Astrid Marthinsen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
alternative label: AstridMarthinsen
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

OtelloRoscioni
type: Person
name: Otello M. Roscioni
workplace homepage: https://materialsmodelling.com

Ulrike Cihak-Bayr
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
alternative label: UlrikeCihakBayr
workplace homepage: https://www.ac2t.at/en

FrancescaBleken
type: Person
name: Francesca Lønstad Bleken
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

SebastianoMoruzzi
type: Person
name: Sebastiano Moruzzi
workplace homepage: https://www.unibo.it/en

Sylvain Gouttebroze
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
alternative label: SylvainGouttebroze
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

GerhardGoldbeck
type: Person
name: Gerhard Goldbeck
workplace homepage: https://materialsmodelling.com

Tomas Manik
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
alternative label: TomasManik
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

MichaelNoeske
type: Person
name: Paul-Ludwig Michael Noeske
workplace homepage: https://www.ifam.fraunhofer.de/en

SimonClark
type: Person
name: Simon Clark
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

AdhamHashibon
type: Person
name: Adham Hashibon
workplace homepage: https://www.ucl.ac.uk

EmanueleGhedini
type: Person
name: Emanuele Ghedini
workplace homepage: https://www.unibo.it/en

Georg J. Schmitz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
preferred label: GeorgSchmitz

AnnedeBaas
type: Person
name: Anne de Baas
workplace homepage: https://materialsmodelling.com

FrancescoZaccarini
type: Person
name: Francesco A. Zaccarini
workplace homepage: https://www.unibo.it/en

unitCode
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Other codes than the UN/CEFACT Common Code may be used with a prefix followed by a colon.
comment: The unit of measurement given using the UN/CEFACT Common Code (3 characters) or a URL.
range: string
see also: The normative list of all codes is available at http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/recommendations/rec20/rec20_Rev9e_2014.xls
elucidation: The unit of measurement given using the UN/CEFACT Common Code (3 characters) or a URL.
comment: The UN/CEFACT Recommendation 20 provides three character alphabetic and alphanumeric codes for representing units of measurement for length, area, volume/capacity, mass (weight), time, and other quantities used in international trade. The codes are intended for use in manual and/or automated systems for the exchange of information between participants in international trade.

EMMC_ASBL
type: Organization
full address: EMMC ASBL European Materials Modelling Council Silversquare Stéphanie Avenue Louise 54 1050 Brussels CBE no: 0731 621 312
name: EMMC ASBL

AreaPerTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerTemperature'.

isDeclaredBy
type: ObjectProperty

CommercialProduct
type: Class
comment: An product that is ready for commercialisation.
alternative label: Product
elucidation: An product that is ready for commercialisation.

PhotochemicalProcesses
type: Class

ConductanceForAlternatingCurrent
type: Class
comment: Real part of the admittance.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79464628
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-52.2
elucidation: Real part of the admittance.

MagneticReluctivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticReluctivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-1 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-1 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-1 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticReluctivity'.

DoseEquivalentRate
type: Class
comment: Time derivative of the dose equivalent.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99604810
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-83.2
elucidation: Time derivative of the dose equivalent.

hasStringValue
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO string data entity.
range: string

MicrowaveSintering
type: Class

BraggAngle
type: Class
comment: Angle between the scattered ray and the lattice plane.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/BraggAngle
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105488118
ISO80000Reference: 12-4
elucidation: Angle between the scattered ray and the lattice plane.

ResonanceEnergy
type: Class
comment: Resonance in a nuclear reaction, determined by the kinetic energy of an incident particle in the reference frame of the target particle.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ResonanceEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98165187
ISO80000Reference: 10-37.2
elucidation: Resonance in a nuclear reaction, determined by the kinetic energy of an incident particle in the reference frame of the target particle.

FundamentalLatticeVector
type: Class
comment: Fundamental translation vector for the crystal lattice.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/FundamentalLatticeVector
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105451063
ISO80000Reference: 12-1.2
elucidation: Fundamental translation vector for the crystal lattice.

