controlled (electrode potential E) and the parameter being measured (electrode current I which is usually a function of time – see chronoamperometry). In a non-stirred solution, a diffusion-limited current is usually measured, which is propor-tional to the concentration of an electroactive analyte. The current is usually faradaic and the applied potential is usually constant. The integral of current with time is the electric charge, which may be related to the amount of substance reacted by Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. The amperometric method provides the ability to distinguish selectively between a number of electroactive species in solution by judicious selection of the applied potential and/or choice of electrode material.
BPMNDiagram
HardwareModel
CharacterisationProperty
The characterisation property is the investigate property or behaviour of a sample. It is derived from the secondary data, usually after classification or quantification (manually or by a model).
A software application to process characterisation data.
A software application to process characterisation data. In Nanoindentation post-processing the software used to apply the Oliver-Pharr to calculate the characterisation properties (i.e. elastic modulus, hardness) from load and depth data.
In Nanoindentation post-processing the software used to apply the Oliver-Pharr to calculate the characterisation properties (i.e. elastic modulus, hardness) from load and depth data.
Conductometry
Measurement principle in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured. The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration and nature of ions present.
Measurement principle in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured. The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration and nature of ions present. An example is monitoring of the purity of deionized water.
Monitoring of the purity of deionized water.
DCPolarography
Linear scan voltammetry with slow scan rate in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. If the whole scan is performed on a single growing drop, the technique should be called single drop scan voltammetry. The term polarography in this context is discouraged. This is the oldest variant of polarographic techniques, introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890 – 1967). Usually the drop time is between 1 and 5 s and the pseudo-steady-state wave-shaped dependence on potential is called a polarogram. If the limiting current is controlled by diffusion, it is expressed by the Ilkovich equation.
DataAcquisitionRate
Quantifies the raw data acquisition rate, if applicable.
DataFiltering
Data filtering is the process of examining a dataset to exclude, rearrange, or apportion data according to certain criteria.
DataQuality
Evaluation of quality indicators to determine how well suited a data set is to be used for the characterisation of a material.
Evaluation of quality indicators to determine how well suited a data set is to be used for the characterisation of a material. An example is the evaluation of S/N ratio, or other quality indicators (limits of detection/quantification, statistical analysis of data, data robustness analysis).
An example is the evaluation of S/N ratio, or other quality indicators (limits of detection/quantification, statistical analysis of data, data robustness analysis).
EnergyDispersiveXraySpectroscopy
An analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample.
EDS
EDX
GasAdsorptionPorosimetry
Gas Adsorption Porosimetry is a method used for analyzing the surface area and porosity of materials. In this method, a gas, typically nitrogen or argon, is adsorbed onto the surface of the material at various pressures and temperatures.
Hazard
Set of inherent properties of a substance, mixture of substances, or a process involving substances that, under production, usage, or disposal conditions, make it capable of causing adverse effects to organisms or the environment, depending on the degree of exposure; in other words, it is a source of danger.
HydrodynamicVoltammetry
Voltammetry with forced flow of the solution towards the electrode surface. A linear potential scan, at sufficiently slow scan rates so as to ensure a steady state response, is usually applied. Mass transport of a redox species enhanced by convection in this way results in a greater electric current. Convective mass transfer occurs up to the diffusion-limiting layer, within which the mass transfer is controlled by diffusion. Electroactive substance depletion outside the diffusion layer is annulled by convective mass transfer, which results in steady- state sigmoidal wave-shaped current-potential curves. The forced flow can be accomplished by movement either of the solution (solution stirring, or channel flow), or of the electrode (electrode rotation or vibration).
Impedimetry
Measurement principle in which the complex electric impedance of a system is measured, usually as a function of a small amplitude sinusoidal electrode potential.
InteractionVolume
The volume of material, and the surrounding environment, that interacts with the probe and generate a detectable (measurable) signal (information). In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the incident electron beam, is usually much smaller than the entire specimen’s volume, and can be computed by using proper models. The interaction between the scanning probe and the sample generates a series of detectable signals (back scattered electrons, secondary electrons, x-rays, specimen current, etc.) which contain information on sample morphology, microstructure, composition, etc. In x-ray diffraction, the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the x-ray beam and is usually smaller than the volume of the entire specimen. Depending on sample’s structure and microstructure, the interaction between the sample and the x-ray incident beam generates a secondary (reflected) beam that is measured by a detector and contains information on certain sample’s properties (e.g., crystallographic structure, phase composition, grain size, residual stress...). In some cases, (like tribological characterisations) the “sample” can also be the “probe”. When analysing a system of samples that interact each other, finding a clear definition can become a complex problem. It is important to note that, in some cases, the volume of interaction could be different from the volume of detectable signal emission. Example: in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the volume of interaction between the electron probe and the material is different from the volumes that generate the captured signal.
In some cases, (like tribological characterisations) the “sample” can also be the “probe”. When analysing a system of samples that interact each other, finding a clear definition can become a complex problem. It is important to note that, in some cases, the volume of interaction could be different from the volume of detectable signal emission. Example: in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the volume of interaction between the electron probe and the material is different from the volumes that generate the captured signal.
The volume of material, and the surrounding environment, that interacts with the probe and generate a detectable (measurable) signal (information).
In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the incident electron beam, is usually much smaller than the entire specimen’s volume, and can be computed by using proper models. The interaction between the scanning probe and the sample generates a series of detectable signals (back scattered electrons, secondary electrons, x-rays, specimen current, etc.) which contain information on sample morphology, microstructure, composition, etc. In x-ray diffraction, the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the x-ray beam and is usually smaller than the volume of the entire specimen. Depending on sample’s structure and microstructure, the interaction between the sample and the x-ray incident beam generates a secondary (reflected) beam that is measured by a detector and contains information on certain sample’s properties (e.g., crystallographic structure, phase composition, grain size, residual stress...).
The laboratory where the whole characterisation process or some of its stages take place.
LevelOfAutomation
Describes the level of automation of the test.
LevelOfExpertise
Describes the level of expertise required to carry out a process (the entire test or the data processing).
MeasurementTime
The overall time needed to acquire the measurement data.
Polishing
Polishing is a machining process to achieve a smooth surface of the Sample, which uses abrasive compounds with smal particles that are embedded in a pad or wheel.
PostProcessingModel
Mathematical model used to process data.
Mathematical model used to process data. The PostProcessingModel use is mainly intended to get secondary data from primary data.
The PostProcessingModel use is mainly intended to get secondary data from primary data.
RawData
Direct output of the equipment with the manufacturer’s software including automatic pre-processing that is not modified by the user once the acquisition method is defined and the equipment calibrated. The raw data is a set of (unprocessed) data that is given directly as output from the detector, usually expressed as a function of time or position, or photon energy.
Direct output of the equipment with the manufacturer’s software including automatic pre-processing that is not modified by the user once the acquisition method is defined and the equipment calibrated. The raw data is a set of (unprocessed) data that is given directly as output from the detector, usually expressed as a function of time or position, or photon energy. In mechanical testing, examples of raw data are raw-force, raw-displacement, coordinates as function of time. In spectroscopic testing, the raw data are light intensity, or refractive index, or optical absorption as a function of the energy (or wavelength) of the incident light beam. In some cases, raw data can be considered to have already some level of data processing, e.g., in electron microscopy a “raw image” that is formed on the screen is already result from multiple processing after the signal is acquired by the detector.
In some cases, raw data can be considered to have already some level of data processing, e.g., in electron microscopy a “raw image” that is formed on the screen is already result from multiple processing after the signal is acquired by the detector.
In mechanical testing, examples of raw data are raw-force, raw-displacement, coordinates as function of time. In spectroscopic testing, the raw data are light intensity, or refractive index, or optical absorption as a function of the energy (or wavelength) of the incident light beam.
Tomography
Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning that uses any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, cosmochemistry, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science. The word tomography is derived from Ancient Greek τόμος tomos, "slice, section" and γράφω graphō, "to write" or, in this context as well, "to describe." A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram.
UserCase
High level description of the user case. It can include the properties of the material, the conditions of the environment and possibly mentioning which are the industrial sectors of reference.
XrayDiffraction
A technique used to analyze the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline materials by observing the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with the regular array of atoms in the crystal lattice.
XRD
Electrolyte
EELSSpectrum
A spectrum procuded by EELS.
HAADFImage
An image produced by HAADF-STEM.
SpectroscopyProcess
Characterisation process that studies the absorption and emission of radiation from the sample.
SEMImage
An image produced by SEM.
EDSMap
The characterisation result of an ECS process.
Electropolishing
An electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece, reducing the surface roughness by levelling micro-peaks and valleys, improving the surface finish.
Commonly used for preparing metal TEM samples.
TEMSample
A sample prepared for TEM.
SPEDImage
An image produced by SPED.
BrightFieldImage
Image produced from bright field imaging.
BFImage
DarkFieldImage
Image produced from dark field imaging.
DFImage
LightImaging
A subclass of imaging where the image is produced by photons.
ElectropolishedSample
A sample after electropolishing.
ThermomechanicalTreatedSample
A sample after thermomechanical treatment.
DiffractionProcess
Characterisation process that evaluation of the intensity variation of one or several diffraction peaks of a given phase along a single or multiple sample orientations.
SelectedAreaPattern
A diffraction pattern produced by selected area diffraction.
CuttingAndPolishing
Sample preparation step combining cutting and polishing.
This class helps increasing the granularity and simplify the documentation of the sample preparation.
CuttedAndPolishedSample
A sample after cutting and polishing.
TEMCharacterisaion
A characterisation process performed by transmission electron microscopy.
SEMSample
A sample prepared for SEM.
the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of area.
Orientation
The orientation of a real world object relative to a main reference frame. It can be expressed as the transformation from the main reference frame to a local reference frame.
Three independent values are needed to describe the orientation of the local reference frame.
For texture is the local reference frame typically connected to the crystal directions and the main reference frame to the rolling, transverse and normal directions.
SharpBoundary
A boundary related to a discontinous change in a physical property.
Microstructure
A composite material, who's components are in general so small that they require a microscope to be observed.
A microstructure is also a holistic system (a complex whole with interconnected parts). However, since its parts (collectively called microstructure components) are of a different type than the microstructure itself, it also a fundamental whole.
Being nominalistic, the microstructure is the material itself, not just a description of its structure.
This is consistent with the definition of a microstructure in Oxford Languages: "The fine structure (in a metal or other material) which can be made visible and examined with a microscope".
AreaFraction
Area of parts divided by the total area of the whole (domain under consideration).
CoolingRate
Rate of cooling.
Solute
The minor component in a solution, dissolved in a solvent.
PhaseBoundary
Boundary between two (or more) phases.
ParticleSizeDistribution
A distribution of the Sizes of multiple particles.
Defect
Local deviation from a regular pattern.
PixelSize
A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image. In the common case where the pixels are 2D squares, the pixel size is length of one of the sides.
Length of a pixel.
CrystallinePhase
Phase with uniform crystalline structure with a defined composition range (or stoichiometry)
Solvent
A solvent can be in many state of matter.
A substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
AlloyDesignation
Alphanumeric code that identify the chemical composition and temper (heat treatment) of a metal alloy.
The four-digit numerical portion represents the alloy chemistry, while the temper designation, added after the four-digit code, indicates the specific heat treatment applied.
For example, "6061-T6" indicates a 6061 alloy that has been solution heat treated and then artificially aged.
Mesh
A mesh does not put any restructiction on the type of vomume elements that are used.
Generic discretisation of a volume. It covers completely (an approximation of) the volume with no overlapping elements.
DiffuseBoundary
Smooth and continuation change in a physical property.
Precipitate
A precipitate can not live without its sourounding microstructure
Finely dispersed particles containing one PhaseOfMatter forming from solid phaseOfMatter by precipitation.
Pore
A small openings in a solid substance.
Pores are typically filled with other material, like air or water.
PointDefect
Point defects are lattice defects of zero dimensionality, i.e., they do not possess lattice structure in any dimension.
vacancy, interstitial atom, substitutional atom
VoxelSize
Length of a voxel.
materialName
EquivalentSphericalDiameter
Diameter of an equivalent sphere with the same volume as the object
Holder for samples in a characterisation system.
T8T9Aging1
First aging step of the T8T9 treatment.
T8T9Aging2
Second aging step of the T8T9 treatment.
T8T9Deformation
Deformation step of the T8T9 treatment.
Coupled
Velocity
The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description. -- IEC, note 2
The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave. -- IEC, note 1
Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector. -- ISO 80000-3
isPortionPartOf
InteractingSystem
A causally bonded system is a system in which there are at least two causal paths that are interacting.
DisjointUnionOf: PhysicalObject, PhysicalPhenomenon
Probability
Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.
hasDeclared
A semiotic relation connecting a declaring interpreter to the "declared" semiotic object in a declaration process.
Compressibility
Measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure change.
PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
Phase heterogeneous mixture may share the same state of matter. For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.
hasProductOutput
PhysicalObjectByBond
Categorisation of physical objects by how they are bonded.
SymbolicByStructure
Symbolic caterorised by its internal structure.
directlyCausedBy
IonActivity
Normally a standard solution is a solution of the ion at a molality of 1 mol/kg (exactly). Standardized conditions are normally 1013,25 hPa and 25 °C.
The correction factor is called activity coefficient and it is determined experimentally. See ActivityCoefficient
ratio of the product of ion molality b and a correction factor γ to the molality b° of the same ion in a standard solution under standardized conditions: a = bγ / b°.
ElectricCharge
The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
Charge
ManufacturingSystem
A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.
Voltage
Correspond to the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between two points in a static electric field.
The difference in electric potential between two points.
ElectricPotentialDifference
ElectricTension
Dataset
Encoded data made of more than one datum.
DataByStructure
Categorisation of data by its structure.
TaskByFlow
A task in a workflow, categorised by how it is connected to other tasks.
Database
A structured collection of data held in a computer system that has a well-defined interface.
- A database covering nine million chemical compositions. - A thermodynamic database.
isIncomingOverlappedBy
The relation between an item I1 that proper overlaps an item I2, where the non-overlapping part of I2 causes I1.
BinaryData
Symbolic data that can be represented as a sequence of zeros and ones.
DataByNature
Categorisation of data by its nature.
EquivalentTo: ClassicalData or QuantumData
Foam
A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
isNonTemporalPartOf
Baryon
Subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks, at least 3.
Subjective
A coded conventional that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
The word subjective applies to property intrisically subjective or non-well defined. In general, when an black-box-like procedure is used for the definition of the property. This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s. e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
The beauty of that girl. The style of your clothing.
CompositeFermion
A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental fermionic type (half-integer spin).
Examples of composite particles with half-integer spin: spin 1/2: He3 in ground state, proton, neutron spin 3/2: He5 in ground state, Delta baryons (excitations of the proton and neutron)
isAfter
isTemporallyAfter
PhysicalParticleBySpin
Categorisation of physical particles by whether they have integer or half-odd-integer spin.
StandaloneAtom
A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
Sol
A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.
Structural
A perspective that categorises causal structures according to the merelogical relations between the whole and the parts, taking into account their types.
Molecule
An atom-based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. An entity is called redundant if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
ChemicalSubstance
H₂0, C₆H₁₂O₆, CH₄
DisjointUnionOf: Heteronuclear, Homonuclear
This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. e.g. you cannot remove H from H₂0 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).
CodedByStructure
A coded classified by its structure.
MaterialByClassicalMaterialsScience
Equivalent To: AmorphousMaterial or CrystallineMaterial
Equivalent To: MetallicMaterial or CeramicMaterial or CompositeMaterial or PolymericMaterial
AlgebraicOperator
CodedByObservation
A coded classified by observation.
SemiosisByStructure
Semiosis classified as complete or partial representation of the semiotic triangle (interpretant, sign, referent).
MatterByStructure
Categorisation of matter by its structure.
CodedBySubjectivity
A coded classified by whether it is determined subjectively or objectively.
ThreeManifold
A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 3-dimensional Euclidean space.
3-manifold
hasBeginTask
The relation identifying the tasks of a workflow that are not causally temporally dependent by other parts of the workflow.
MeasurementUnitByPrefix
Categorisation of measurement units by whether they are prefixed or not.
EquivalentTo: PrefixedUnit or NonPrefixedUnit
ElectricFluxDensity
Vector quantity obtained at a given point by adding the electric polarization P to the product of the electric field strength E and the electric constant ε0.
ElectricDisplacement
ElectricPotential
Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
The electric potential is not unique, since any constant scalar field quantity can be added to it without changing its gradient.
ElectroStaticPotential
coexistsWith
A relation jointly covered by Contact and InteractWith relations, which are mutually exclusive.
Spatial relations between entities are represented in the EMMO as bidirectional causality, meaning that both entities are at the beginning and at the end of causal paths connecting them. This type of relation represent the coexistence of two entities in the a spatial arrangement. The symmetric characteristic of this relation implies that it is not possible to order them and is related to the arbitrary choice of reference frames. Subclasses of spatial relations may be defined as asymmetric and introduce a spatial order, for example est to west, or internal to external layer..
The relation between entities that express a mutual causation.
isSpatiallyRelatedWith
Aerosol
A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
indirectlyCausedBy
hasIndirectCause
MeasurementUnitByDimensionality
Categorisation of measurement units by their physical dimensionality.
EquivalentTo: DimensionalUnit or DimensionlessUnit
hasTemporalTile
A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in temporal parts forming the tessellation.
hasTemporalDirectPart
MaterialsProcessing
A manufacturing process aimed to modify the precursor objects through a physical process (involving other materials, energy, manipulation) to change its material properties.
A material process requires the output to be classified as an individual of a material subclass.
ContinuumManufacturing
Synthesis of materials, quenching, the preparation of a cake, tempering of a steel beam.
Hadron
Particles composed of two or more quarks.
ElectricCurrentDensity
Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
AreicElectricCurrent
CurrentDensity
MultiSimulation
A physics based simulation with multiple physics based models.
joins
isCognisedBy
BondedObject
"... in the 'classical' picture ordinary matter is made of atoms, in which electrons are held in orbit around a nucleus of protons and neutrons by the electrical attraction of opposite charges. We can now give this model a more sophisticated formulation by attributing the binding force to the exchange of photons between the electrons and the protons in the nucleus. However, for the purposes of atomic physics this is overkill, for in this context quantization of the electromagnetic field produces only minute effects (notably the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron). To excellent approximation we can pretend that the forces are given by Coulomb's law (together with various magnetic dipole couplings). The point is that in a bound state enormous numbers of photons are continually streaming back and forth, so that the "lumpiness" of the field is effectively smoothed out, and classical electrodynamics is a suitable approximation to the truth. But in most elementary particle processes, such as the photoelectric effect or Compton scattering, individual photons are involved, and quantization can no longer be ignored." D. Griffiths, "Introduction to elementary Particles", Wiley-VCH, 2004, pp.16-17
A bonded object is a sequence of fundamental interactions that can be described approximatively by Schrodinger formulation. A bonded object is typically characterised by having quantum states (e.g. electron states in an atom, energy levels of a molecule). Furthermore, a bonded object is made of elementary particles that travels from the beginning to the end of the entity (i.e. a bonded object doesn't change its components).
HeatCapacity
Examples of condition might be constant volume or constant pressure for a gas.
Quantity C = dQ/dT, when the thermodynamic temperature of a system is increased by dT as a result of the addition of a amount of heat dQ, under given condition.