SimulationLanguage
type: Class
comment: A computer language used to describe simulations.
elucidation: A computer language used to describe simulations.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_language

DecayConstant
type: Class
comment: Disintegrations per unit time dN/dt for an atomic nucleus divided by the number of nuclei N existing at the same time t.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: DisintegrationConstant
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DecayConstant
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11477200
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-24
elucidation: Disintegrations per unit time dN/dt for an atomic nucleus divided by the number of nuclei N existing at the same time t.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01538

Laplacian
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Δ
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Δ
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Δ

Weight
type: Class
comment: Force of gravity acting on a body.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Weight
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.2
elucidation: Force of gravity acting on a body.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06668

AmountSquareTimePerMassVolumeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountSquareTimePerMassVolume'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountSquareTimePerMassVolume'.

hasDeducer
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation connecting an index sign to the interpreter (deducer) in a deduction process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation connecting an index sign to the interpreter (deducer) in a deduction process.

QualityFactor
type: Class
comment: Dimensionless quantity in electromagnetism.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/QualityFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79467569
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-53
elucidation: Dimensionless quantity in electromagnetism.

PerEnergyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerEnergy'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-2 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-2 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-2 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerEnergy'.

DisplacementCurrentDensity
type: Class
comment: Vector quantity equal to the time derivative of the electric flux density.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DisplacementCurrentDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77614612
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-18
elucidation: Vector quantity equal to the time derivative of the electric flux density.

AtomicNumber
type: Class
comment: Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AtomicNumber
ISO80000Reference: 10-1.1
elucidation: Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00499

DragCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Dimensionless parameter to quantify fluid resistance.
alternative label: DragFactor
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DragCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778961
ISO80000Reference: 4-23.4
elucidation: Dimensionless parameter to quantify fluid resistance.

MaterialRelationComputation
type: Class

MeanEnergyImparted
type: Class
comment: Expectation value of the energy imparted.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MeanEnergyImparted
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99526969
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-80.2
elucidation: Expectation value of the energy imparted.

Height
type: Class
comment: Minimum length of a straight line segment between a point and a reference line or reference surface.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Height
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208826
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Height
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.3
elucidation: Minimum length of a straight line segment between a point and a reference line or reference surface.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height

PlasticSintering
type: Class

Java
type: Class

Minimal
type: Class
comment: A minimal class M (subclass of Minimal) is defined by choosing a reference type φ so that M is subclass of φ, all parts of x are needed to keep φ(x) and x is proper part of a larger φ entity.
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole is proper part of an entity of that type.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole is proper part of an entity of that type.

isMemberOf
type: ObjectProperty

Filling
type: Class

LengthPerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerAmount'.

AtomicScatteringFactor
type: Class
comment: Quotient of radiation amplitude scattered by the atom and radiation amplitude scattered by a single electron.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AtomScatteringFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837866
ISO80000Reference: 12-5.3
elucidation: Quotient of radiation amplitude scattered by the atom and radiation amplitude scattered by a single electron.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_form_factor

RollingResistance
type: Class
comment: Force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface.
alternative label: RollingDrag
alternative label: RollingFrictionForce
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914921
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.5
elucidation: Force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface.

AmorphousMaterial
type: Class
alternative label: NonCrystallineMaterial

ResonanceEscapeProbability
type: Class
comment: In an infinite medium, the probability that a neutron slowing down will traverse all or some specified portion of the range of resonance energies without being absorbed.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ResonanceEscapeProbability
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4108072
ISO80000Reference: 10-68
elucidation: In an infinite medium, the probability that a neutron slowing down will traverse all or some specified portion of the range of resonance energies without being absorbed.