CoefficientOfThermalExpansion
Material property which describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature.
ThermalExpansionCoefficient
MeasuredProperty
A quantity that is the result of a well-defined measurement procedure.
The specification of a measurand requires knowledge of the kind of quantity, description of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance carrying the quantity, including any relevant component, and the chemical entities involved. -- VIM
MathematicalFormula
A mathematical string that express a relation between the elements in one set X to elements in another set Y.
The set X is called domain and the set Y range or codomain.
TimeConstant
parameter characterizing the response to a step input of a first‑order, linear time‑invariant system
FloatingPointData
A symbolic data representing a numerical floating point value.
ExactConstant
Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.
Constant
A variable that stand for a numerical constant, even if it is unknown.
Nuclear
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type of the whole that is part of all the other proper parts of the same type.
VolumetricNumberDensity
Count per volume.
PhysicalQuantiyByDefinition
Categorisation of physical quantities by how they are defined.
IUPACNomenclature
Chemical nomenclauture following the IUPAC standard.
DiffusionCoefficient
Proportionality constant in some physical laws.
Simulation
A estimation of a property using a functional icon.
Modelling
I calculate the electrical conductivity of an Ar-He plasma with the Chapman-Enskog method and use the value as property for it.
QualifiedRole
Al QRole subclasses shuld have an axiom to express the role requirements, in the form of: MyQRoleClass SubClassOf: isProperPartOf some AnotherClass This is a necessary but not sufficient condition.
The qualified role concept express the requirement for an entity of a type, say A, to be part of a larger entity of another type, say B, with A and B belonging to different taxonomical branches. The concept of role is then defined as something that needs a wider and specific environment to exist. For example, the car radio type requires all instances to be a part of a car, while the opposite (the car having a radio) is not mandatory for qualified roles. The same applies for airplane winglets that are by definition an optional part of an airplane. Food preservatives are anothe optional part of foods.
The superclass for all classes of individuals that requires their individuals to be part of another specific class of entity of different type with a specific role with respect to it.
QRole
We usually have the same word to identify both the role and the name of a device. for example, under the term hammer we can identify both a product and generic entity used for hammering a nail. The concept of role helps to distinguish between these two concepts. Ideally ther shuld be an HammerRole and an HammerProduct types. The product may or may not be used as HammerRole, but only expresses the fact that it has been designed as an optimal hammering device. The hammering role can be played by any hard-enough object, even if it is not an hammer product.
hasTaskTile
Measurer
An observer that makes use of a measurement tool and provides a quantitative property.
ArrayData
An array is a datatype representing an ordered collection of elements (or values) that can be accessed by indexes. Arrays have an analog mathematical counterpart in vectors and matrixes, but are separate concepts. Arrays may be multidimensional.
In the EMMO we use the following JSON based syntax to represent arrays: - mono-dimensional array [v1,v2,...,vn] (vector) - bi-dimensional array [[v1,v2,...,vn],[w1,w2,...,2n]] (matrix) This notation can be extended to multidimensional arrays.
SubClassOf: hasScalarData some ScalarData
SubClassOf: hasSpatialTile some SymbolicData
The structure of an array is expressed mereologically. It consists of a set of equally sized tiles. The tiles of an n-dimensional array are (n-1) dimensional arrays. The tiles of an (n-1)-dimensional array are (n-2) dimensional arrays, and so forth down to 1-dimensional arrays (vectors), whos tiles are scalar data.
MaterialByCompactness
CoefficientOfFriction
Dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together; depends on the materials used, ranges from near zero to greater than one.
FrictionCoefficient
FrictionFactor
FormingFromPulp
MeanFreePath
The mean free path may thus be specified either for all interactions, i.e. total mean free path, or for particular types of interaction such as scattering, capture, or ionization.
in a given medium, average distance that particles of a specified type travel between successive interactions of a specified type.
isOutgoingOverlappedBy
The relation between an item I1 that proper overlaps an item I2, where the non-overlapping part of I2 is caused by I1.
PhysicalParticleByBond
Categorisation of physical particles by whether they are bonded.
DisjointUnionOf: BondedParticle, ElementaryParticle
hasURIValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URI data entity.
StateOfMatter
A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Disjoint Union Of: Gas, Plasma, Liquid, Solid
AngularWavenumber
The wave phase divided by time.
AngularRepetency
AngularWaveNumber
isLeftBy
The relation between an object O that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I is caused by O.
Visual
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer through an optical perception employing the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
A cloud. A picture. A colour gradient on a wall. A stain. A mail.
DataByDiscretness
Categorisation of data by whether it is descrete or not.
EquivalentTo: AnalogData or DiscreteData
DimensionalUnit
A subclass of measurement unit focusing on the physical dimensionality that is carried by the unit.
The current version of EMMO does not provide explicit classes for physical dimensions. Rather it embraces the fact that the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity is carried by its measurement unit. The role of dimensional unit and its subclasses is to express the physical dimensionality that is carried by the unit. Since the dimensionality of a physical quantity can be written as the product of powers of the physical dimensions of the base quantities in the selected system of quantities, the physical dimensionality of a measurement unit is uniquely determined by the exponents. For a dimensional unit, at least one of these exponents must be non-zero (making it disjoint from dimensionless units).
hasDeclarer
A semiotic relation connecting a conventional sign to the interpreter (declarer) in a declaration process.
GFactor
Relation between observed magnetic moment of a particle and the related unit of magnetic moment.
Constituent
An object which is a spatial part of another object.
ObjectPart
A tire is a constituent of a car.
ParticipantByAgency
Categorisation of participant in terms of being an agent or not an agent.
ConventionalProperty
A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
QuantityBySubjectivity
Categorisation of quantities by whether they can be obtained fully objectively or not.
EquivalentTo: ObjectiveProperty or SubjectiveProperty
NaturalLaw
A scientific theory that focuses on a specific phenomena, for which a single statement (not necessariliy in mathematical form) can be expressed.
QuantityByPhysicalNature
Categorisation of quantities by their physical nature.
QuantityByPhysical
WorkpieceForming
A manufacturing in which it is formed a solid body with its shape from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
MaterialByOrigin
IterativeWorkflow
A workflow whose steps are the repetition of the same task type.
Persistence
The persistence perspective classifies entities according to the persistence of temporal parts of specifc type, introducing the distiction between objects (when a type is conserved through all its time parts) or processes (where a type is not conserved through all its time parts). This perspective provides classes aimed to represent concepts similar to the ones of endurant and perdurant (a.k.a. continuant and occurrent). However, in the EMMO case, an entity is defined as an object or a process according to a specific type, and not per-se. For this reason an entity in the EMMO can be classified both object or a process depending on the reference type, due to the underlying 4D framework (e.g. an individual may belong both to the class of runners and the class of running process), and the distinction is purely representational. This categorisation has been introduced due to the large use of object/process commonsensical concepts, and the fact that our language distinguish between nouns and verbs to address things, forcing the separation between things that happens and things that persist.
The union of the object or process classes.
ChemicalCompound
A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
DisjointUnionOf InorganicCompound, OrganicCompound
MaterialBySize
ThermalDiffusionRatio
In a steady-state of a binary mixture in which thermal diffusion occurs; proportionality factor between gradient of the amount-of-subsstance fraction of the heavier substance B, and negative gradient of the local thermodynamic temperature divided by that temperature.
Multiplex
The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type of the whole that overlaps all the oter proper parts of the same type.
FullSemiosis
A semiosis where the triangle of relations is completely developed.
MergingManufacturing
RoleBySpatiotemporal
The superclass for all classes that categorise roles according to that fact that they are temporal or non-temporal parts of the whole.
EndTile
A direct part that only is the target, but not the source of temporal relations.
MaterialByStructure
DataByNumerical
Categorisation of data by whether it is numerical or not.
EquivalentTo: NumericalData or NonNumericalData
Volume
Extent of an object in space.
InternationalSystemOfQuantity
Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.
isJunctionPartOf
ProcessByAgency
Categorisation of processes by whether they are driven by an agent or not.
isTemporalPartOf
DifferentialOperator
Network
A system whose is mainly characterised by the way in which elements are interconnected.
isPieceOf
CharacterisationProcedureValidation
Describes why the characterization procedure was chosen and deemed to be the most useful for the sample.
CharacterisationSystem
Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values ('MeasuredQuantityProperty') within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds.
Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values ('MeasuredQuantityProperty') within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. NOTE 1 The components mentioned in the definition may be devices, reagents, and supplies. NOTE 2 A measuring system is sometimes referred to as “measuring equipment” or “device”, for example in ISO 10012, Measurement management systems – Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment and ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. NOTE 3 Although the terms “measuring system” and “measurement system” are frequently used synonymously, the latter is instead sometimes used to refer to a measuring system plus all other entities involved in a measurement, including the object under measurement and the person(s) performing the measurement. NOTE 4 A measuring system can be used as a measurement standard.
Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. NOTE 1 The components mentioned in the definition may be devices, reagents, and supplies. NOTE 2 A measuring system is sometimes referred to as “measuring equipment” or “device”, for example in ISO 10012, Measurement management systems – Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment and ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. NOTE 3 Although the terms “measuring system” and “measurement system” are frequently used synonymously, the latter is instead sometimes used to refer to a measuring system plus all other entities involved in a measurement, including the object under measurement and the person(s) performing the measurement. NOTE 4 A measuring system can be used as a measurement standard.
Measuring system
ChargeDistribution
Chromatography
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.
DifferentialPulseVoltammetry
Voltammetry in which small potential pulses (constant height 10 to 100 mV, constant width 10 to 100 ms) are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential or onto a staircase potential ramp. The current is sampled just before the onset of the pulse (e.g. 10 to 20 ms) and for the same sampling time just before the end of the pulse. The difference between the two sampled currents is plotted versus the potential applied before the pulse. Thus, a differential pulse voltammogram is peak-shaped. Differential pulse polarography is differential pulse voltammetry in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied before the mechani- cally enforced end of the drop and the current is sampled twice: just before the onset of the pulse and just before its end. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop life. The drop dislodgement is synchronized with current sampling, which is carried out as in DPV. The ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated in the same way as in normal pulse voltammetry (NPV). Moreover, subtraction of the charging current sampled before the application of the pulse further decreases its negative influence. Due to the more enhanced signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lower than with NPV. The sensitivity of DPV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
DPV
Operator
The human operator who takes care of the whole characterisation method or sub-processes/stages.
Porosimetry
Potentiometry
Method of electroanalytical chemistry based on measurement of an electrode potential. Potentiometric methods are used to measure the electrochemical potentials of a metallic structure in a given environment. For measurements using ion-selective electrodes, the measurement is made under equilibrium conditions what means that the macroscopic electric current is zero and the concentrations of all species are uniform throughout the solution. The indicator electrode is in direct contact with the analyte solution, whereas the reference electrode is usually separated from the analyte solution by a salt bridge. The potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is normally directly proportional to the logarithm of the activity (concentration) of the analyte in the solution (Nernst equation). See also ion selective electrode.
The sample after a preparation process.
STEM
A TEM characterisation process that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
ScanningTransmissionEletronMicroscopyProcess
Spectrum
The characterisation result of an spectroscopy process.
TEMImage
An image produced by TEM.
DiffractionPattern
The characterisation result of an diffraction process.
DistributionFunction
A function that provides the possible values for a variable and how often they occur.
Nucleation
Nucleation processes are classed as heterogeneous or homogeneous.
The initial process that occurs in the formation of a crystal from a solution, a liquid, or a vapour, in which a small number of ions, atoms, or molecules become arranged in a pattern characteristic of a crystalline solid, forming a site upon which additional particles are deposited as the crystal grows.
GrainBoundary
A boundary between at least two grains.
AspectRatio
Ratio between the maximum and minimum length of an object
GasPore
A pore filled with gas.
MicrostructureModel
A model that either predict a microstructure property or the evolution of the microstructure.
VolumeDensity
the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of volume.
PhysicalDiscretisedField
A physical field that is only defined on a set of volume elements in space and time.
TemperatureChangeRate
Rate at which the temperature is changed.
Since ISO 80000 does not define a temperature change rate, this quantity should not be included in EMMO. We therefore add it here.
Grid
Regular mesh with one type of volume elements.
SpatialContrast
An entity with a spatial variation of its properties.
SpatialPattern
SpatialVariation
Hardening
Hardening typically involves the alteration of the metal's microstructure through heat treatment, mechanical work, or the addition of alloying elements.
Reduction of dislocation mobility in a material as a response to an external thermomechanical treatment.
Here are some common hardening techniques: 1. Work Hardening (Cold Working): This process involves deforming the metal at temperatures below its recrystallization point, which introduces defects into the crystal structure. These defects impede the movement of dislocations, making the metal harder and stronger. Common methods include rolling, hammering, and drawing. 2. Heat Treatment: This broad category includes several specific processes: Quenching and Tempering: The metal is heated to a high temperature and then rapidly cooled (quenched) in water or oil. This results in a hard but brittle structure. The metal is then reheated to a lower temperature (tempered) to achieve a balance between hardness and toughness. Precipitation Hardening (Age Hardening): This involves heating the alloy to a high temperature to form a solid solution and then cooling it rapidly. Subsequent aging at lower temperatures allows the formation of fine precipitates within the metal matrix, which hinder dislocation movement and increase hardness 3. Case Hardening: This method is used to harden the surface of a metal while maintaining a softer, ductile core. Techniques include carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding, where the surface of the metal is enriched with carbon or nitrogen through exposure to a reactive gas or liquid at high temperatures 4. Solid Solution Strengthening: Alloying elements are added to the metal to create a solid solution, where the atoms of the alloying element distort the metal’s crystal lattice and hinder dislocation movement, thereby increasing hardness and strength.
In metallurgy, hardening refers to a variety of processes used to increase the hardness and strength of a metal or alloy.
ReferenceFrame
An abstract coordinate system with an origin, oritation and scale specified by a set of reference points.
FrameOfReference
AverageQuantity
A physical quantity that is determined from averinging the value of a set of determinations/observations/measurements of another physical quantity.
AverageGrainSize
Centre for Sustainable and Competitive Metallurgical and Manufacturing Industry
An advanced imaging technique that generates high-resolution images of a sample's internal structure by scanning a focused electron beam across it and collecting transmitted signals. It provides nanoscale to atomic-level details and can acquire spectroscopic data like X-ray and electron energy loss spectra to analyze the composition of materials. STEM is similar to a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) in that the image is formed by electrons passing through a thin specimen, but differs in how the beam is used.
DrawForming
Draw forming by drawing a workpiece through a tool opening that is narrowed in the drawing direction.
IterativeCoupledModelsSimulation
A chain of linked physics based model simulations solved iteratively, where equations are segregated.
isNotCauseOf
x isNotCauseOf y iff not(x isCauseOf y)
Factory
A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.
IndustrialPlant
NCNameData
TimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Time'.
LuminousEfficacyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LuminousEfficacy'.
EquilibriumConstant
The physical dimension can change based on the stoichiometric numbers of the substances involved.
for solutions, product for all substances B of concentration c_B of substance B in power of its stoichiometric number v_B: K_p = \sum_B{c_B^{v_B}}.
EquilibriumConstantConcentrationBasis
Welding
Joining process by softening the surfaces to be joined, either by heat or with a solvent (swelling welding, solvent welding), and pressing the softened surfaces together.
MagneticReluctanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticReluctance'.
OneManifold
A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 1-dimensional Euclidean space.
One-dimensional manifolds include lines and circles, but not self-crossing curves. Two-dimensional manifolds are also called surfaces. Examples include the plane, the sphere, and the torus, and also the Klein bottle and real projective plane.
1-manifold
SupplyChain
A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
TotalComposition
A language construct that represents fraction or amount of all constituents of a substance.
isInterpretationAccordingTo
ThermalConductivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalConductivity'.
DateTimeStampData
A data that represents instants of time, marked with a particular time zone offset.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:dateTimeStamp
AreaPerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerTime'.
ElectricCurrentDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentDensity'.
PressurePerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PressurePerTemperature'.
Participant
An object which is a spatial part of a process.
A student during an examination.
AmountConductivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountConductivity'.
hasStatus
Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
SingleComponentComposition
A language construct that represents the fraction or amount of a single constituent of a substance.
TaskByPosition
A task in a workflow, categorised by its position in the workflow.
LorenzNumberUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LorenzNumber'.
NMTOKENData
DensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Density'.
Collapse
A collapse is a fundamental interaction between m colliding particles that results in a single outgoing particle (inverse decay) that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,1) with m>1.
The class of fundamental systems where the number of input particles is reduced to one.
The Higgs boson production from two gluons, or a bottom and an anti-bottom quark.
HexBinaryData
Hexadecimal encoding of binary data, using the alphabet [0-9a-f].
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:hexBinary
Removal of material by means of rigid or flexible discs or belts containing abrasives.
Widening
Widening is tensile forming to increase the circumference of a hollow body. A distinction is made between: Widening, bulging.
ThermalConductanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalConductance'.
Number
A number individual provides the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object, without decomposit it in digits (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
A numerical data value.
In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it. More than one numeral stands for the same number. In the EMMO abstract entities do not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number). Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system). The fact that you can't give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used. For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
Numeral
Base64Binary
Base-64 encoding of binary data.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:base64Binary
ArchetypeJoin
Archetype join attaches two workpiece with geometrically defined shape together, using supplementary workpiece made of amorphous material (e.g. powder).
ShearForming
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by shear stress.
hasSymbolValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO symbol data entity.
3DPrinting
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.2) and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
Fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology.
This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
PhysicsEquation
An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
The Newton's equation of motion. The Schrödinger equation. The Navier-Stokes equation.
refersTo
Array
Array subclasses with a specific shape can be constructed with cardinality restrictions. See Shape4x3Matrix as an example.
Arrays are ordered mathematical objects who's elementary spatial parts are numbers. Their dimensionality is constructed with spatial direct parthood, where 1-dimensional arrays have spatial direct parts Number and n-dimensional array have spatial direct parts (n-1)-dimensional arrays.
Arrays are ordered objects, since they are a subclasses of Arrangement.
A Vector is a 1-dimensional Array with Number as spatial direct parts, a Matrix is a 2-dimensional Array with Vector as spatial direct parts, an Array3D is a 3-dimensional Array with Matrix as spatial direct parts, and so forth...
PerPressureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerPressure'.
AbsoluteActivity
The exponential of the ratio of the chemical potential to R*T where R is the gas constant and T the thermodynamic temperature.
ReactionSintering
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering
MassPerLengthTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerLengthTime'.
AccelerationUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Acceleration'.
SolidSolidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
Granite, sand, dried concrete.
The superclass for all tiles belonging to tessellations in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.
WellFormedTile
EquivalentTo: SpatialTile or TemporalTile or JunctionTile
EquivalentTo: ThroughTile or EndTile or BeginTile
NewtonianConstantOfGravityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'NewtonianConstantOfGravity'.
ElectricConductanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductance'.
ParticulateMatter
Bounded matter.
InterpreterByReferent
Interpreter classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.
SolidLiquidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.
hasVariable
SourceCode
A programming language entity expressing a formal detailed plan of what a software is intended to do.
A source code is the companion of an application, being it the entity used to generate the application list of CPU executable instructions.