Dispersion
type: Class
comment: A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.
elucidation: A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.

uneceCommonCode
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The UN/CEFACT Recommendation 20 provides three character alphabetic and alphanumeric codes for representing units of measurement for length, area, volume/capacity, mass (weight), time, and other quantities used in international trade. The codes are intended for use in manual and/or automated systems for the exchange of information between participants in international trade.
comment: The unit of measurement given using the UN/CEFACT Common Code (3 characters) or a URL.
range: string
deprecated: true
version info: Replaced by schema:unitCode
elucidation: The unit of measurement given using the UN/CEFACT Common Code (3 characters) or a URL.

SurfaceCoefficientOfHeatTransfer
type: Class
comment: Coefficient of heat transfer when heat exchange takes place between a body at thermodynamic temperature Ts and its surroundings that are at a reference temperature Tr.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SurfaceCoefficientOfHeatTransfer
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74770365
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-10.2
elucidation: Coefficient of heat transfer when heat exchange takes place between a body at thermodynamic temperature Ts and its surroundings that are at a reference temperature Tr.

Inequality
type: Class
comment: A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
example: f(x) > 0
elucidation: A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.

hasObjectInput
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non-overlapping part of O causes P.
elucidation: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non-overlapping part of O causes P.

MolarAttenuationCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Quotient of linear attenuation coefficient µ and the amount c of the medium.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98592828
ISO80000Reference: 10-51
elucidation: Quotient of linear attenuation coefficient µ and the amount c of the medium.

TemperaturePressurePerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePressurePerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePressurePerTime'.

AnalogData
type: Class
comment: Data that are decoded retaining its continuous variations characteristic.
comment: The fact that there may be a finite granularity in the variations of the material basis (e.g. the smallest peak in a vynil that can be recognized by the piezo-electric transducer) does not prevent a data to be analog. It means only that the focus on such data encoding is on a scale that makes such variations negligible, making them practically a continuum.
example: A vynil contain continuous information about the recorded sound.
elucidation: Data that are decoded retaining its continuous variations characteristic.

CurrentLinkage
type: Class
comment: For a closed path, scalar quantity equal to the electric current through any surface bounded by the path.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CurrentLinkage
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77995703
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-37.4
elucidation: For a closed path, scalar quantity equal to the electric current through any surface bounded by the path.

TemperatureLengthPerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureLengthPerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureLengthPerTime'.

DragForce
type: Class
comment: Retarding force on a body moving in a fluid.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206621
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.6
elucidation: Retarding force on a body moving in a fluid.

DirectionAndEnergyDistributionOfCrossSection
type: Class
comment: Partial differential quotient of the cross section of a process with respect to the solid angle around a given direction and the energy of a particle scattered in that direction.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpectralAngularCrossSection
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98269571
ISO80000Reference: 10-41
elucidation: Partial differential quotient of the cross section of a process with respect to the solid angle around a given direction and the energy of a particle scattered in that direction.

TemporalRole
type: Class
comment: An holistic temporal part of a whole.
alternative label: HolisticTemporalPart
elucidation: An holistic temporal part of a whole.

Coercivity
type: Class
comment: Coercive field strength in a substance when either the magnetic flux density or the magnetic polarization and magnetization is brought from its value at magnetic saturation to zero by monotonic reduction of the applied magnetic field strength.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Coercivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432635
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-31
elucidation: Coercive field strength in a substance when either the magnetic flux density or the magnetic polarization and magnetization is brought from its value at magnetic saturation to zero by monotonic reduction of the applied magnetic field strength.

hasManufacturedOutput
type: ObjectProperty

Curve
type: Class
comment: A one-manyfold with two unconnected end points.
elucidation: A one-manyfold with two unconnected end points.

TotalMassStoppingPower
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the total linear stopping power S and the mass density ρ of the material.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MassStoppingPower
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/TotalMassStoppingPower
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98642795
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-55
elucidation: Quotient of the total linear stopping power S and the mass density ρ of the material.

MassAmountOfSubstanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassAmountOfSubstance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassAmountOfSubstance'.