Source code (also referred to as source or code) is the version of software as it is originally written (i.e., typed into a computer) by a human in plain text (i.e., human readable alphanumeric characters).
ThermomechanicalTreatment
MassAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassArea'.
ElectricResistivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricResistivity'.
Description
A coded that is not atomic with respect to a code of description.
A description is a collection of properties that depicts an object. It is not atomic since it is made of several properties collected together.
A biography.
A sentence about some object, depticting its properties.
MentalAgent
A biological agent possessing an intentional mental state.
A mental agent is typically attributed to a human but not nessesary.
PrecipitationHardening
hardening of a workpiece caused by the precipitation of one or more compounds from a supersaturated solid solution
ByteData
A data representing 8-bit integer number.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:byte
LiquidPhaseSintering
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed
GravitySintering
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy loose-powder sintering, gravity sintering: sintering of uncompacted powder
Loose-powderSintering
PressurelessSintering
MassPerLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerLength'.
Displacement
vector quantity between any two points in space
Screwing
Screwing (screwing on, screwing in, screwing tight) is joining by pressing on by means of a self-locking thread (from: DIN 8593 Part 3/09.85).
SpatioTemporalTileByConnection
The superclass for tiles categorized accordingly to their topological role within a tessellation.
Namer
An interpreter who assigns a name to an object without any motivations related to the object characters.
LiquidGasSuspension
A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
Sparkling water
PositionVector
In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length. -- IEC
Vector quantity from the origin of a coordinate system to a point in space.
Position
Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used. -- ISO 80000-3
FundamentalPhysicalSystem
A causal system that is the representation of a Feynman diagram, where quantum represents the real particles entering and exiting the system.
A fundamental physical process is made of one or more standard particles as input, and one or more standard particles as output, where each input is direct cause of each output. Each fundamental physical phenomena refers to a Feynman diagram, hence is made at least of three standard model particles. This requirement implies that a physical phenomena is either a decay, annihilation, interaction, collapse or creation phenomena (fundamental) or a composition of them (non-fundamental).
A fundamental system is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n) of quantums, m being the number of originating quantums, and n being the receiving quantums.
DisjointUnionOf: Collapse, Interaction, Decay
MatterByType
Categorisation of matter by its type.
DisjointUnionOf: AntiMatter, HybridMatter, OrdinaryMatter
Machining with a circular cutting movement, usually associated with a multi-toothed tool, and with a feed movement perpendicular or oblique to the axis of rotation of the tool, to produce any workpiece surface.
successorOf
isAncestorOf
FormingBlasting
Shot peening is shot peening for shaping or straightening workpieces by introducing residual compressive stresses (from: DIN 8200/10.82).
LiquidLiquidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
SignByReferent
Sign classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.
Suspension
An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
Suspensions show no significant effect on light.
ThermalTransmittanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalTransmittance'.
hasMetricPrefix
Relates a prefixed unit to its metric prefix part.
MagneticFluxUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFlux'.
SemiosisByReferent
Semiosis classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.
Nailing
Nailing is joining by hammering or pressing nails (wire pins) as auxiliary parts into the solid material. Several parts are joined by pressing them together (from: DIN 8593 part 3/09.85).
Pressure
The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Interaction
A causal interaction is a fundamental causal system that can be represented as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m,n>1. This concept covers fundamental particles interactions with 2 or more particles as input and as output.
The class of fundamental systems where two or more input particles interacts, providing an output of other two or more particles.
Electron-electron scattering. Electron-positron annihilation.
LuminousIntensity
A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
String
A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
A string is made of concatenated symbols whos arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat.
A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.
PerTimeMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTimeMass'.
DoubleData
A symbolic data representing a 64-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:double
MesoscopicModel
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.
ElectricCurrentPerEnergyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerEnergy'.
BooleanData
A data representing a boolean number.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:boolean
isConventionFor
processedTo
An indirect causal relation that relates the input of a process to its output.
isProcessedTo
ReciprocalElectricChargeDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalElectricChargeDensity'.
SystemProgram
System program refers to operating systems and utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level enabling a computer to function.
An operating system. A graphic driver.
PositiveIntegerData
A data representing an integer number > 0.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:positiveInteger
Tool
An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.
hasQuantityValuePart
Relates a measurement result to one of its quantity value parts.
SpatioTemporalTileByPosition
The superclass for tiles categorized accordingly to their location within a tessellation in terms of causal source, sink or intermediary.
FormingFromChip
PermittivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Permittivity'.
HardeningByRolling
Strengthening by rolling is the strengthening of component surfaces by mechanically generating compressive stresses in the component surface and consolidating the material.
DeepFreezing
Treatment carried out after hardening or case hardening consisting of cooling to a temperature below room temperature to complete the transformation of austenite to martensite
NegativeIntegerData
A data representing an integer number < 0.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:negativeInteger
incomingOverlaps
Program
A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.
A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
Executable
hasMetrologicalUncertainty
Assigns a quantifiable uncertainty to an objective property through a well-defined procecure.
Since measurement uncertainty is a subclass of objective property, this relation can also describe the uncertainty of an measurement uncertainty.
hasJunctionTile
A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is both spatially and temporally connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.
AngularMomentum
Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.
Moulding
Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other (from: DIN 8583 Part 3/05.70).
equalsTo
Equality is here defined following a mereological approach.
The relation between two individuals representing the same entity.
Bending
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress
hasSingleMember
The relation between a collection and one of its item members.
hasMember
ElectricDisplacementFieldUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricDisplacementField'.
OrdinaryMatter
Matter composed of only matter particles, excluding anti-matter particles.
ElectronicModel
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
Density functional theory. Hartree-Fock.
TimePerVolumeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TimePerVolume'.
etymology
Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.
The etymology annotation explains the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning.
The etymology annotation is usually applied to rdfs:label entities, to better understand the connection between a label and the concept it concisely represents.
Coded
A conventional referring to an object according to a specific code that reflects the results of a specific interaction mechanism and is shared between other interpreters. A coded is always a partial representation of an object since it reflects the object capability to be part of a specific determination. A coded is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an determiner in the same specific way. For example, "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source. The code is made of terms such as "hot", "warm", "cold", that commonly refer to the perception of heat.
A conventional that stands for an object according to a code of interpretation to which the interpreter refers.
A biography that makes use of a code that is provided by the meaning of the element of the language used by the author.
The name "red" that stands for the color of an object.
Let's define the class Colour as the subclass of the coded signs that involve photon emission and electromagnetic radiation sensible observers. An individual C of this class Colour can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) Stating that an entity E hasCoded C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). This definition can be specialised for human eye perception, so that the observer can be a generic human, or to camera perception so that the observer can be a device. This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.
hasSubObject
ElectricCurrentPerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerMass'.
FreeForming
Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other.
Printing forms with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other. The workpiece shape is created by free or fixed relative movement between the tool and the workpiece (kinematic shape generation).
RichardsonConstantUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'RichardsonConstant'.
ElectricResistanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricResistance'.
AngularFrequencyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AngularFrequency'.
"3 cm"
A more complete example showing how to specify the value of a physical quantity in turtle using this datatype: height1 a emmo:Height ; hasSIQuantityValue "3 cm"^^emmo:SIQuantityDatatype .
SIQuantityDatatype
A datatype for a specifying a physcial quantity as a string consisting of a numerical, a separator and an SI unit.
The unit should be a valid, possible prefixed, derived SI unit.
MassFraction
Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
ArtificialIntelligence
An agent that is a machine-learning or symbolic reasoning system (not biological-based).
ArtificialAgent
Heat treatment process that generally produces martensite in the matrix.
hasDeterminedProperty
Relates a semiotic determination process to the determined property.
Speed
Length per unit time.
Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.
hasDirectPart
Direct parthood is the non transitive version of parthood enabling the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several granularity levels of parthood.
The non-transitive version of proper parthood property.
hasImmediatePart
AmountOfSubstance
"In the name “amount of substance”, the word “substance” will typically be replaced by words to specify the substance concerned in any particular application, for example “amount of hydrogen chloride, HCl”, or “amount of benzene, C6H6 ”. It is important to give a precise definition of the entity involved (as emphasized in the definition of the mole); this should preferably be done by specifying the molecular chemical formula of the material involved. Although the word “amount” has a more general dictionary definition, the abbreviation of the full name “amount of substance” to “amount” may be used for brevity." -- SI Brochure
The number of elementary entities present.
ElementaryFermion
An elementary particle of a fundamental fermionic type.
CriticalTemperature
Temperature below which quantum effects dominate.
AtomisticModel
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.
isJoinedBy
The relation between an object O that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I causes O.
PerThermalTransmittanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerThermalTransmittance'.
ElectricConductivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductivity'.
Fluid
A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
Gas, liquid, plasma,
MassPerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerTime'.
OWLRL2DLAxioms
Axioms to add to the OWL 2 RL version of the ontology to reach DL expressivity.
VolumePerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerMass'.
NumericData
A symbolic data representing a numerical value.
SimulationSoftware
An application program aimed to functionally reproduce an object.
SimulationApplication
An application program that predicts the pressure drop of a fluid in a pipe segment is aimed to functionally reproduce the outcome of a measurement of pressure before and after the segment.
MagneticPotentialUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticPotential'.
ProceduralAgent
An intentional agent that drives a process according to some existing formalised operative rules.
hasNumericalPart
Relates a quantity to its numerical value through spatial direct parthood.
ElectricChargeDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargeDensity'.
Assemblying
No loss or adds of parts by the components, nor merging. In assemblying parts are losing some of theirs movement degrees of freedom.
The act of connecting together the parts of something
Rolling
Continuous or stepwise pressure forming with one or more rotating tools (rollers), without or with additional tools, e.g. plugs or mandrels, rods, guide tools
Cleaning
Process for removing unwanted residual or waste material from a given product or material
CollectiveAgent
An intentional agent that takes part in driving a process as part of a group.
A catalyst that together with another catalyst drives a chemical process that needs both catalysts to occur.
hasDeterminedValue
Relates a determination to a determined quantity value.
Area
Extent of a surface.
EnergyDensityOfStatesUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyDensityOfStates'.
AreaPerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerAmount'.
ElectricChargePerLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerLength'.
Annealing
heat treatment consisting of heating and soaking at a suitable temperature, followed by cooling under conditions such that, after return to ambient temperature, the metal will be in a structural state closer to that of equilibrium
Tile
A causal object that is direct part of a tessellation.
SharedAgent
An intentional agent that takes part in driving a process without being a group.
Singing a song together with others. Carrying a piece of furniture together with others.
Estimated
A coded that is assigned from an estimation.
The biography of a person that the author have not met.
MassPerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerAmount'.
NumericalVariable
A variable standing for a numerical defined mathematical object like e.g. a number, a vector of numbers, a matrix of numbers.
LanguageData
TaskTile
A task that is a well formed tile of a workflow, according to a reductionistic description.
A task tile is part of a specific granularity level for the workflow description, as composition of tasks.
While a task is only an holistic part of a workflow, a task tile provide a more precise context about the placement of a task in the topological structure of a workflow by using a reductionistic categorization. A workflow is now seen as a tiling and the task is on of its tiles.
Step
ProgrammingLanguage
A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.
A programming language object can also be a fragment (e.g. a C function) not suitable for exectution.
Code
SoftwareCode
Entities are not necessarily digital data, but can be code fragments printed on paper.
Agency
A process that occurs because of the exercise of the capacity to act of an agent.
AgentDrivenProcess
TemperaturePerPressureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerPressure'.
isQuantityValueFor
Decay
A decay is a fundamental process occurring to one particle that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(1,n) with n>1, being n the number of outgoing particles.
The class of fundamental systems where a particle generates two or more other particles.
The W boson decays, where a single W boson decays in two particles such as electron and electron antineutrino, or quark and antiquark.
VolumePerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerAmount'.
FloatData
A symbolic data representing a 32-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:float
hasMeasuredObject
Relates a measurement to the measured object (referent).
PerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerAmount'.
CapacitanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Capacitance'.
manufacturedWith
Relates a manufactured product to the manufacturing process that it was manufactured with.
isManufacturedOutputOf
manufacturedBy
Relates a manufactured product to its manufacturer.
GenericPhysicalSystem
A causal system possessing bonding that can not be represented by a simple Feynman diagram.
A generic physical system is everything which is more complex than a scattering interaction, or a decay/annihilation event, which are represented by a single Feynman diagram.
DisjointUnionOf: InteractingSystem, ParticlesSystem
ArtificialMaterial
SparkErosion
A manufacturing process in which metallic material is anodically dissolved under the influence of an electric current and an electrolyte solution. The current flow can be caused either by connection to an external current source or due to local element formation on the workpiece (etching).
isSignificationFor
HolisticArrangement
A system which is mainly characterised by the spatial configuration of its elements.
PhysicalConstant
Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
DisjointUnionOf: MeasuredConstant, ExactConstant
VIMTerm
The term in the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) (JCGM 200:2008) that corresponds to the annotated term in EMMO.
quantity value (term in VIM that corresponds to Quantity in EMMO)
MassStoppingPowerUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassStoppingPower'.
Organisation
An holistic system of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives.
ISO 55000:2014 organization: person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives
ElectricCurrentAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentArea'.
Drilling
machining with a circular cutting movement in which the axis of rotation of the tool and the axis of the internal surface to be produced are identical and the feed movement is in the direction of this axis. The axis of rotation of the cutting movement maintains its position relative to the workpiece independently of the feed movement (axis of rotation workpiece-bound).
SolidGasSuspension
A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.
outgoingOverlaps
OWL2DLRestrictedAxiom
Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.
Dismantling
action to disassemble a product or a component by removing all or some of its constituent parts with the intent to salvage
Soldering
Method of joining metallic materials with the aid of a molten filler metal (solder), optionally with the use of flow agents
Sawing
Cutting with circular or straight cutting motion, using a multi-toothed tool of small cutting width, the cutting motion being performed by the tool
Process of cutting a workpiece into smaller parts that are either doughter parts, samples (e.g. for testing) or scrap.
PowerUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Power'.
ReciprocalVolume
Physical quantity for measuring per volume.
ElectricMobilityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricMobility'.
ElectricDipoleMomentUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricDipoleMoment'.
ElementaryBoson
An elementary particle of a fundamental bosonic type.
ChemicalSpecies
Following nominalistic approach a species is simply a name that can point to an element name, a chemical formula or a chemical compound. So everything addressed by these classes of names can be calleded a chemical species.
Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure. Chemical species is the macroscopic equivalent of molecular entity and refers to sets or ensembles of molecular entities.
DataProcessingSoftware
An application program aimed for data processing.
DataProcessingApplication
CatalyticActivityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'CatalyticActivity'.
ThermalResistanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalResistance'.
Parameter
A variable whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
Viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
hasSubProcess
The relation between a process and one of its process parts.
hasUnitSymbol
Relates a prefixed unit to its unit symbol part.
Peening
(according to DIN 8200) Shot peening to generate residual compressive stresses in layers of the blasting material close to the surface in order to improve certain component properties, e.g. fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance (from: DIN 8200:1982)
Rate
Quotient of a quantity by a duration.
Activity Specific absorption rate (SAR) Rate of rise Sampling rate Modulation rate Fading rate Rain rate
A substance is always composed of more than one molecular entity. It lays in the continuum or mesoscopic domain.
Matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of.
MassFluxUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MassFlux'.
hasConstitutiveProcess
Relates an object to one of its constitutive process parts that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.
MaterialRelation
A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
The Lennard-Jones potential. A force field. An Hamiltonian.
ComputerSystem
Electronic device capable of processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
Computer
Naming
A declaration that provides a sign for an object that is independent from any assignment rule.
A unique id attached to an entity.
UnsignedByteData
A data representing 8-bit non-negative integer number, 0...255.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedByte
LiquidSolidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
Mud
ProceduralData
Data that is encoded and/or decoded by a procedural agent following a procedure.
leaves
hasBehaviour
ElectricFieldStrengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricFieldStrength'.
EMMORelation
The superclass for all relations used by the EMMO.
MagneticFluxDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFluxDensity'.
MomentumUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Momentum'.
Gluing
Process for joining two (base) materials by means of an adhesive polymer material
DeepDrawing
Forming of vessel parts from a flat mould into a three-dimensional shape by means of a press and tools, whereby material is neither removed nor added
hasReferencePart
Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.
CrystallineMaterial
AntiMatter
Antimatter is matter that is composed only of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter.
This branch is not expanded due to the limited use of such entities.
hasStage
SquareTimePerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTimePerMass'.
Planing
Type of scratching behaviour where the scratching force and the (displacement) deflection of the scratching tip are constant over the scratching distance during the test.
MathematicalOperator
A mapping that acts on elements of one space and produces elements of another space.
The algebraic operator '+' that acts on two real numbers and produces one real number.
The differential operator that acts on a C1 real function and produces another real function.
MathematicalModel
A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour. Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968
An analogical icon expressed in mathematical language.
TemporalTiling
A well formed tessellation with tiles that are all temporal.
FormingFromPowder
BeginTile
A direct part that only is the source, but not the target of temporal relations.
PermeabilityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Permeability'.
TightlyCoupledModelsSimulation
A simulation in which more than one model are solved together with a coupled method.
Solving within the same linear system the discretised form of the pressure and momentum equation for a fluid, using the ideal gas law as material relation for connecting pressure to density.
UnintentionalAgent
An agent that is driven by the law of physics rather than the intention to reach a defined objective.
A catalyst.
AbrasiveStrippingVoltammetry
Electrochemical method where traces of solid particles are abrasively transferred onto the surface of an electrode, followed by an electrochemical dissolution (anodic or cathodic dissolution) that is recorded as a current–voltage curve.
CalibrationData
Calibration data are used to provide correction of measured data or perform uncertainty calculations. They are generally the result of a measuerement on a reference specimen.
CharacterisationDataValidation
Procedure to validate the characterisation data.
CharacterisationHardwareSpecification
CompressionTesting
Compression tests characterize material and product strength and stiffness under applied crushing loads. These tests are typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen using platens or specialized fixtures with a testing machine that produces compressive loads.
CreepTesting
The creep test is a destructive materials testing method for determination of the long-term strength and heat resistance of a material. When running a creep test, the specimen is subjected to increased temperature conditions for an extended period of time and loaded with a constant tensile force or tensile stress.
CyclicChronopotentiometry
Chronopotentiometry where the change in applied current undergoes a cyclic current reversal.
DataAnalysis
Data processing activities performed on the secondary data to determine the characterisation property (e.g. classification, quantification), which can be performed manually or exploiting a model.
DifferentialLinearPulseVoltammetry
Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential.
DifferentialStaircasePulseVoltammetry
Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a staircase potential ramp.
DynamicMechanicalAnalysis
Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA) is a characterisation technique where a sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured, allowing one to determine the complex modulus. The temperature of the sample or the frequency of the stress are often varied, leading to variations in the complex modulus; this approach can be used to locate the glass transition temperature[1] of the material, as well as to identify transitions corresponding to other molecular motions.
FatigueTesting
Fatigue testing is a specialised form of mechanical testing that is performed by applying cyclic loading to a coupon or structure. These tests are used either to generate fatigue life and crack growth data, identify critical locations or demonstrate the safety of a structure that may be susceptible to fatigue.
The FIB-DIC (Focused Ion Beam - Digital Image Correlation) ring-core technique is a powerful method for measuring residual stresses in materials. It is based on milling a ring-shaped sample, or core, from the material of interest using a focused ion beam (FIB).
HardnessTesting
A test to determine the resistance a material exhibits to permanent deformation by penetration of another harder material.
LinearChronopotentiometry
Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed linearly.
Nanoindentation
Nanoindentation (known also as nanoindentation test) is a method for testing the hardness and related mechanical properties of materials, facilitated by high-precision instrumentation in the nanometer scale, as well as analytical and computational algorithms for result evaluation. By definition, when someone performs nanoindentation, it refers to either quasistatic or continuous stiffness measurement. However, in reality with a nanoindenter it is also possible to perform scratch testing, scanning probe microscopy, and apply non-contact surface energy mapping, which can also be called nanoindentation, because they are measurements conducted using an nanoindenter.
Nanoindentation (known also as nanoindentation test) is a method for testing the hardness and related mechanical properties of materials, facilitated by high-precision instrumentation in the nanometer scale, as well as analytical and computational algorithms for result evaluation.
By definition, when someone performs nanoindentation, it refers to either quasistatic or continuous stiffness measurement. However, in reality with a nanoindenter it is also possible to perform scratch testing, scanning probe microscopy, and apply non-contact surface energy mapping, which can also be called nanoindentation, because they are measurements conducted using an nanoindenter.
Osmometry
Osmometry is an advanced analytical method for determining the osmotic concentration of solutions. The osmotic – or solute – concentration of a colloidal system is expressed in osmoles (Osm) per unit of volume (Osm/L) or weight (Osm/kg).
PotentiometricStrippingAnalysis
Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the material is removed by chemical reaction or electrochemically at constant current with measurement of electrode potential. Historically for the analysis of metal ions, mercury ions were added to the test solution to form a mercury amalgam when reduced. Alternatively, an HMDE or MFE was used and the oxidizing agent added after amalgam formation. However, the toxicity of mercury and its compounds have all but precluded the present-day use of mercury. The accumulation is similar to that used in stripping voltammetry. The stripping potentiogram shows staircase curves of potential as a function of time. Frequently, the first derivative is displayed (dE/dt=f(t)), as this produces peak-shaped signals. The time between transitions (peaks) is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the test solution. The time between changes in potential in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution.
PSA
Rationale
A set of reasons or a logical basis for a decision or belief.
ShearOrTorsionTesting
Signal
According to UPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, a “signal” is “A representation of a quantity within an analytical instrument” (https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05661).
Result (effect) of the interaction between the sample and the probe, which usually is a measurable and quantifiable quantity.
Result (effect) of the interaction between the sample and the probe, which usually is a measurable and quantifiable quantity. According to UPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, a “signal” is “A representation of a quantity within an analytical instrument” (https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05661). Signal is usually emitted from a characteristic “emission” volume, which can be different from the sample/probe “interaction” volume and can be usually quantified using proper physics equations and/or modelling of the interaction mechanisms.
Signal is usually emitted from a characteristic “emission” volume, which can be different from the sample/probe “interaction” volume and can be usually quantified using proper physics equations and/or modelling of the interaction mechanisms.
StepChronopotentiometry
Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed in steps.
StrippingVoltammetry
Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the amount of an accumulated species is measured by voltammetry. The measured electric current in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution by calibration. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was historically used to measure concentrations of metal ions in solution using cathodic accumulation with mercury to form an amalgam. Due to the toxicity of mercury and its compounds, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have frequently replaced ASV at mercury electrodes in the laboratory, often sacrificing the probing of speciation and lability in complex matrices. Mercury has now been replaced by non-toxic bismuth or anti- mony as films on a solid electrode support (such as glassy carbon) with equally good sensi- tivity and detection limits. Because the accumulation (pre-concentration) step can be prolonged, increasing the amount of material at the electrode, stripping voltammetry is able to measure very small concentrations of analyte. Often the product of the electrochemical stripping is identical to the analyte before the accumulation. Stripping voltammetry is a calibrated method to establish the relation between amount accumulated in a given time and the concentration of the analyte in solution. Types of stripping voltammetry refer to the kind of accumulation (e.g. adsorptive stripping voltammetry) or the polarity of the stripping electrochemistry (anodic, cathodic stripping voltammetry).
TensileTesting
Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials use biaxial tensile testing. The main difference between these testing machines being how load is applied on the materials.
WearTesting
A wear test measures the changes in conditions caused by friction, and the result is obtained from deformation, scratches, and indentations on the interacting surfaces. Wear is defined as the progressive removal of the material from a solid surface and manifested by a change in the geometry of the surface.
STEMImage
An image produced by STEM.
PhysicalMetallurgy
A language entity used in the domain of physical metallurgy.
GeneralisedDensity
the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length, area or volume
StatisticalQuantity
A physical quantity that is determined from a statistical analysis the value of a set of determinations/observations/measurements of another physical quantity.
RepresentativeLength
A length that represent the size of an object measured according to a given procedure (experimental or theoretical).
ParticleSize
Common representations of a particle size are the particle volume or the diameter of a (hypothetical) sphere with the same volume as the particle.
Size of a particle measured according to a specified procedure (and/or model).
SolidPhaseBoundary
Boundary with at least one solid
GrainSize
A representative length of a grain measured according to a specified procedure (experimentally or theoretically).
Note the asymmetry with the definition of the more general particle size, which can be measured with any quantity (e.g. volume, average cross-section diameter, etc) the grain size is always a length. This is to be consistent with the common jargon in metallurgy where grain size always refer to a length.
SizeDistribution
A distribution of the sizes of multiple objects. It is measured in as the number of items of a given size class per volume.
T8T9TreatmentTask
The class of workflow tasks for the T8T9 treatment.
The relation between individuals representing a collection and one or more of its members.
A maximal part is a proper part that is not connected with the rest of the whole.
A proper part which is not connected with the rest of the whole.
hasMaximalPart
hasPiece
A non-maximal part is a proper part that is connected with the rest of the whole.
The relation between two individuals representing an entity and a non-maximal proper part, meaning the the latter is connected with the rest of the whole.
hasNotMaximalPart
hasObjectiveProperty
Relates an object to a quantity describing a quantifiable property of the object obtained via a well-defined procedure.
DateTimeData
A data that represents instants of time, optionally marked with a particular time zone offset.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:dateTime
PerAreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerArea'.
Service
IntangibleProduct
PartialSemiosis
A semiosis where the triangle of relation is not completely developed.
RealData
A data representing a real number.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some owl:real
HybridMatter
Matter composed of both matter and antimatter fundamental particles.
DataProcessing
A computation that provides a data output following the elaboration of some input data, using a data processing application.
MolecularEntity
Molecular entity is used as a general term for singular entities, irrespective of their nature, while chemical species stands for sets or ensembles of molecular entities. Note that the name of a compound may refer to the respective molecular entity or to the chemical species,
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity that can undergo a chemical reaction.
Hydrogen molecule is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule.
Methane, may mean a single molecule of CH4 (molecular entity) or a molar amount, specified or not (chemical species), participating in a reaction. The degree of precision necessary to describe a molecular entity depends on the context.
This concept is strictly related to chemistry. For this reason an atom can be considered the smallest entity that can be considered "molecular", including nucleus when they are seen as ions (e.g. H⁺, He⁺⁺).
throughOverlaps
The relation between an item I1 that proper overlaps an Item I2 where I1 has two non-overlapping parts, one that causes I2 and one that is a cause of I2.
UnsignedIntData
A data representing 32-bit non-negative integer number, 0...4294967295.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedInt
MetricPrefix
Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.
ContinuumModel
A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.
SpatialTile
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in spatial parts.
MaterialByType
ChemicalElement
The IUPAC Gold Book defines the a chemical element both as: - a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus - a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus This qualifies a chemical element as a name and not a matter obejct that can stand for an atom or a substance.
The symbol for a specific chemical element, that can stand both for an atom or a substance.
SystemResource
Any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system.
Resource
Fermion
A physical particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
directlyCauses
A causal relation between the causing and the effected entities occurring without intermediaries.
Direct causality is a concept that captures the idea of direct interaction between two entities, given the fact that there are no causal intermediaries between them. It requires that at least a quantum of the causing entity is direct cause of a quantum of the caused entity. It does not exclude the possibility of other indirect causal routes between some proper parts of the two entities. The direct causality in a 4D ontology covers both time-like causal interaction (when causality is one-way from one entity to another) and space-like causal interaction (when causality is two-way between two entities).
Direct cause is irreflexive.
isDirectCauseOf
Direct cause provides the edges for the transitive restriction of the direct acyclic causal graph whose nodes are the quantum entities.
MathematicalSymbol
IRI
An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. It is similar to URI, but greatly extends the allowed character set from ASCII to the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646)..
IRIs are commonly used as identifiers for ontological entities, although the extended unicode character set is rarely used.
ChemicalNomenclature
A chemical numenclature should not be confused with the chemical formula.
A language object following a specific nomenclature rules for defining univocal names of chemical compounds.
NameData
RationalData
A symbolic data representing a rational number, that is a number that can be expressed exact by `p/q` where `p` and `q` are integer numbers.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some owl:rational
Distance
Distance is the norm of Displacement.
Shortest path length between two points in a metric space.
Tempering
Process consisting of two steps: - first, the steel is heated in a quenching treatment to a temperature above Ac3 and then rapidly cooled in a liquid to produce a process-specific grain structure; - subsequently, the steel is heated to a specific temperature during tempering to set the desired property and cooled in air.
ArithmeticOperator
FormingJoin
IntentionalAgentByKind
Categorisation of intentional agents by their kind.
MeasuringSystem
A set of one or more 'MeasuringInstruments' and often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate 'MeasuredQuantityProperty' within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. -- VIM
measuring system
NormalizedStringData
standsFor
ProcessByContext
The superclass for all classes that categorise projects according to their mereological and persistence context
Frequency
Number of periods per time interval.
DefinedEdgeCutting
Machining in which a tool is used whose number of cutting edges, geometry of the cutting wedges and position of the cutting edges in relation to the workpiece are determined
Spanen mit geometrisch bestimmten Schneiden
URL
The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").
IntentionalAgencyByKind
Categorisation of intentional agencies by their kind.
Semiotics
A perspective based on Pierce semiotics, where an interpreter relates a referent to a sign in through semiotic relations.
EquivalentTo: Semiosis or SemioticEntity
NominalProperty
"Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude." "A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered A color is a nominal property. Sex of a human being.
nominal property
JSONData
MaterialsModel
A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
CoatingManufacturing
A manufacturing in which an adherent layer of amorphous material is applied to a workpiece.
Beschichten
ChemicalFormula
A chemical formula may also include other symbols such as parentheses, plus and minus signs, brackets
A symbolic construct that provides informations about the chemical proportions of the elements that constitute a chemical compound or a specific molecule.
MagneticFluxDensity
Often denoted B.
Strength of the magnetic field.
MagneticInduction
overcrosses
The relation between an entity that overlaps another without being its part.
ObjectByContext
The superclass for all classes that categorise objects according to their mereological and persistence context
the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
hasResourceIdentifier
Relates a resource to its identifier.
FlexuralForming
ComputerScience
A well-formed formula in computer science may be or not be interpreted by a computer. For example pseudo-code is only intended for human consumption.
A well-formed formula that follows the syntactic rules of computer science.
Geometrical
A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
A geometrical object can be expressed in many different forms. For example, a line can be expressed by: a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.
SemioticEntity
Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. "Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). The triadic elements: - 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) - 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) - 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object'
The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
EquivalentTo: Interpreter or SemioticObject or Sign
Machining
A manufacturing in which material is removed from the workpiece in the form of chips.
ResourceIdentifier
A formal computer-interpretable identifier of a system resource.
PrefixedUnit
A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.
Graphical
A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration results from an explicit graphical procedure and shows an identifiable pattern.
This concept includes only things that are purposely created by an agent.
'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
interprets
NonPositiveIntegerData
A data representing an integer number <= 0.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:nonPositiveInteger
DecimalData
A data representing an arbitrary precision decimal number.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:decimal
JunctionTile
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole hybridly in spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal parts.
GasSolidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
Dust, sand storm.
Time
One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as "what clocks read".
URN
The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.
UnsignedShortData
A data representing 16-bit non-negative integer number, 0...65535.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedShort
GasLiquidSuspension
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
Rain, spray.
The superclass for all tessellations in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.
WellFormedTessellation
EquivalentTo: MixedTiling or SpatialTiling or TemporalTiling
Observer
A characteriser that declares a property for an object through the specific interaction required by the property definition.
NumberOfElements
Number of direct parts of a Reductionistic.
Using direct parthood EMMO creates a well-defined broadcasting between granularity levels. This also make it possible to count the direct parts of each granularity level.
UnsignedLongData
A data representing 64-bit non-negative integer number, 0...18446744073709551615.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedLong
MeasuringInstrument
A measuring instrument that can be used alone is a measuring system.
Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. -- VIM
measuring instrument
AngularFrequency
Rate of change of the phase angle.
ScriptingLanguage
A programming language that is executed through runtime interpretation.
Expression
A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.
ElectricConductance
Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
Conductance
Coulometry
Electrochemical measurement principle in which the electric charge required to carry out a known electrochemical reaction is measured. By Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, the amount of substance is proportional to the charge. Coulometry used to measure the amount of substance is a primary reference measurement procedure [VIM 2.8] not requiring calibration with a standard for a quantity of the same kind (i.e. amount of substance). The coulometric experiment can be carried out at controlled (constant) potential (see direct coulometry at controlled potential) or controlled (constant) current (see direct coulometry at controlled current).
Detector
Physical device (or the chain of devices) that is used to measure, quantify and store the signal after its interaction with the sample.
Physical device (or the chain of devices) that is used to measure, quantify and store the signal after its interaction with the sample. Examples include: Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) and Secondary Electrons (SE) detectors for SEM; Displacement and force sensors for mechanical testing.
Examples include: Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) and Secondary Electrons (SE) detectors for SEM; Displacement and force sensors for mechanical testing.
Electrogravimetry
Method of electroanalytical chemistry used to separate by electrolyse ions of a substance and to derive the amount of this substance from the increase in mass of an electrode.
Holder
An object which supports the specimen in the correct position for the characterisation process.
ProbeSampleInteraction
Process representing the interaction between the Probe and the Sample (with a certain Interaction Volume) which generates a Signal.
SampleExtractionByCutting
SampleInspectionParameter
Parameter used for the sample inspection process.
SamplePreparationByCutting
SamplePreparationInstrument
SamplePreparationParameter
Parameter used for the sample preparation process.
ScatteringAndDiffraction
Imaging
Characterisation process that produces (often, but not necessary, 2-dimensional) images of the sample.
Imaging is typically contrasted to diffraction and spectroscopy.
metallurgicalReference
CrystallographicDefect
Imperfection in the regular geometrical arrangement of the atoms in a crystalline solid.
PhaseFraction
Ratio of the quantity of a phase over the total quantity of all the phases over the domain considered. Quantity is usually mass, mole, area, or volume.
AdditiveManufacturing
process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing (3.1.29) and formative manufacturing methodologies,
GenerativeManufacturing
CompiledLanguage
isInputOf
Reductionistic
A class devoted to categorize causal objects by specifying their granularity levels.
A granularity level is specified by a tiling decomposition of the whole y. A tiling is identified as a set of items {x1, x2, ... xn} called tiles that: - are proper parts of y - covers the entire whole (y = x1 +x2 + ... + xn) - do not overlap - are part of one, and one only, whole (inverse functional)
Direct parthood is the antitransitive parthood relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy) for this perspective.
Ablation
Manufacturing by separating particles of material from a solid body by non-mechanical means. Ablation refers both to the removal of layers of material and to the separation of workpiece parts. The production process of ablation is considered in its stationary instantaneous state, independently of the application of auxiliary processes necessary to initiate the process. Ablation is divided into three subgroups according to the order point of view (OGP) "process in the effective zone on the surface of the workpiece": - thermal ablation; - chemical ablation; - electrochemical ablation.
AlgebraicExpression
An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)
Force
Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
CondensedMatter
The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.
Objective
A coded conventional that is determined by each interpeter following a well defined determination procedure through a specific perception channel.
The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
MixedTiling
A well formed tessellation with at least a junction tile.
isOutputOf
Radius
Distance from the centre of a circle to the circumference.
Deducer
An interpreter who establish the connection between an index sign and an object according to a causal contiguity.
Someone who deduces an emotional status of a persona according to facial expression.
Someone who deduces the occurring of a physical phenomenon through other phenomena.
ConstructionLanguage
A computer language by which a human can specify an executable problem solution to a computer.
mereological
The EMMO adheres to Atomistic General Extensional Mereology (AGEM).
The superclass of all mereological EMMO relations.
NonNegativeIntegerData
A data representing an integer number >= 0.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:nonNegativeInteger
ShortData
A data representing 16-bit integer number.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:short
Measurement
A measurement always implies a causal interaction between the object and the observer.
A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.
An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference based on a well defined mesurement procedure.
For convinience, the semiotic shortcuts `hasMeasurementValue` and `hasMeasurementQuantity` allows the user to directly relate a measurement to the measured QuantityValue and Quantity, respectively.
MeasurementProcedure
measurement
The output of a measurement is in EMMO a measurement result, which in turn is attributed to one or more measurement values.
Estimator
A characteriser that declares a property for an object without actually interact with it with the specific interaction required by the property definition (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
TemporalTile
A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in temporal parts.
Nucleon
Either a proton or a neutron.
LongData
A data representing 64-bit integer number.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:long
CausalParticle
A causal particle represents the most elementary entity in physics, being it a simple state of an elementary particle, called quantum in the EMMO, or a chain of causally connected quanta.
The class of individuals representing causal particles.
The disjoint union of CausalPath and Quantum classes.
isCausedBy
causes
CategorizedPhysicalQuantity
The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to some domain of interests (e.g. metallurgy, chemistry), property (intensive/extensive) or application.
TwoManifold
A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 2-dimensional Euclidean space.
2-manifold
IntData
A data representing 32-bit integer number.
BaseQuantity
"Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" ISO 80000-1
base quantity
Casting
PhysicsBasedModel
A mathematical entity based on a fundamental physics theory which defines the relations between physics quantities of an entity.
CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”
Meson
Hadronic subatomic particles composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks bound together by strong interactions.
Most mesons are composed of one quark and one antiquark.
EquivalentTo: PseudoscalarMeson or VectorMeson or ScalarMeson or PseudovectorMeson or TensorMeson
FormingFromLiquid
isThroughOverlappedBy
hasInternalRepresentation
The relation between the interpreter and the interpretant, being its internal representation.
semioticOvercrossedBy
isOvercrossedBy
The inverse relation for overcrosses.
Equation
An equation with variables can always be represented as: f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.
The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
ElectricResistance
Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
Resistance
PhysicsBasedSimulation
A simulation that relies on physics based models, according to the Review of Materials Modelling and CWA 17284:2018.
MolarEnergy
Energy per amount of substance.
CalibrationProcess
From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Operation performed on a measuring instrument or a measuring system that, under specified conditions: 1) establishes a relation between the values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and 2) uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. NOTE 1 The objective of calibration is to provide traceability of measurement results obtained when using a calibrated measuring instrument or measuring system. NOTE 2 The outcome of a calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty. NOTE 3 Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “selfcalibration”, nor with verification of calibration. Calibration is sometimes a prerequisite for verification, which provides confirmation that specified requirements (often maximum permissible errors) are met. Calibration is sometimes also a prerequisite for adjustment, which is the set of operations carried out on a measuring system such that the system provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of quantities being measured, typically obtained from measurement standards. NOTE 4 Sometimes the first step alone of the operation mentioned in the definition is intended as being calibration, as it was in previous editions of this Vocabulary. The second step is in fact required to establish instrumental uncertainty for the measurement results obtained when using the calibrated measuring system. The two steps together aim to demonstrate the metrological traceability of measurement results obtained by a calibrated measuring system. In the past the second step was usually considered to occur after the calibration. NOTE 5 A comparison between two measurement standards may be viewed as a calibration if the comparison is used to check and, if necessary, correct the value and measurement uncertainty attributed to one of the measurement standards.
Sequence of operations/actions that are needed to convert the initial signal (as produced by the detector) into a meaningful and useable raw data.
Sequence of operations/actions that are needed to convert the initial signal (as produced by the detector) into a meaningful and useable raw data. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Operation performed on a measuring instrument or a measuring system that, under specified conditions: 1) establishes a relation between the values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and 2) uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. NOTE 1 The objective of calibration is to provide traceability of measurement results obtained when using a calibrated measuring instrument or measuring system. NOTE 2 The outcome of a calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty. NOTE 3 Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “selfcalibration”, nor with verification of calibration. Calibration is sometimes a prerequisite for verification, which provides confirmation that specified requirements (often maximum permissible errors) are met. Calibration is sometimes also a prerequisite for adjustment, which is the set of operations carried out on a measuring system such that the system provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of quantities being measured, typically obtained from measurement standards. NOTE 4 Sometimes the first step alone of the operation mentioned in the definition is intended as being calibration, as it was in previous editions of this Vocabulary. The second step is in fact required to establish instrumental uncertainty for the measurement results obtained when using the calibrated measuring system. The two steps together aim to demonstrate the metrological traceability of measurement results obtained by a calibrated measuring system. In the past the second step was usually considered to occur after the calibration. NOTE 5 A comparison between two measurement standards may be viewed as a calibration if the comparison is used to check and, if necessary, correct the value and measurement uncertainty attributed to one of the measurement standards. In nanoindentation, the electrical signal coming from capacitive displacement gauge is converted into a real raw-displacement signal after using a proper calibration function (as obtained by the equipment manufacturer). Then, additional calibration procedures are applied to define the point of initial contact and to correct for instrument compliance, thermal drift, and indenter area function to obtain the real useable displacement data. Usually the calibration process involve a reference sample (with pre-defined, specific, and stable physical characteristics and known properties), in order to extract calibration data. In this way, the accuracy of the measurement tool and its components (for example the probe) will be evaluated and confirmed.
Usually the calibration process involve a reference sample (with pre-defined, specific, and stable physical characteristics and known properties), in order to extract calibration data. In this way, the accuracy of the measurement tool and its components (for example the probe) will be evaluated and confirmed.
In nanoindentation, the electrical signal coming from capacitive displacement gauge is converted into a real raw-displacement signal after using a proper calibration function (as obtained by the equipment manufacturer). Then, additional calibration procedures are applied to define the point of initial contact and to correct for instrument compliance, thermal drift, and indenter area function to obtain the real useable displacement data.
CharacterisationEnvironment
Characterisation can either be made in air (ambient conditions, without specific controls on environmental parameters), or at different temperatures, different pressures (or in vacuum), or using different types of working gases (inert or reactive with respect to sample), different levels of humidity, etc.
Medium of the characterisation experiment defined by the set of environmental conditions that are controlled and measured over time during the experiment.
Medium of the characterisation experiment defined by the set of environmental conditions that are controlled and measured over time during the experiment. Characterisation can either be made in air (ambient conditions, without specific controls on environmental parameters), or at different temperatures, different pressures (or in vacuum), or using different types of working gases (inert or reactive with respect to sample), different levels of humidity, etc.
DataPreparation
Data preparation is the process of manipulating (or pre-processing) data (which may come from disparate data sources) to improve their quality or reduce bias in subsequent analysis.
OpticalTesting
ReferenceSample
Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in measurement or in examination. NOTE 1 Reference materials can be certified reference materials or reference materials without a certified property value. NOTE 2 For a reference material to be used as a measurement standard for calibration purposes it needs to be a certified reference material. NOTE 3 Reference materials can be used for measurement precision evaluation and quality control. EXAMPLE Human serum without an assigned quantity value for the amount-of-substance concentration of the inherent cholesterol, used for quality control. NOTE 4 Properties of reference materials can be quantities or nominal properties. NOTE 5 A reference material is sometimes incorporated into a specially fabricated device. EXAMPLE Spheres of uniform size mounted on a microscope slide. NOTE 6 Some reference materials have assigned values in a unit outside the SI. Such materials include vaccines to which International Units (IU) have been assigned by the World Health Organization. NOTE 7 A given reference material can only be used for one purpose in a measurement, either calibration or quality control, but not both. NOTE 8 ISO/REMCO has an analogous definition but uses the term “measurement process” (ISO Guide 30, Reference materials – Selected terms and definitions, definition 2.1.1) for both measurement and examination. From [ISO 17858:2007]: Quality control sample used to determine accuracy and precision of method.
From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in measurement or in examination. NOTE 1 Reference materials can be certified reference materials or reference materials without a certified property value. NOTE 2 For a reference material to be used as a measurement standard for calibration purposes it needs to be a certified reference material. NOTE 3 Reference materials can be used for measurement precision evaluation and quality control. EXAMPLE Human serum without an assigned quantity value for the amount-of-substance concentration of the inherent cholesterol, used for quality control. NOTE 4 Properties of reference materials can be quantities or nominal properties. NOTE 5 A reference material is sometimes incorporated into a specially fabricated device. EXAMPLE Spheres of uniform size mounted on a microscope slide. NOTE 6 Some reference materials have assigned values in a unit outside the SI. Such materials include vaccines to which International Units (IU) have been assigned by the World Health Organization. NOTE 7 A given reference material can only be used for one purpose in a measurement, either calibration or quality control, but not both. NOTE 8 ISO/REMCO has an analogous definition but uses the term “measurement process” (ISO Guide 30, Reference materials – Selected terms and definitions, definition 2.1.1) for both measurement and examination. From [ISO 17858:2007]: Quality control sample used to determine accuracy and precision of method.
Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process.
Certified Reference Material
Reference material
SampleExtraction
Act of extracting a portion (amount) of material from a larger quantity of material. This operation results in obtaining a sample representative of the batch with respect to the property or properties being investigated. The term can be used to cover either a unit of supply or a portion for analysis. The portion taken may consist of one or more sub-samples and the batch may be the population from which the sample is taken.
Act of extracting a portion (amount) of material from a larger quantity of material. This operation results in obtaining a sample representative of the batch with respect to the property or properties being investigated.
The term can be used to cover either a unit of supply or a portion for analysis. The portion taken may consist of one or more sub-samples and the batch may be the population from which the sample is taken.
ThermochemicalTesting
Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a technique used in thermal analysis, a branch of materials science which studies the properties of materials as they change with temperature.
TMA
Image
The characterisation result of an imaging process.
Grain
A common definition is that grains are separated from their neighbour grains by grain boundaries with a misorientation angle higher than 15 degrees.
A part of a microstructure with (almost) the same crystal orientation.
Grain, in metallurgy, any of the crystallites (small crystals or grains) of varying, randomly distributed, small sizes that compose a solid metal. Randomly oriented, the grains contact each other at surfaces called grain boundaries. The structure and size of the grains determine important physical properties of the solid metal. Grains of a metal ingot can be elongated and locked together by rolling to improve the mechanical properties in the direction of grain length. Internal stresses at grain boundaries may be relieved by annealing to restore exhausted ductility in certain alloys or to harden other alloys. -- britannica.com (https://www.britannica.com/science/grain-solid)
Grains (and subgrains) are in general not (single) crystals since they may include small particles (e.g. precipitates) with another crystal structure.
Note, since grains are defined as being a (holistic) component of a microstructure, we cannot speak about a single grain without it being a part of a microstucture.
Part of a crystalline material consituted primarily of one crystalline phase.
PhysicalField
A physical quantity that has a value in each point in space and time.
PerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTemperature'.
PhysicalQuantity
A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Numeral' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. ISO 80000-1
Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind. For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind. However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only. For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides. As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
— quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, — quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and — quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. ISO 80000-1
DisjointUnionOf: DerivedQuantity, BaseQuantity
Symbolic
A discrete data whose elements can be decoded as tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
A symbolic entity is not necessarily graphical (e.g. it doesn't necessarily have the physical shape of a letter), but its elements can be decoded and put in relation with an alphabet. In other words, a sequence of bit "1000010" in a RAM (a non-graphical entity) is a valid symbol since it can be decoded through ASCII rules as the letter "B". The same holds for an entity standing for the sound of a voice saying: "Hello", since it can be decomposed in discrete parts, each of them being associated to a letter of an alphabet.
fe780 emmo !5*a cat for(i=0;i<N;++i)
EquivalentTo: SymbolicConstruct or Symbol
A symbolic object possesses a reductionistic oriented structure. For example, text is made of words, spaces and punctuations. Words are made of characters (i.e. atomic symbols).
Vector
1-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are numbers.
1DArray
LuminousIntensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'LuminousIntensity'.
ComputerLanguage
A formal language used to communicate with a computer.
The categorisation of computer languages is based on Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK(R)): Version 3.0, January 2014. Editors Pierre Bourque, Richard E. Fairley. Publisher: IEEE Computer Society PressWashingtonDCUnited States. ISBN:978-0-7695-5166-1. https://www.computer.org/education/bodies-of-knowledge/software-engineering
Matrix
2-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are vectors.
2DArray
ShearCutting
Cutting workpieces between two cutting edges that move past each other (see Figure 1 [see figure in the standard]).
ElectricPotentialUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotential'.
PhysicalObject
It is natural to define entities made or more than one smaller parts as object according to some unity criteria. One of the most general one applicable to causal interacting systems is to ask that all the quantum parts of the system are part of elementaries whose paths start and end within the entitiy. We call this causal convexity. In other words, causal convexity excludes all quantums that leave the system (no more interacting), or that are not yet part of it (not yet interacting). So, a photon leaving a body is not part of a convex system, while a real photon that is the carrier of clasical electromagnetic interaction between two molecular parts of the body, is part of the convex body. A physical phenomenon is defined as a causally non-convex interacting system, complement of causally convex interacting system.
The class of individuals standing for causally convex interacting systems.
DisjointUnionOf: CompositePhysicalObject, BondedObject
Deduction
A semiotic process that assigns a sign by deduction from causal continguity.
IndexSemiosis
The interpreter feels that the plate is hot and assigns the status of the kitchen stove to be on.
hasIcon
A semiotic relation that connects a recognised semiotic object to an icon in a cognition process.
CompressiveForming
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by uniaxial or multiaxial compressive stress.
lasciano tensioni residue di compressione
ApplicationProgram
A program aimed to provide a specific high level function to the user, usually hiding lower level procedures.
App
Application
Word processors, graphic image processing programs, database management systems, numerical simulation software and games.
EntropyPerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'EntropyPerAmount'.
LuminanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Luminance'.
AreaPerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerMass'.
Plasma
A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.
DigitalData
Discrete data that are decoded as a sequence of 1/0, or true/false, or on/off.
ElectricChargePerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerMass'.
AnalogicalIcon
An icon that focus on HOW the object works.
An icon that represents the internal logical structure of the object.
A physics equation is replicating the mechanisms internal to the object.
Electrical diagram is diagrammatic and resemblance
MODA and CHADA are diagrammatic representation of a simulation or a characterisation workflow.
The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy (with the same logic) the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart).
SpeedUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Speed'.
AngularMomentumUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AngularMomentum'.
Fusion
A mereological fusion is any entity that is made up of two or more quantum entities, regardless of the fact that they are or not self-connected. It captures the idea of set, but excluding singletons.
The class of individuals representing mereological fusions consisting of two or more quantum entities.
The union of the CausalCluster and CausalStructure classes.
An atom, a group of persons, a fluid.
EquivalentTo: CausalCluster or CausalStructure
InductanceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Inductance'.
metrologicalReference
Perceptual
The class contrast individuals standing for entities that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a retina impression) to a human being and that are categorized accordingly to human perception mechanisms.
This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of contrasts that are perceivable through a specific human-related perception mechanism. This perspective is based on human characterization of perceptions. A 'Perceptual' can stand for another object in an EMMO described semiotic process (acting as sign or as object), just like a word on a paper (the perceptual object) may refer semiotically to another object. However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing). A 'Perceptual' becomes a semiotic object, when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist within the EMMO, and it's done always specifying for which interpreter this relation occurs.
A line scratched on a surface. A sound. A smell. The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
The meta-semiotic process: I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Perceptual' class, meaning that I recognize the cloud as an object thanks to a specific perceptual channel (e.g. through my eyes). This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world, understandable by others ontologists. The semiotic process within EMMO: My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant". I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical perception individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Perceptual' - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter. So, the Perceptual class is here to categorized real-world objects at meta-level using common perceptual channels, for practical ontology usage. We could have represented the word "elephant" within a physicalistic approach, by identifying it as a pressure wave in the air.
TensileForming
Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a combined tensile and compressive stress.
Electron
An elementary charged fermionic particle that belongs to the first generation of the lepton particle family.
ElementaryElectron
CausalCluster
The class of individuals representing causal clusters.
The disjoint union of the CausalSystem and Collection classes.
With the causal cluster term we address an heterogeneous group of entities, which possess the common feature of having at least two causally non connected quanta. It comprises collections (non self-connected entities) and causal systems (entities extended in space).
EquivalentTo: Collection or CausalSystem
ElementaryParticle
A chausal chain whose quantum parts are of the same standard model fundamental type.
An elementary particle is a causal chain of quantum entities of the same type. For example, an elementary electron is a sequence of fundamental electrons only.
SingleParticleChain
An electron. A quark. A photon.
DisjointUnionOf: ElementaryFermion, ElementaryBoson
Cognition
A semiotic process that assigns a sign by recognising an object by how it resemble or imitate what the sign stands for, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
IconSemiosis
AbsorbedDoseRateUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AbsorbedDoseRate'.
QuarticLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticLength'.
ContinuumSubstance
A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.
ResemblanceIcon
An icon that focus on WHERE/WHEN the object is, in the sense of spatial or temporal shape.
An icon that mimics the spatial or temporal shape of the object.
A geographical map that imitates the shape of the landscape and its properties at a specific historical time.
The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture).
Theory
A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument
hasReferent
The relation between a semiotic process and the referent i.e., the object of the semiotic process.
SeparateManufacturing
A manufacturing process in which the shape of a workpiece is changed by breaking the material cohesion at the processing point and thus the material cohesion is reduced overall.
Trennen
CuttingManufacturing
VolumeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Volume'.
AmountPerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMass'.
ElectricPotentialPerTemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerTemperature'.
PhysicalParticle
A well defined physical entity, elementary or composite, usually treated as a singular unit, that is found at scales spanning from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of larger scale substances (as the etymology of "particle" suggests).
The scope of the physical particle definition goes from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of substances.
The union of hadron and lepton, or fermion and bosons.
Particle
TemperatureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Temperature'.
VolumePerTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerTime'.
notOverlaps
The relation between individuals representing non-overlapping entities (i.e. that have no parts in common).
disjointWith
ElectricChargeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCharge'.
Chemical
A language object that follows the syntactic rules used in the chemical field.
AreicSpeedUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreicSpeed'.
properOverlaps
The relation between two entities that overlaps and neither of them is a part of the other.
Pressing
A collective term for the processes in which, during joining, the parts to be joined and any auxiliary parts are essentially only elastically deformed and unintentional loosening is prevented by frictional connection.
Substance
A matter entity characterised by the fact that it possesses some homogeneous properties.
Disjoint Union Of: MesoscopicSubstance, ContinuumSubstance
TokenData
ThermalCutting
Thermal ablation is the separation of material particles in solid, liquid or gaseous state by heat processes as well as the removal of these material particles by mechanical or electromagnetic forces (from: DIN
Cutting
Mechanical separation of workpieces without the formation of shapeless material, i.e. also without chips (chipless).
SpecificEnergy
Energy per unit mass
AmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Amount'.
AmountConcentrationUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountConcentration'.
Path
A path is a string of characters used to uniquely identify a location in a directory structure according to a particular convention.
/etc/fstab (UNIX-like path) C:\\Users\\John\\Desktop (DOS-like path)
A relation between entities that are only one-directionally causally connected.
A relation jointly covered by hasNext and hasSuccessor relations, which are mutually exclusive.
isTemporallyBefore
Computation
A procedure that deals with quantitative symbols (i.e. symbols associated with a quantitative oriented language).
A mathematician that calculates 2+2. A computation machine that calculate the average value of a dataset.
EnergyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Energy'.
Nucleus
The small, dense region at the centre of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons.
CharacterisationTask
CharacterisationWorkflow
A characterisation procedure that has at least two characterisation tasks as proper parts.
DataPostProcessing
Analysis, that allows one to calculate the final material property from the calibrated primary data.
SampleInspection
Analysis of the sample in order to determine information that are relevant for the characterisation method.
Analysis of the sample in order to determine information that are relevant for the characterisation method. In the Nanoindentation method, the Scanning Electron Microscope to determine the indentation area is a SampleInspection.
In the Nanoindentation method, the Scanning Electron Microscope to determine the indentation area is a SampleInspection.
Spectrometry
Spectroscopic techniques are numerous and varied, but all involve measuring the response of a material to different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the technique used, material characterization may be based on the absorption, emission, impedance, or reflection of incident energy by a sample.
Boundary
The zone of transition of a physical property between two regions of a material.
PhysicalMetallurgicalProcess
A material process that is categorised to be long to the field of physical metallurgy.
MicrostructureParticle
Everything a metallurgist calls a "particle" in a microstructure.
Small solid self-connected part of a microstructure that is separated from its sourroundings and has a different phase(s) across all its borders.
Innoculant
Precipates
Alpha particles
Power
Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
Crystal
A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)
ISQBaseQuantity
Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
DisjointUnionOf: LuminousIntensity, AmountOfSubstance, ThermodynamicTemperature, ElectricCurrent, Length, Time, Mass
Determiner
An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
Contrast
A contrast is a causal object whose variations (non-uniformity) can be recognised and eventually interpreted. A contrast can be of different physical types (e.g., matter, wave, atomic excited states). How the variations are recognised and eventually decoded depends on the interpreting rules that characterise that type of contrast. Variations are pure physical variations and do not necessarily possess semantic meaning.
A perspective in which entities are represented according to the variation of their properties.
Luciano Floridi, "Information - A very Short Introduction", Oxford University Press., (2010) ISBN 978-0199551378
Dedomena
Pattern
The covering axiom that defines the contrast class discriminates within all the possible causal objects between encoded contrast (data) or non encoded contrast.
UnitSymbol
A symbol that stands for a single unit.
Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".
Number describing a particular state of a quantum system.
ReshapeManufacturing
A manufacturing in which workpieces are produced from solid raw parts through permanent deformation, provided that neither material is added nor removed.
The mass of the raw part is equal to the mass of the finished part.
Umformen
Forming
Declarer
An interpreter who establish the connection between an conventional sign and an object according to a specific convention.
A scientist that assigns a quantity to a physical objects without actually measuring it but taking it for granted due to its previous experience (e.g. considering an electron charge as 1.6027663e-19 C, assigning a molecular mass to a gas only by the fact of a name on the bottle).
Someone who assigns a name to an object.
Conventional
A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.
MeasuredConstant
For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.
HardeningByForming
hasPortionPart
A part of an item is always non-maximal, meaning that is causally connected with the rest.
A proper part relation with domain restricted to items.
ChemicalComposition
A language construct that provides information about the consitutents of a substance and their fractions or amounts.
hasInterpretant
A relation that connects a semiotic object to the interpretant in a semiotic process.
The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
Output
ChemicalCompositionQuantity
Quantities that are expressing chemical compositions.
isPartOf
Reflexivity: Pxx Transitivity: (Pxy ∧ Pyz) → Pxz Antisymmetry: (Pxy ∧ Pyx) → x=y.
The inverse relation of hasPart.
causal
Causality in the EMMO is intended as physical causation and not counter-factual. Meaning that causality is an expression of actual physical interactions, and not of a counterfactual depence such as “I didn't water the flowers, hence, I'm the cause of their death”.
Causality is the fundamental concept describing how entities affect each other, and conceptually precedes time and space relations. In the EMMO causality is the foundation for space and time relations. Embracing a strong reductionistic view, causality originates at quantum entities level, meaning that causal relations between macroscopic entities is simply the sum of quantum level causality relations.
The superclass of all causal EMMO relations.
Each pair of entities is either in isCauseOf or isNotCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
Manufacturer
A fundamental object overcrossing a manufacturing process, the intersection being the agent that participates and drives the manufacturing process.
ElectricCurrent
A flow of electric charge.
ObjectiveProperty
A quantity that is obtained from a well-defined procedure.
Subclasses of 'ObjectiveProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
PhysicalProperty
QuantitativeProperty
semioticOvercrosses
The superproperties for overcrossing relations between semiotic entities.
Component
A constituent of a system.
SubClassOf: inverse (hasConstituent) some HolisticSystem
IntegerData
A data representing an arbritrary sized integer number.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:integer
Holistic
A perspective characterized by the belief that: - a whole is more than merely the sum of its parts (wholism) - the parts of a whole are interconnected in a way that can be explained only by reference to the whole (rolism).
An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need to position the parts within a hierarchy (in time or space). The interest is on the whole, on its parts (how they contribute to the whole, i.e. their roles), and their types, without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part. This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition. This is inline with the transitive nature of parthood, as it is usually defined in literature.
The holistic perspective is not excluding the reductionistic perspective, on the contrary it can be considered its complement.
The union of classes whole and part.
Wholistic
A molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ and without specifying the time interval in which this role occurred.
A product is a role that can be fulfilled by many objects, but always requires a process to which the product participates and from which it is generated.
Whole and roles are defined using parthood relations. However, there also must be a primitive component in the definition, besides parthood, capturing more subtle relations between entities that makes their relation holistic. For example, a scattering event between an electron and a nucleus requires electron and nucleus types as parts to exist, but this is not enough to make this event an atom, since it requires a persistent bond. So defining something as an atom iff have parts some electons and a nucleus is not enough.
Index
A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
MeasurementResult
A measurement result generally contains “relevant information” about the set of measured quantity properties, such that some may be more representative of the measured quantity than others. This may be expressed in the form of a probability density function (pdf).
Result of a measurement. A set of quantity values being attributed to a measurand (quantity) together with any other available relevant information, like measurement uncertainty. -- VIM
measurement result
A measurement result has the measured quantity, measurement uncertainty and other relevant attributes as holistic parts.
Cogniser
An interpreter who establish the connection between an icon an an object recognizing their resemblance (e.g. logical, pictorial)
The scientist that connects an equation to a physical phenomenon.
Estimation
A determination of an object without any actual interaction.
Observation
A characterisation of an object with an actual interaction.
Declaration
A semiotic process that assigns a sign based on conventions.
ConventionalSemiosis
isProperPartOf
StringData
Since a string is a simple type that can contain only characters but not other child elements, is often not suitable for representing human text, that may need additional elements for control of aspects such as bidirectional formatting or ruby annotation.
Symbolic data that consist of a sequence of characters.
EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:string
FormingFromPlastic
PhaseOfMatter
A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
Phase
Colloid
A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.
hasTemporalPart
A relation that identify a proper item part of the whole, whose parts always cover the full spatial extension of the whole within a time interval.
A temporal part of an item cannot both cause and be caused by any other proper part of the item. A temporal part is not constraint to be causally self-connected, i.e. it can be either an item or a collection. We therefore introduce two subproperties in order to distinguish between both cases.
In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL temporal relations are primitive.
hasNonTemporalPart
The part is connected with the rest item or members with a combination of hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact relations.
Sign
A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves. A 'Sign' usually havs 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
A CausalStructure that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another CausalStructure through an semiotic process.
A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). Each of them are 'sign'-s. A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
EquivalentTo: Index or Conventional or Icon
According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories: - symbols: that stand for an object through convention - indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity - icons: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition
Boson
A physical particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
DiscreteData
A discrete schema may be based on a continuum material basis that is filtered according to its variations. For example, a continuous voltage based signal can be considered 1 or 0 according to some threshold. Discrete does not mean that the material basis is discrete, but that the data are encoded according to such step-based rules.
Data whose variations are decoded according to a discrete schema.
A text is a collection of discrete symbols. A compact disc is designed to host discrete states in the form of pits and lands.
FractionUnit
Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). -- SI Brochure
Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
RatioUnit
Language
A language object is a discrete data entity respecting specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
Tessellation
A causal structure that is tessellated in direct parts.
A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
Tiling
Angle
Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
PlaneAngle
Chronopotentiometry
Potentiometry in which the potential is measured with time following a change in applied current. The change in applied current is usually a step, but cyclic current reversals or linearly increasing currents are also used.
ElectrochemicalTesting
In electrochemical characterization, the measurement of potential, charge, or current is used to determine an analyte's concentration or to characterize an analyte's chemical reactivity
Probe
Probe is the physical tool (i.e., a disturbance, primary solicitation, or a gadget), controlled over time, that generates measurable fields that interact with the sample to acquire information on the specimen’s behaviour and properties.
Probe is the physical tool (i.e., a disturbance, primary solicitation, or a gadget), controlled over time, that generates measurable fields that interact with the sample to acquire information on the specimen’s behaviour and properties. In dynamic light scattering, temporal fluctuations of backscattered light due to Brownian motion and flow of nanoparticles are the probe, resolved as function of pathlength in the sample. From fluctuation analysis (intensity correlations) and the wavelength of light in the medium, the (distribution of) diffusion coefficient(s) can be measured during flow. The Stokes-Einstein relation yields the particle size characteristics. In electron microscopy (SEM or TEM), the probe is a beam of electrons with known energy that is focused (and scanned) on the sample’s surface with a well-defined beam-size and scanning algorithm. In mechanical testing, the probe is a the tip plus a force actuator, which is designed to apply a force over-time on a sample. Many variants can be defined depending on way the force is applied (tensile/compressive uniaxial tests, bending test, indentation test) and its variation with time (static tests, dynamic/cyclic tests, impact tests, etc…) In spectroscopic methods, the probe is a beam of light with pre-defined energy (for example in the case of laser beam for Raman measurements) or pre-defined polarization (for example in the case of light beam for Spectroscopic Ellipsometry methods), that will be properly focused on the sample’s surface with a welldefined geometry (specific angle of incidence). In x-ray diffraction, the probe is a beam of x-rays with known energy that is properly focused on the sample’s surface with a well-defined geometry.
In dynamic light scattering, temporal fluctuations of backscattered light due to Brownian motion and flow of nanoparticles are the probe, resolved as function of pathlength in the sample. From fluctuation analysis (intensity correlations) and the wavelength of light in the medium, the (distribution of) diffusion coefficient(s) can be measured during flow. The Stokes-Einstein relation yields the particle size characteristics. In electron microscopy (SEM or TEM), the probe is a beam of electrons with known energy that is focused (and scanned) on the sample’s surface with a well-defined beam-size and scanning algorithm. In mechanical testing, the probe is a the tip plus a force actuator, which is designed to apply a force over-time on a sample. Many variants can be defined depending on way the force is applied (tensile/compressive uniaxial tests, bending test, indentation test) and its variation with time (static tests, dynamic/cyclic tests, impact tests, etc…) In spectroscopic methods, the probe is a beam of light with pre-defined energy (for example in the case of laser beam for Raman measurements) or pre-defined polarization (for example in the case of light beam for Spectroscopic Ellipsometry methods), that will be properly focused on the sample’s surface with a welldefined geometry (specific angle of incidence). In x-ray diffraction, the probe is a beam of x-rays with known energy that is properly focused on the sample’s surface with a well-defined geometry.
TransmissionElectronMicroscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device.
TEM
universe
The universe is considered as a causally self-connected object, encompassing all other objects. For this reason is unique.
EnergyPerAmountUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyPerAmount'.
Duration
Physical quantity for describing the temporal distance between events.
MagneticDipoleMomentUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticDipoleMoment'.
Whole
A whole is always defined using a criterion expressed through the classical transitive parthood relation. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its wholeness, dependently on some of their parts and independently on the surroundings.
The superclass of entities which are defined by requiring the existence of some parts (at least one) of specifically given types, where the specified types are different with respect to the type of the whole.
A whole is categorized as fundamental (or maximal) or redundant (non-maximal).
ISO80000Categorised
Physical quantity categorised according to ISO 80000.
hasComponent
Relation a holistic system to one of its components.
FrequencyPerVolumeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'FrequencyPerVolume'.
Perspective
The class of causal objects that stand for world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
Numerical
A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
PowerDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerDensity'.
ForceUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Force'.
URI
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.
URI = scheme ":" ["//" authority] path ["?" query] ["#" fragment]
Referent
Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. In this way the 'sign'-ed entity becomes an 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
The object, in Peirce semiotics, as participant to a semiotic process.
Object
SemioticObject
MassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Mass'.
EntropyPerMassUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'EntropyPerMass'.
AbsorbedDoseUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AbsorbedDose'.
AreaDensityUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaDensity'.
ElementaryQuark
An elementary fermionic particle that is the fundamental constituent of matter.
PerAreaTimeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerAreaTime'.
ThermodynamicTemperature
Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
Temperature
Redundant
Redundant(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]
The superclass for all classes of entities that have parts of the same type of the whole.
NonMaximal
A sufficently large volume of liquid water has parts of the same type.
An object A which is classified as water-fluid possesses a proper part B which is water itself if the lenght scale of the B is larger than the water intermolecular distance keeping it in the continuum range. In this sense, A is redundant. If A is a water-fluid so small that its every proper part is no more a continuum object (i.e. no more a fluid), then A is fundamental.
FunctionalIcon
An icon that focusing WHAT the object does.
An icon that imitates one representative character of the object. It share external similarities with the object, but not necessarily the same internal logical structure.
A data based model is only a functional icon, since it provide the same relations between the properties of the object (e.g., it can predict some properties as function of others) but is not considering the internal mechanisms (i.e., it can ignore the physics).
A guinea pig.
This subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else.
ForcePerLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ForcePerLength'.
Mixture
A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.
Mass
Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
ScanningElectronMicroscopy
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens. The signals that derive from electron-sample interactions reveal information about the sample including external morphology (texture), chemical composition, and crystalline structure and orientation of materials making up the sample.
SEM
Solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,
semiotical
The generic EMMO semiotical relation.
Agent
A participant that is the driver of a process.
An agent is not necessarily human. In fact, the concept of agent has been generalised to encompass both intentional and unintentional acts primarily to take into account usage of the term in chemistry (e.g., chemical agent that intiitate a reaction), inline also with the most recent development in the philosophical debate.
The agent concept identifies the parts of a process that are also its drivers. An agent part has an active role with respect to any other generic part, meaning that is involved in the causal chain that characterize the process. An agent is a participant, meaning that is qualifiable as an object. As for all holistic relations, there is a level of subjectivity in drawing whole-role relations, so that the identification of an agent within a process is not fully axiomatizable. What is axiomatically expressible is that an agent requires to be part of a process (i.e., an agent exists only within a process) but a process may not require an agent to exist (qualified role). Agentless processes may have a distributed causality chain so that the agency is exerted collectively and there is no motivation to draw an holistic connection between the whole and some parts. For example, the breaking of a nail can be caused by an agent such as an hammer, or by the rusting process which is not a participant as required by the agent definition. This concept covers both intentional and non intentional agency.
A catalyst. A bus driver. A substance that is initiating a reaction that would not occur without its presence.
EquivalentTo: IntentionalAgent or UnintentionalAgent
Task
A procedure that is an hoilistic part of a workflow.
A task is a generic part of a workflow, without taking care of the task granularities. It means that you can declare that e.g. tightening a bolt is a task of building an airplane, without caring of the coarser tasks to which this tightening belongs.
The concept of task is developed in strict connection with the concept of workflow: a task is always part of a workflow and a workflow always possess some tasks. This makes the relation between task and workflow an holistic relation, with task as role and workflow as whole. A task is also holistically connected to an intentional agent, since a task is defined as a procedure. For this reason a task is both a role, with respect to a workflow, and a whole, with respect to an intentional agent.
Job
FromNotProperShapeToWorkPiece
da una forma non propria ad una forma propria
Powder: particles that are usually less than 1 mm in size
WorkpieceManufacturing
A manufacturing with an output that is an object with a specific function, shape, or intended use, not simply a material.
ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.
ISO 8887-1:2017 manufacturing: production of components
Werkstücke
DiscreteManufacturing
IntentionalAgent
An agent that is driven by the intention to reach a defined objective in driving a process.
Intentionality is not limited to human agents, but in general to all agents that have the capacity to decide to act in driving a process according to a motivation.
alongsideWith
The relation between two causally reachable entities through a path of contacts relations (i.e. representing physical interactions).
concurrentWith
interactsWith
I'm interacting with another tennis player through a ball. Or, two people in a webconference are interacting using a mediator which is the network signal.
ReciprocalLength
The inverse of length.
MaterialTreatment
Manufacturing by changing the properties of the material of which a workpiece is made, which is done, among other things, by changes in the submicroscopic or atomic range, e.g. by diffusion of atoms, generation and movement of dislocations in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, and where unavoidable changes in shape are not part of the essence of these processes.
The processing of a material aimed to transform its structure by means of any type of treatment, without involving relevant synthesis phenomena.
Has shaped bodies as input and output.
A device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. NOTE 1 A measuring instrument that can be used alone for making measurements is a measuring system. NOTE 2 A measuring instrument is either an indicating measuring instrument or a material measure.
The instrument used for characterising a material, which usually has a probe and a detector as parts.
The instrument used for characterising a material, which usually has a probe and a detector as parts. A device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. NOTE 1 A measuring instrument that can be used alone for making measurements is a measuring system. NOTE 2 A measuring instrument is either an indicating measuring instrument or a material measure. In nanoindentation is the nanoindenter.
Measuring instrument
MeasurementParameter
Describes the main input parameters that are needed to acquire the signal.
Determination
A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception according to a well defined conventional procedure.
Characterisation
Assigning the word "red" as sign for an object provides an information to all other interpreters about the outcome of a specific observation procedure according to the determiner.
hasDistinctPart
A part is always distinct xor redundant.
The superproperty of all object property relations between an entity and one of its proper parts that belongs to different taxonomical branch.
A molecule is a distinct part of a fluid.
MetrologicalReference
A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such (VIM3 1.1 NOTE 2).
A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quantity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel"). For this reason we can't declare the axiom: MetrologicalReference SubClassOf: inverse(hasMetrologicalReference) some Quantity because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity. This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities as syntatic entities (explicit quantities) are distinct with quantities as semantic entities (properties).
EquivalentTo: StandardUnit or MeasurementUnit or ProcedureUnit
Variable
A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
x k
Procedure
A procedure can be considered as an intentional process with a plan.
An intentional process in which an agent works with some entities according to some existing formalised operative rules.
The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).
Elaboration
The process in which a control unit of a CPU (the agent) orchestrates some cached binary data according to a list of instructions (e.g. a program). The process in which a librarian order books alphabetically on a shelf. The execution of an algorithm.
JoinManufacturing
The permanent joining or other bringing together of two or more workpieces of a geometric shape or of similar workpieces with shapeless material. In each case, the cohesion is created locally and increased as a whole.
A manufacturing involving the creation of long-term connection of several workpieces.
Fügen
hasTile
This relation is a simple collector of all relations inverse functional direct parthoods that can be defined in specialised theories using reductionism.
The relation grouping all direct parthood relations used in the reductionistic perspective.
Tiling parthood enables the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several tessellation levels according to specific criteria. The criteria are implemented in specialised versions of the tiling parthood relation (e.g., metrological direct part, XML format direct part). The tiles and the tessellated entity (tessellation) are causally self connected (i.e., items), coherently with the concept behind the definition of the reductionistic perspective. The tiles of specific granularity level provide a covering for the whole and are mutually non-overlapping, as the label "tile" suggests.
This relation is not antitransitive, to enable partitioning of a causal structure with more than one tiling scheme (e.g. time and space partitioning).
SymbolicConstruct
A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
This class collects individuals that represents arrangements of strings, or other symbolic compositions, without any particular predefined arrangement schema.
BondedParticle
A composite particle is a bonded particle for which it is possible to clearly define its bosonic or fermionic behaviour. The term particle is then reserved for entities whose fermionic or bosonic nature is clearly defined.
DisjointUnionOf: CompositeBoson, CompositeFermion
Atom
A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. An O 'atom' within an O₂ 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. We cannot say that H₂ molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
SIExactConstant
Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.
CharacterisationHardware
Whatever hardware is used during the characterisation process.
MechanicalTesting
Mechanical testing covers a wide range of tests, which can be divided broadly into two types: 1. those that aim to determine a material's mechanical properties, independent of geometry; 2. those that determine the response of a structure to a given action, e.g. testing of composite beams, aircraft structures to destruction, etc.
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is a category of characterization techniques which use a range of principles to reveal the chemical composition, composition variation, crystal structure and photoelectric properties of materials.
Voltammetry
Voltammetry is an analytical technique based on the measure of the current flowing through an electrode dipped in a solution containing electro-active compounds, while a potential scanning is imposed upon it. The current vs. potential (I-E) curve is called a voltammogram.
MicrostructureComponent
A part (component) of a microstructure that contributes to the overall properties of the microstructure itself.
Microstructure components are defined as holistic spatial parts of a microstructure. Hence, single microstructure components does not exists - their definition depends on being a part of a microstructure.
Grain, precipitate
EntropyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Entropy'.
Fundamental
Fundamental(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ¬∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]
The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole.
Lifetime
A marathon is an example of class whose individuals are always maximal since the criteria satisfied by a marathon 4D entity poses some constraints on its temporal and spatial extent. On the contrary, the class for a generic running process does not necessarily impose maximality to its individuals. A running individual is maximal only when it extends in time for the minimum amount required to identify a running act, so every possible temporal part is always a non-running. Following the two examples, a marathon individual is a maximal that can be decomposed into running intervals. The marathon class is a subclass of running.
HolisticSystem
A system is conceived as an aggregate of things that 'work' (or interact) together. While a system extends in time through distinct temporal parts (like every other 4D object), this elucdation focuses on a timescale in which the obejct shows a persistence in time.
An object that is made of a set of sub objects working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network (natural or artificial); a complex whole.
This owl:ObjectProperty is, like its super property, a mere collector of direct parthoods that manifest a spatiotemporal meaningful shape.
A tile that is connected with other tiles with bi-directional causal relations that fall under hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact.
hasWellFormedTile
PureNumberQuantity
A pure number, typically the number of something.
According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance. This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one.
1, i, π, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
ElectricCurrentUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrent'.
HeatTreatment
Heat to a temperature appropriate for the particular material, maintain at that temperature and then cool at an appropriate rate to reduce hardness, improve machinability or achieve desired properties.
hasConstituent
The relation between an object and one of its holistic part that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.
MagneticFieldStrengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFieldStrength'.
Interpretant
The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.
A film is the interpretant for a camera, which is the interpreter. The object captured by the camera is the referent. The film is the internal representation of the object, i.e. how the camera understand the object according to its capacity. The film (interpretant) refers to the object (referent) according to the camera (interpreter). When the film is removed from the camera, developed and printed on photographic paper (or for digital camera the image is downloaded as jpeg and displayed on a laptop) then we create a sign other than the interpretant. However, in case of analogic film we can always look at the negatve that will suggest the intended referent. This is because both sign and interpretant are related to the referent in a similar way. (What we call sign and interpretant in EMMO are both intended as "signs" in Peirce semiotics, the first being external signal for the interpreter and the second the internal sign)
Collection
A collection is the concept that complements the item. A collection is an entity that has at least one part non directly causally connected with the rest. A collection can be partitioned in maximally connected items called members. The members are self-connected entities and there is no direct causality relation between them. The combination of collection and item concepts is the EMMO mereocausality alternative to set theory. However, two items can be members only if they are non direct causally connected, giving some constraints to a collection definition. For example, two entities which are directly connected cannot be two distinct members, while their interiors (i.e. the entities obtained by removing the layer of parts that provides the causal contact between them) can be.
The class of not direct causally self-connected world entities.
The collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule.
DimensionlessUnit
The subclass of measurement units with no physical dimension.
Refractive index Plane angle Number of apples
foreruns
A causal relation between the y effected and the x causing entities with intermediaries, where x isCauseOf y and not(y isCauseOf x).
Transitivity is implemented at A-Box level with a SWRL rule.
hasSuccessor
isAntecedentOf
predecessorOf
My life between 18-24 years has successor my life between 32-40 years, since there is an intermediary (i.e. my life between 25-32 years).
Workflow
A procedure that has at least two procedures (tasks) as proper parts.
hasMetrologicalReference
Relates a quantity to its metrological reference through a semiotic process.
In EMMO version 1.0.0, physical quantities used the hasMetrologicalReference object property to relate them to their units via physical dimensionality. This was simplified in 1.0.0-alpha3 in order to make reasoning faster. The restriction (e.g. for the physical quantity Length) Length hasMetrologicalReference only (hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension) was in 1.0.0-alpha3 changed to Length hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension Likewise were the universal restrictions on the corresponding unit changed to excistential. E.g. Metre hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension was changed to Metre hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension The label of this class was also changed from PhysicsDimension to PhysicalDimension.
hasTask
The holistic relation connecting a workflow with one of its tasks.
Software
All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.
Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.
CausalStructure
A causal structure expresses itself in time and space thanks to the underlying causality relations between its constituent quantum entities. It must at least provide two temporal parts. The unity criterion beyond the definition of a causal structure (the most general concept of structure) is the existence of an undirected causal path between each of its parts.
The class of individuals representing causally self-connected world entities.
The disjoint union of Causal Path and CausalSystem classes.
The most fundamental unity criterion for the definition of an structure is that: - is made of at least two quantums (a structure is not a simple entity) - all quantum parts form a causally connected graph
EquivalentTo: CausalPath or CausalSystem
hasConvention
A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a conventional sign in a declaration process.
Quantity
A quantifiable property of a phenomenon, body, or substance.
VIM defines a quantity as a "property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed as a number and a reference". A quantity in EMMO is a property and therefore only addresses the first part of the VIM definition (that is a property of a phenomenon, body, or substance). The second part (that it can be expressed as a number and a reference) is syntactic and addressed by emmo:QuantityValue.
Measurand
length Rockwell C hardness electric resistance
DisjointUnionOf: SubjectiveProperty, ObjectiveProperty
EquivalentTo: PhysicalQuantity or OrdinalQuantity
measurand
quantity
Data
A causal object whose properties variation are encoded by an agent and that can be decoded by another agent according to a specific rule.
EncodedData is the class where inventions that don't actually exist would be placed. For example, the blueprint of a bridge is an encoded data. When the bridge will be built, than the blueprint will also be a semiotical entity. Another example is Superman, that exists only as a set of magazines, drawings, novels, movies, but not in the real world.
EncodedContrast
EncodedData
A Radio Morse Code transmission can be addressed by combination of perspectives. Physicalistic: the electromagnetic pulses can be defined as individual A (of type Field) and the strip of paper coming out a printer receiver can be defined as individual B (of type Matter). Data: both A and B are also DiscreteData class individuals. In particular they may belong to a MorseData class, subclass of DiscreteData. Perceptual: B is an individual belonging to the graphical entities expressing symbols. In particular is a formula under the MorseLanguage class, made of a combination of . and - symbols. Semiotics: A and B can be signs if they refers to something else (e.g. a report about a fact, names).
A signal through a cable. A sound wave. Words on a page. The pattern of excited states within a computer RAM.
Variations in data are generated by an agent (not necessarily human) and are intended to be decoded by the same or another agent using the same encoding rules. Data are always generated by an agent but not necessarily possess a semantic meaning, either because it's lost or unknown or because simply they possess none (e.g. a random generation of symbols). A data object may be used as the physical basis for a sign, under Semiotics perspective.
We call "decoding" the act of recognise the variation according to a particular rule and generate another equivalent schema (e.g. in the agent's cognitive apparatus, as another form of data). We call "interpreting" the act of providing semantic meaning to data, which is covered by the semiotic perspective.
Material
A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent any state of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
The class of individuals standing for an amount of matter (ordinary, anti or hybrid) substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.
Role
A role entity is categorized according to its relation with the whole, i.e. how it contribute to make a specific whole, and not as standalone entity. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its relation with the surrounding whole (being a part implies being surrounded by something bigger to which it contributes). For example. a human being is a stand alone type, but an instance of a human being can also be an instance of the type student (intended as a role) if it plays a part into a school environment (i.e., a student entity can exist only if it is part of a surrounding whole: the school). The role type requires that also the whole type depends on the existence of parts of a specific type (e.g., there is no school without students).
An entity that is categorized according to its relation with a whole through a parthood relation and that contributes to it according to an holistic criterion, where the type of the whole is not the type of the part.
HolisticPart
Part
SymbolicData
A symbolic data is a data that is rooted on some specified symbolic based encoding, such as floating point numbers, strings, integer. When a symbolic data is used for expressing numerical data (e.g., integer), it is not to be intended as a mathematical entity (even if it may be interpreted as such) but as a syntactic structure (datastructures or datatypes) based on concatenated tokens (or symbols, letters) that can deliver data.
The class for entities which stands for a specific data format expressed using a symbolic encoding.
overlaps
The relation between two individuals representing entities that share at least one of their parts.
QuantityValue
A quantity value is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object.
A symbolic that has parts a numerical object and a reference expressing the value of a quantity (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
Following the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM), EMMO distinguishes between a quantity (a property) and the quantity value (a numerical and a reference). So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'. While the string "1 kg" is a 'QuantityValue'.
6.8 m 0.9 km 8 K 6 MeV 43.5 HRC(150 kg)
quantity value
CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Process of experimentally obtaining one or more values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity together with any other available relevant information. NOTE 1 The quantity mentioned in the definition is an individual quantity. NOTE 2 The relevant information mentioned in the definition may be about the values obtained by the measurement, such that some may be more representative of the measurand than others. NOTE 3 Measurement is sometimes considered to apply to nominal properties, but not in this Vocabulary, where the process of obtaining values of nominal properties is called “examination”. NOTE 4 Measurement requires both experimental comparison of quantities or experimental counting of entities at some step of the process and the use of models and calculations that are based on conceptual considerations. NOTE 5 The conditions of reasonable attribution mentioned in the definition take into account a description of the quantity commensurate with the intended use of a measurement result, a measurement procedure, and a calibrated measuring system operating according to the specified measurement procedure, including the measurement conditions. Moreover, a maximum permissible error and/or a target uncertainty may be specified, and the measurement procedure and the measuring system should then be chosen in order not to exceed these measuring system specifications.
The measurement process associates raw data to the sample through a probe and a detector.
The measurement process associates raw data to the sample through a probe and a detector. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Process of experimentally obtaining one or more values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity together with any other available relevant information. NOTE 1 The quantity mentioned in the definition is an individual quantity. NOTE 2 The relevant information mentioned in the definition may be about the values obtained by the measurement, such that some may be more representative of the measurand than others. NOTE 3 Measurement is sometimes considered to apply to nominal properties, but not in this Vocabulary, where the process of obtaining values of nominal properties is called “examination”. NOTE 4 Measurement requires both experimental comparison of quantities or experimental counting of entities at some step of the process and the use of models and calculations that are based on conceptual considerations. NOTE 5 The conditions of reasonable attribution mentioned in the definition take into account a description of the quantity commensurate with the intended use of a measurement result, a measurement procedure, and a calibrated measuring system operating according to the specified measurement procedure, including the measurement conditions. Moreover, a maximum permissible error and/or a target uncertainty may be specified, and the measurement procedure and the measuring system should then be chosen in order not to exceed these measuring system specifications.
Microscopy
Microscopy is a category of characterization techniques which probe and map the surface and sub-surface structure of a material. These techniques can use photons, electrons, ions or physical cantilever probes to gather data about a sample's structure on a range of length scales.
Extensive
A quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.
Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.
Mass Volume Entropy
conceptualisation
A conceptualisation is the preliminary step behind each theory, preceding each logical formalisation. The readers approaching an ontology entity should first read the conceptualisation annotation to clearly understand "what we are talking about" and the accompanying terminology, and then read the elucidation.
The conceptualisation annotation is a comment that helps the reader to understand how the world has been conceptualised by the ontology authors.
An conceptualisation can provide references to external knowledge sources (i.e. ISO, Goldbook, RoMM).
WorkPiece
A WorkPiece is physical artifact, that has a proper shape and occupyes a proper volume intended for subsequent transformation. It is a condensed state, so it is a compact body that is processed or has to be processed.
A solid is defined as a portion of matter that is in a condensed state characterised by resistance to deformation and volume changes.
In manufacturing, a workpiece is a single, delimited part of largely solid material that is processed in some form (e.g. stone ).
In physics, a rigid body (also known as a rigid object[2]) is a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small it can be neglected. The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces or moments exerted on it. A rigid body is usually considered as a continuous distribution of mass.
It has a shape, so we conclude that it is solid
Seems to have to be processed through mechanical deformation. So it takes part of a manufacturing process. It is a Manufactured Product and it can be a Commercial Product
The raw material or partially finished piece that is shaped by performing various operations.
a physical artifact, real or virtual, intended for subsequent transformation within some manufacturing operation
it seems to be an intermediate product, that has to reach the final shape.
it seems to be solid, so it has a proper shape
powder is not workpiece because it has the shape of the recipient containing them
Device
An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
Equipment
Machine
Matter
A matter entity requires the presence of fermions without excluding the presence of real or virtual fundamental bosons parts that are responsible for the interactions between the (real) fundamental fermions.
The class of physical objects that have some fermionic quantum parts.
The interpretation of the term "matter" is not univocal. Several concepts are labelled with this term, depending on the field of science. The concept mass is sometimes related to the term "matter", even if the former refers to a physical quantity (precisely defined by modern physics) while the latter is a type that qualifies a physical entity. It is possible to identify more than one concept that can be reasonably labelled with the term "matter". For example, it is possible to label as matter only the entities that are made up of atoms. Or more generally, we can be more fine-grained and call "matter" the entities that are made up of protons, neutrons or electrons, so that we can call matter also a neutron radiation or a cathode ray. A more fundamental approach, that we embrace for the EMMO, considers matter as entities that are made of fermions (i.e. quarks and leptons) requiring their presence, without excluding particles like the W and Z bosons that possess some mass, but are not fermions. Antimatter is a subclass of matter.
PhysicalSubstance
DisjointUnionOf: HybridMatter, OrdinaryMatter, AntiMatter
Matter includes ordinary- and anti-matter. It is possible to have entities that are made of particle and anti-particles (e.g. mesons made of a quark and an anti-quark pair) so that it is possible to have entities that are somewhat heterogeneous with regards to this distinction.
ReciprocalLengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalLength'.
Metrological
A language entity used in the metrology discipline.
Metrology is the science of measurement and its application and includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application (VIM3 2.2)
MeasurementUnit
"Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number" ISO 80000-1
A metrological reference for a physical quantity.
kg m/s km
DisjointUnionOf: DimensionlessUnit, DimensionalUnit
DisjointUnionOf: NonPrefixedUnit, PrefixedUnit
measurement unit (VIM3 1.9)
"Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations." "Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra." https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
Measurement units and procedure units are disjoint.
Quantitative value are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'.
indirectlyCauses
A causal relation between the effected and the causing entities with intermediaries.
An indirect cause is a relation between two entities that is mediated by a intermediate entity. In other words, there are no quantum parts of the causing entity that are direct cause of quantum parts of the caused entity.
isIndirectCauseOf
SamplePreparation
Sample preparation processes (e.g., machining, polishing, cutting to size, etc.) before actual observation and measurement.
Gas
Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Liquid
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
Property
A coded that makes use of an atomic symbol with respect to the code used to refer to the interaction.
A property is atomic in the sense that is aimed to deliver one and one only aspect of the object according to one code, such as the color with one sign (e.g., black) or a quantitiative property (e.g., 1.4 kg).
Hardness is a subclass of properties. Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
The name "red" which is atomic in the code made of the list of colors.
IntentionalAgency
A process occurring with the active participation of an intentional agent that drives the process according to a specific objective (intention).
The concept is not restricted to agencies where the agent accomplish its intention. For example, breaking a vase while reaching for a book is an intentional agency, because the action causing the vase to fall and break follows a volition (i.e., an act of willing). Intentional agency may be further categorised acccording to the fact that the some of the resulting processes may or may not be coherent with the volition.
IntentionalProcess
Project
SubClassOf: hasAgent some IntentionalAgent
Represents every type of data that is produced during a characterisation process
Interpreter
The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
The interpreter is not the ontologist, being the ontologist acting outside the ontology at the meta-ontology level. On the contrary, the interpreter is an agent recognized by the ontologist. The semiotic branch of the EMMO is the tool used by the ontologist to represent an interpreter's semiotic activity.
For example, the ontologist may be interest in cataloguing in the EMMO how the same object (e.g. a cat) is addressed using different signs (e.g. cat, gatto, chat) by different interpreters (e.g. english, italian or french people). The same applies for the results of measurements: the ontologist may be interest to represent in the EMMO how different measurement processes (i.e. semiosis) lead to different quantitative results (i.e. signs) according to different measurement devices (i.e. interpreters).
EquivalentTo. Cogniser or Declarer or Deducer
Solid
A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
isCauseOf
A relation between an entity that causally affects another.
Each pair of causally connected entities is either in isDirectCauseOf or isIndirectCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
We say that an entity causes another if there is a quantum part of the first that is in causal relation with a quantum parts of the second. More formally, causality is defined as a relation between individuals x and y that holds if and only if: a) x having a part that is causing an effect on a part of y b) x and y are non-overlapping An entity cannot cause itself or a part of itself. For this reasons causality between entities excludes reflexivity and prevents them to overlap. The existence of one-directional of bi-directional causality relations between two entities is what reconstruct time-like and space-like relations, respectively.
John yesterday is the cause of John today, is an example of temporal-like causality. The desk supporting my laptop is a space-like causality.
The OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO introduces this object property as primitive causal relation. It refers to the macro causality relation mC(x,y), defined in the EMMO FOL version. While the EMMO FOL introduces the quantum causality relation C(x,y) as primitive, the OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO substantially simplifies the theory, neglecting these lower level relations that are well above DL expressivity. For this reason the EMMO OWL 2 DL will only deal with macro causality relations, sacrificing the full FOL theory expressivity for the sake of simplicity.
The cause relation applies to both quantums and macro-entities (entities made of more than one quantum). It is admissible for two entities to be one the cause of the other, excepts when they are both quantums.
Semiosis
Semiosis is intended here as a 4D entity, meaning that is not necessarily intended as a process. This enables users to represent more general state of things without necessarily committing to a process/object classification (which in a 4D framework is subjective, and not ontological) through the persistence perspective (in fact semiotics module is independent from persistence module). For example, in a deduction (semiosis) the yellow tinted skin (index) of a patient is a symptom for liver desease (referent) according to a doctor (interpreter). If the user wants to include a commit towards persistency then the deduction can be either: - an obejct: the deduction is a system (object) and the doctor, skin and patient are object components - a process: where the deduction is a process and the doctor, skin and patient are participants Since in the EMMO the object/process categorisation is relation-driven and object/process are not disjointed, the abovementioned deduction can be seen both as a process or object depending on the relation used by the user to navigate the graph.
The class for entities where an interpreter, interpretant, reference and sign relate with each others semiotically.
Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process me -> interpreter cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant "Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign
EquivalentTo: Deduction or Declaration or Cognition
EquivalentTo: FullSemiosis or PartialSemiosis
Sintering
Sintering is the process of forming a solid mass of material through heat and pressure without melting to the point of liquefaction. This process involves the atoms in materials diffusing across the particle boundaries and fusing together into one piece.
Sintering occurs naturally in mineral deposits, and is used as a manufacturing process for materials including ceramics, metals and plastics. Because the sintering temperature doesn’t reach the materials’ melting point, it is often used for materials with high melting points, such as molybdenum and tungsten.
ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles
ISO/ASTM TR 52906:2022 Additive manufacturing sintering: process of heating a powder metal compact to increase density and/or improve mechanical properties via solid state diffusion
TechnologyProcess
Class that includes the application of scientific knowledge, tools and techniques in order to transform a precursor object (ex. conversion of material) following a practic purpose.
Conversion of materials and assembly of components for the manufacture of products
Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving practical goals in a reproducible way.
Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.
application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts or systems in order to solve a problem or to achieve an objective which can result in a product or process
application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or achieve an objective
ProductionEngineeringProcess
AreaUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Area'.
isInterpretedBy
A relation connecting a sign to the interpreter in a semiotic process.
FrequencyUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Frequency'.
isRepresentedBy
A relation that connects the semiotic object to the sign in a semiotic process.
hasRedundantPart
The superproperty of the all object property relations between a whole and its mereological parts of the same type.
A volume of water has redundand parts other volumes of water. All this volumes have holistic parts some water molecules.
hasRole
The relation between the whole and a proper part of the whole that scale down to the point which it lose the characteristics of the whole and become something else.
hasHolisticPart
An holistic part of water fluid is a water molecule.
LengthUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Length'.
CausalSystem
A causal system provides the most general concept of system, being a union of causal structures interacting together. In its most simple form, a causal system is an interlacement of causal paths (the most simple structure type). A causal system is always a spatial-like structure, and is represented as a multiple topologically orderable direct acyclic graph, with quanta as nodes and causality relations as edges.
The class of individuals representing a causal system.
A electron binded by a nucleus.
DisjointUnionOf: FundamentalPhysicalSystem, GenericPhysicalSystem
CharacterisationProcedure
Characterisation procedure may refer to the full characterisation process or just a part of the full process.
The process of performing characterisation by following some existing formalised operative rules.
The process of performing characterisation by following some existing formalised operative rules. Characterisation procedure may refer to the full characterisation process or just a part of the full process. Examples include: Sample preparation, Sample inspection, Calibration, Microscopy, Viscometry, Data sampling.
Examples include: Sample preparation, Sample inspection, Calibration, Microscopy, Viscometry, Data sampling.
MicrostructureQuantity
Physical quantities categorised according to the microstructure domain ontology.
MicrostructureProperty
Symbol
Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols A Symbol may be a String in another language. e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters.
The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
AlphabeticEntity
A letter, a number, a punctuation sign, a space, an UTF-8 character.
The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark that can be represented by an individual belonging to "A".
Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. (Wikipedia)
The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.
providesInterpretation
A relation that connects the interpreter to the semiotic object in a semiotic process.
CausalPath
A causal chain is an ordered causal sequence of entities that does not host any bifurcation within itself (a chain). A chain can only be partitioned in time.
A causal path is a concept almost equivalent to the concept of elementary particle in physics.
The class of entities that possess a temporal structure but no spatial structure.
CausalChain
Elementary
An electron moving in time interacting with other particles.
DisjointUnionOf: MultiParticlePath, ElementaryParticle
CharacterisationTechnique
A characterisation technique is not only related to the measurement process which can be one of its steps.
The description of the overall characterisation technique. It can be composed of different steps (e.g. sample preparation, calibration, measurement, post-processing).
The description of the overall characterisation technique. It can be composed of different steps (e.g. sample preparation, calibration, measurement, post-processing). A characterisation technique is not only related to the measurement process which can be one of its steps.
Characterisation procedure
Characterisation technique
Quantum
A quantum is the EMMO mereological atomistic and causal reductionistic entity. To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics and to underline the causal reductionistic approach, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of atomistic mereology.
A quantum is the most fundamental item of the EMMO (both mereologically and causally) and is considered causally self-connected by definition. The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. In the EMMO, space and time emerge following the network of causal connections between quantum objects. So quantum objects are adimensional objects, that precede space and time dimensions: they are simple beings (in greek οντα). Using physics concepts, we can think the quantum as an elementary particle (e.g. an electron) in a specific state between two causal interactions. For a quanta to change its state, it requires an interaction. A quantum may be thought as standing for an incoming or outcoming real particle in a Feynman diagram in a scattering event.
Q(x) ≡ ¬∃y(PP(y,x))
The class of the mereological and causal fundamental entities having no proper parts
RealParticle
From a physics perspective a quantum can be related to smallest identifiable entities, according to the limits imposed by the uncertainty principle in space and time measurements. However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a quantum can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
mathematicalSymbolValue
Intensive
A quantity whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system.
Temperature Density Pressure ChemicalPotential
Length
Extend of a spatial dimension.
Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.
PerVolumeUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'PerVolume'.
Icon
A sign that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
If object and sign belongs to the same class, then the sign is fuctional, diagrammatic and resemblance. For example, when a Boeing 747 is used as a sign for another Boeing 747.
Model
Simulacrum
A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
EquivalentTo: AnalogicalIcon or ResemblanceIcon or FunctionalIcon
In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]
SpaceAndTimeQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-3.
Manufacturing
Deals with entities that have a defined shape.
The process of transforming precursor objects (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion
ISO 18435-1:2009 manufacturing process: set of processes in manufacturing involving a flow and/or transformation of material, information, energy, control, or any other element in a manufacturing area
hasSpatialTile
A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is only spatially connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.
hasSpatialDirectPart
PressureUnit
The class of units with dimensionality 'Pressure'.
Mathematical
A mathematical object in this branch is not representing a concept but an actual graphical object built using mathematcal symbols arranged in some way, according to math conventions.
The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
definition
A definition univocally determines a OWL entity using necessary and sufficient conditions referring to other OWL entities.
Precise and univocal description of an ontological entity in the framework of an axiomatic system.
hasParticipant
Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part of the process to contribute to it. A participant whose 4D extension is totally contained within the process. Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorise temporal regions by the interpreters.
The relation between a process and an object participating to it, i.e. that is relevant to the process itself.
EMMO
EMMO entities dimensionality is related to their mereocausal structures. From the no-dimensional quantum entity, we introduce time dimension with the elementary concept, and space with the causal system concept. The EMMO conceptualisation does not allow the existence of space without a temporal dimension, the latter coming from a causal relation between entities. For this reason, the EMMO entities that are not quantum or elementaries, may be considered to be always 4D spatiotemporal entities. Moreover, the combination of mereology and causality used in the EMMO theory (mereocausality) represents entities as direct acyclic graphs with dimension of 4 (i.e., the mereocasual graph can be represented in a 4D euclidian space with edges having unit length). For this reasons, the EMMO can be considered a 4D ontology.
The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. We can think of a quantum as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. Fundamental interactions (quantum fields) are represented as symmetric causality relation between macro entities, while classical interactions are mediated by chain of quantums (i.e. elementary particles). The fundamental distinction between world entities is causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO. In other words there is no spacetime without entities and spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are measured quantities, always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
The class of all the OWL individuals representing world entities according to EMMO conceptualisation.
The disjoint union of the fundamental mereocausal classes of Quantum, CausalPath, CausalSystem and Collection.
DisjointUnion: CausalPath, Collection, Quantum, CausalSystem
ManufacturedProduct
An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
Artifact
Engineered
TangibleProduct
Car, tire, composite material.
Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices.
Energy
A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
hasSpatialPart
A proper part of a whole, whose parts always cover the full temporal extension of the whole within a spatial interval.
The part is connected with the rest item or members with hasContact relations only (no hasNext).
hasAgent
The relation within a process and an agengt participant.
hasPart
All other mereology relations can be defined in FOL using hasPart as primitive.
The primitive relation that express the concept of an entity being part of another one.
hasSign
The relation between a semiotic process and the sign standing for the referent.
Item
The concept of self-connectivity is applied using a 4D approach. Given that, the entity made of an electron and a proton that travel, interact, and then depart from each other is an item, since we don't focus only on the beginning or the end stage but to the overall 4D entity, being the interaction the connectivity bridge between the two particles.
A world entity is direct causally self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are direct causally connected to each other. In the EMMO, topological connectivity is based on causality. All physical objects, i.e. entities whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by items. In other words, a physical object part is embedded in a direct causal graph that provides always a path between two of its parts. Members of a collection lack such direct causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical object. Following graph theory concepts, the quantums of an item are all connected together within a network of causal relations, forming a connected causal graph. A collection is then a set of disconnected graphs.
The class of individuals standing for quantum or causally self-connected world entities.
The disjoint union of Particle and CausalStructure classes.
CausalObject
A person life, an interval of a person life. The lifetime of two components, from the production in separate manufacturing lines, their being connected components in a device, including their eparation and decommissioning.
EquivalentTo: CausalParticle or CausalStructure
RatioQuantity
Quantities defined as ratios `Q=A/B` having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B). Johansson, Ingvar (2010). "Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions". Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.
The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
refractive index, volume fraction, fine structure constant
hasInput
The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I causes P.
MechanicalQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-4.
Sample
Portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. The term needs to be qualified, e.g., bulk sample, representative sample, primary sample, bulked sample, test sample, etc. The term 'sample' implies the existence of a sampling error, i.e., the results obtained on the portions taken are only estimates of the concentration of a constituent or the quantity of a property present in the parent material. Sample and Specimen are often used interchangeably. However in some cases the term Specimen is used to specify a portion taken under conditions such that the sampling variability cannot be assessed (usually because the population is changing), and is assumed, for convenience, to be zero.
Sample and Specimen are often used interchangeably. However in some cases the term Specimen is used to specify a portion taken under conditions such that the sampling variability cannot be assessed (usually because the population is changing), and is assumed, for convenience, to be zero.
Portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. The term needs to be qualified, e.g., bulk sample, representative sample, primary sample, bulked sample, test sample, etc. The term 'sample' implies the existence of a sampling error, i.e., the results obtained on the portions taken are only estimates of the concentration of a constituent or the quantity of a property present in the parent material.
Process
A process can be defined only according to an entity type. The minimum process is an entity made of two entities of different types that are temporally related.
The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have some temporal item parts that are not of the same type of the whole.
Occurrent
Perdurant
Practically speaking, the Process class can be populated by primitive subclasses (e.g. Cooking) for each of which holds the axiom that not all the item temporal parts are of the same type of the whole (e.g. breaking an egg, which is not necessarily a cooking process) and there are at least two temporal item parts of different types (e.g. breaking and egg and turning on the stove). The intended usage is not for an individual to belong directly to Process, but to belong to a specific subclass of Process that identifies entities with a specific non-type-persistent structure.
Equivalent To: Behaviour or ConstitutiveProcess or Stage or SubProcess
Following the common definition of process, the reader may think that every entity in the EMMO should be a process, since every 4D entity0 always has a time dimension. However, in the EMMO we restrict the concept of process to items whose temporal parts show a change in type (i.e. every 4D object unfolds in time, but not every 4D time unfolding may be of interest for the ontologist and categorized as a process). The definition of every specific process subclass requires a reference type, that is expressed by some but not all temporal parts.
hasProperPart
The proper part relation has the following pair-covering sub-relations: - hasMembers xor hasPiece - hasPortionPart xor hasGatheredPart . hasItemPart xor hasScatteredPart
The relation between an entity and one of its parts, when both entities are distinct.
EMMO applies the naming convension to its sub-properties of rdfs:seeAlso that their label must end with one of the following terms: - 'Match': resolvable URLs to corresponding entity in another ontology - 'Entry': resolvable URLs to a human readable resource describing the subject - 'Ref': non-resolvable reference to a human readable resource describing the subject
Indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.
ThermodynamicalQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-5.
isParticipatedBy
An item can be classified as an object according to a type ϕ (a ϕ-object) if it's a ϕ all its temporal item parts are also of type ϕ. This conceptualisation tries to catch the persistency of type in the temporal parts of an entity.
Indefinitely temporally slicing of an entity leads to temporal parts whose temporal extension is so small that the connectivity relations that define the entity as an item will no longer hold. More generally. a temporal part is no more of type ϕ when the temporal interval is lower than the interval that characterizes the causality interactions between the object parts. In other terms, if the time span of a temporal part is lower than the inverse of the frequency of interactions between the constituents, then the constituents in such temporal part are not connected. The object is no more an object, neither an item, but simply a collection of fundamental quantum parts. For this reason, the definition of object is done by considering only item temporal parts, meaning that slicing in time has the lower limit of a self-connected (i.e. item) entity.
The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have all temporal item parts of the same type of the whole.
Continuant
Endurant
If ϕ is the class of human beings, then the 4D entity representing a lifetime from birth to death in senile age is an object. if ϕ is the class of underages, the 4D entity representing the same lifetime is a process, since the underage covers only a part of the lifetime.
Practically speaking, the Object class can be populated by primitive subclasses (e.g. Car) for each of which holds the axiom that all the item parts are of the same type of the whole (e.g. Car SubClassOf hasTemporalItemPart only Car). The intended usage is not for an individual to belong directly to Object, but to belong to a specific subclass of Object that identifies entities with a type-persistent structure.
Equivalent To: Constituent or Participant or Status or SubObject
PhysioChemicalQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-9.
ISQDimensionlessQuantity
A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
ElectromagneticQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-6.
hasInterpreter
The relation between a semiotic process and the interpreter that is responsible for the sign-referent correspondance.
hasProperty
A semiotic relation that connects a semiotic object to a property in a declaration process.
elucidation
An elucidation should address the real world entities using the concepts introduced by the conceptualisation annotation.
Short enlightening explanation aimed to facilitate the user in drawing the connection (interpretation) between a OWL entity and the real world object(s) for which it stands.
hasOutput
The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I is caused by P.
CondensedMatterPhysicsQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-12.
comment
A comment can be addressed to facilitate interpretation, to suggest possible usage, to clarify the concepts behind each entity with respect to other ontological apporaches.
A text that add some information about the entity.
hasDataValue
The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO data entity.
This is the superproperty of all data properties used to serialise a fundamental data type in the EMMO Data perspective. An entity can have only one data value expressing its serialisation (e.g. a Real entity cannot have two different real values).
AtomicAndNuclearPhysicsQuantity
Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-10.
ISQDerivedQuantity
Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
SIDimensionalUnit
Dimensional unit with its physical dimensionality described accortind to the International System of Units (SI).
In SI are the physical dimensions of the base quantities time (T), length (L), mass (M), electric current (I), thermodynamic temperature (Θ), amount of substance (N) and luminous intensity (J). In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product, dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. -- SI brouchure The SI dimensional units are equivalent to dimensional strings that uniquely defines their dimensionality by specifying the values of the coefficients α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η. A dimensional string is a space-separated string of the physical dimension symbols followed by the value of the exponent (including it sign). They should always match the following regular expression: ^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$ The physical dimensionality of all subclasses of SIDimensionalUnit are defined by their dimensional string. Examples of correspondance between dimensional units and their dimensional string are: - AmountOfSubstanceUnit <=> "T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0" - TimeUnit <=> "T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0" - ElectricCurrentDensityUnit <=> "T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0"
hasMeasurementUnit
A conventional semiotic relation that relates a physical quantity to its unit.
Length hasUnit only LengthUnit
hasDimensionString
Relates a SI dimensional unit to a dimension string.
From soft +‎ -ware, by contrast with hardware (“the computer itself”). Coined by Paul Niquette in 1953.
From Latin partire, partiri ‘divide, share’.
The term 'part' is here intended not only in mereological sense but also as role. For example. the term part is used to define the role played by an actor, specifying not only a mereological participation of the actor to an act, but also a specific role for that actor.
From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.
Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire").
From Middle English liftime, equivalent to life +‎ time.
From Latin succedĕre ("coming after").
From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.
This definition reads: "The universe is the sum of all entities that are part of themselves". Since parthood (P) is reflexive by axiom, then the universe is the sum of all mereological entities.
From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.
From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.
From the word 'holistic' with the 'w-' prefix, due to the affinity with the existing word 'whole', that share the same meaning of 'holos'.
Every entity is made of quantum parts. This axiomatisation is the expression of the radical reductionistic approach of the EMMO.
J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".
Implementing transitivity.
From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”).
Transitivity for parthood.
From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).
Implementing Transitivity.
From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).
Fom Latin variabilis ("changeable").
1940s: named after S.N. Bose.
Enforcing the fact that an entity cannot cause itself.
Enforcing exclusivity between overlapping and causality.
From Greek, nominative plural form of δεδομένο (dedoméno) (data, information)
From Old French chaine, chaene (“chain”), from Latin catēna (“chain”).
From Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”).
From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).
This axiom reflects the fact the the universe is causally self-connected. In fact, a non causally connected universe would have been the sum of causally independend sub-universes, without any knowledge of others. This axiom may be seen as Ockam's razor applied to causality.
From Latin observare (“to watch, note, mark, heed, guard, keep, pay attention to, regard, comply with, etc.”), from ob (“before”) + servare (“to keep”),
From Latin modus (“measure”).
From Proto-Germanic *klas-, *klus- (“to clump, lump together”).
We usa a predicate template notation as RP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of RP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that RP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ φ(x) ∧ φ(y)
φ is a class of the theory that in the EMMO OWL is supposed to be subclass of CausalStructure.
EMMO is the acronym of Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology.
We usa a predicate template notation as DP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of DP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that DP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ (φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y))
φ is a class of the theory
From Latin materia (“matter, stuff, material”), from mater (“mother”).
From Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”).
From Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”).
From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).
Enforcing reflexivity of overlapping.
From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “I throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, put”).
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and from Latin struere (“arrange, assemble, build”).
From Old French sambler, sembler, from Late Latin similāre, present active infinitive of similō, from Latin similis, from Proto-Italic *semalis, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).
Coined by Stanisław Leśniewski in 1927, from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) +‎ -logy (“study, discussion, science”). https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mereology
From Latin proprietas (“a peculiarity, one's peculiar nature or quality, right or fact of possession, property”), from proprius (“special, particular, one's own”).
Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.
From French rôle, from obsolete French roule ‘roll’, referring originally to the roll of paper on which the actor's part was written.
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠν- (sun-, prefix meaning ‘with, together’) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”).
From Latin intentionem, derived from intendere ("stretching out")
From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).
Implementig transitivity.
From Latin cognitio (“knowledge, perception, a judicial examination, trial”), from cognitus, past participle of cognoscere (“to know”), from co- (“together”) + *gnoscere, older form of noscere (“to know”
Scholz F, Nitschke L, Henrion G (1989) Naturwiss 76:71;
From Middle English hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”).
From Latin manu factum ("made by hand").
From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).
Implementation of equality based on mereology.
Transitivity for proper parthood.
From Latin pro-cedere (“to go forward, to proceed”).
From Ancient Greek πάτος (pátos, “path”).
The electronical state of the RAM of my laptop is decoded by it as ASCII characters and printed on the screen.
From Latin documentum, from the verb doceō (“teach”) +‎ -mentum.
VIM defines measurand as a quantity intended to be measured. This is redundant in EMMO and correspond to Quantity.
From Latin agēns (present participle of agere (“to act”))
From Latin percipiō, past participle perceptus (“take hold of, obtain, receive, observe”), from per (“by, through”) + capiō (“to take”).
From Latin fusio, from fundere ‘pour, melt’.
From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as".
From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
The term graphical is used in etymological sense, comprising both writings and visual arts.
From Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”).
All EMMO individuals are part of the most comprehensive entity which is the universe.
Every collection has at least two item members, since a collection of one item is a self-connected entity (and then an item).
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, retrieved from: https://www.electropedia.org
From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.
From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".
The equalsTo object property is equivalent to the OWL SameAs
This axiom underlines the monodimensional nature of a causal chain, as a sequence of quanta.
From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”).
From Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía), from ἀνά (aná) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).
From medieval Latin perspectiva ‘(science of) optics’, from perspect- ‘looked at closely’, from the verb perspicere, from per- ‘through’ + specere ‘to look’.
From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.
From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".
From Latin simulacrum ("likeness, semblance")
From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).
While EMMO mereocausality conceptualisation can be used on any possibile domain, so that a quantum can be a Lego brick or an furniture component, it can be better understood when a quantum is elucidated as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. (e.g. quark, photon).
Enforcing parthood reflexivity.
From Latin con- +‎ putō (“I reckon”).
From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.
From Latin aestimatus (“to value, rate, esteem”).
The rule for the subproperty chain: inverse (hasReferent) o inverse (hasInterpreter) ⇒ hasSign
The rule for the subproperty chain: inverse (hasSign) o inverse (hasReferent) ⇒ hasInterpreter
The rule for the subproperty chain: inverse (hasInterpreter) o inverse (hasSign) ⇒ hasReferent