IsentropicCompressibility
type: Class
comment: Quantity characterizing the relative variation of volume V with pressure p at constant entropy.
comment: The coherent SI unit of isentropic compressibility is pascal to the power minus one, 1/Pa.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/IsentropicCompressibility
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990695
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-5.2
elucidation: Quantity characterizing the relative variation of volume V with pressure p at constant entropy.

SquareMassPerSquareTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareMassPerSquareTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareMassPerSquareTime'.

PaperManufacturing
type: Class

contact
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A person or organisation acting as a contact point for enquiries about the ontology resource
comment: The annotation should include an email address.
sub property of: comment
elucidation: A person or organisation acting as a contact point for enquiries about the ontology resource

IntrinsicCarrierDensity
type: Class
comment: Square root of the product of electron and hole density in a semiconductor.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/IntinsicCarrierDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303188
ISO80000Reference: 12-29.3
elucidation: Square root of the product of electron and hole density in a semiconductor.

GasMixture
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

PseudoscalarMeson
type: Class
comment: A meson with spin zero and odd parity.
elucidation: A meson with spin zero and odd parity.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscalar_meson

RelativePermittivity
type: Class
comment: Permittivity divided by electric constant.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PERMITTIVITY_REL
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027242
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-15
elucidation: Permittivity divided by electric constant.

FundamentalReciprocalLatticeVector
type: Class
comment: Fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/FundamentalReciprocalLatticeVector
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105475399
ISO80000Reference: 12-2.2
elucidation: Fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice.

NaturalProcess
type: Class
comment: A process occurring by natural (non-intentional) laws.
alternative label: NonIntentionalProcess
elucidation: A process occurring by natural (non-intentional) laws.

GFactorOfNucleusOrNuclearParticle
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the nuclear spin quantum number and the nuclear magneton.
alternative label: NuclearGFactor
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/GFactorOfNucleus
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97591250
ISO80000Reference: 10-14.2
elucidation: Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the nuclear spin quantum number and the nuclear magneton.

DataExchangeLanguage
type: Class
comment: A computer language that is domain-independent and can be used for expressing data from any kind of discipline.
example: JSON, YAML, XML
elucidation: A computer language that is domain-independent and can be used for expressing data from any kind of discipline.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_exchange#Data_exchange_languages

ParticleSourceDensity
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the mean rate of production of particles in a volume, and that volume.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ParticleSourceDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98915762
ISO80000Reference: 10-66
elucidation: Quotient of the mean rate of production of particles in a volume, and that volume.

illustration
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A link to a graphical representation aimed to facilitate understanding of the concept, or of an annotation.
range: anyURI
sub property of: seeAlso
elucidation: A link to a graphical representation aimed to facilitate understanding of the concept, or of an annotation.

CountingUnit
type: Class
comment: Unit for dimensionless quantities that have the nature of count.
example: Unit of atomic number Unit of number of cellular Unit of degeneracy in quantum mechanics
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/NUM
ucumCode: 1
elucidation: Unit for dimensionless quantities that have the nature of count.

JavaScript
type: Class

IUPACName
type: Class
comment: Name of a chemical according to the IUPAC standard.
elucidation: Name of a chemical according to the IUPAC standard.

hasConventionalProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An object can be represented by a quantity for the fact that it has been recognized to belong to a specific class. The quantity is selected without an observation aimed to measure its actual value, but by convention.
comment: Assigns a quantity to an object by convention.
example: An Hydrogen atom has the quantity atomic number Z = 1 as its conventional property.
elucidation: Assigns a quantity to an object by convention.

ThermalSprayingForming
type: Class

Galvanizing
type: Class

AngularDisplacement
type: Class
comment: Angular displacement may also be defined as number of turns (not necessarily an integer number).
comment: The angle through which a body rotates around an axis of rotation.
alternative label: Angular displacement may be signed, indicating the sense of rotation (e.g., clockwise); it may also be greater (in absolute value) than a full turn.
alternative label: Rotation
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76435127
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-14
elucidation: The angle through which a body rotates around an axis of rotation.

EffectiveDiffusionCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Diffusion coefficient through the pore space of a porous media.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258852
elucidation: Diffusion coefficient through the pore space of a porous media.

AvogadroConstant
type: Class
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
comment: The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. It defines the base unit mole in the SI system.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/AvogadroConstant
elucidation: The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. It defines the base unit mole in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00543

SharedAgency
type: Class
comment: Shared agency occurs when two or more individuals do something together.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Shared agency occurs when two or more individuals do something together.

AmountPerAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerArea'.

MassFractionUnit
type: Class
comment: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
example: Unit for mass fraction.
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.

HyperfineStructureQuantumNumber
type: Class
comment: Quantum number of an atom describing the inclination of the nuclear spin with respect to a quantization axis given by the magnetic field produced by the orbital electrons.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/HyperfineStructureQuantumNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97577449
ISO80000Reference: 10-13.8
elucidation: Quantum number of an atom describing the inclination of the nuclear spin with respect to a quantization axis given by the magnetic field produced by the orbital electrons.

OsmoticPressure
type: Class
comment: Measure of the tendency of a solution to take in pure solvent by osmosis.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/OsmoticPressure
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193135
ISO80000Reference: 9-28
elucidation: Measure of the tendency of a solution to take in pure solvent by osmosis.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04344

ElectricDipoleMoment
type: Class
comment: An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricDipoleMoment
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735135
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-6
elucidation: An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01929

LatticePlaneSpacing
type: Class
comment: distance between successive lattice planes
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LatticePlaneSpacing
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105488046
ISO80000Reference: 12-3
elucidation: distance between successive lattice planes

SpinQuantumNumber
type: Class
comment: Characteristic quantum number s of a particle, related to its spin.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpinQuantumNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3879445
ISO80000Reference: 10-13.5
elucidation: Characteristic quantum number s of a particle, related to its spin.

MetallicPowderSintering
type: Class

ElectricCurrentPerUnitEnergyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerUnitEnergy'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerUnitEnergy'.

SlowingDownDensity
type: Class
comment: Number of slowed-down particles per time and volume.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Slowing-DownDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98915830
ISO80000Reference: 10-67
elucidation: Number of slowed-down particles per time and volume.

PermanentLiquidPhaseSintering
type: Class

ElectroSinterForging
type: Class

VectorMeson
type: Class
comment: A meson with total spin 1 and odd parity.
elucidation: A meson with total spin 1 and odd parity.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_meson

CubicExpansionCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Quantity characterizing the variation with thermodynamic temperature T of the volume V of a body, under given conditions.
comment: alpha_V = (1/V) * (dV/dT)
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CubicExpansionCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74761076
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-3.2
elucidation: Quantity characterizing the variation with thermodynamic temperature T of the volume V of a body, under given conditions.

MassPerElectricChargeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerElectricCharge'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerElectricCharge'.

Fork
type: Class
comment: A tessellation in which a tile has next two or more non spatially connected tiles.
elucidation: A tessellation in which a tile has next two or more non spatially connected tiles.

MagneticVectorPotential
type: Class
comment: Vector potential of the magnetic flux density.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticVectorPotential
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2299100
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-32
elucidation: Vector potential of the magnetic flux density.

Pictorial
type: Class
comment: A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
example: A drawing of a cat. A circle on a paper sheet. The Mona Lisa.
elucidation: A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.

SpecificVolume
type: Class
comment: inverse of the mass density ρ, thus v = 1/ρ.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MassicVolume
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificVolume
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683556
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-3
elucidation: inverse of the mass density ρ, thus v = 1/ρ.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05807

Vergence
type: Class
comment: In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Curvature
elucidation: In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.

ResidualResistivity
type: Class
comment: For metals, the resistivity extrapolated to zero thermodynamic temperature.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ResidualResistivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098876
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-17
elucidation: For metals, the resistivity extrapolated to zero thermodynamic temperature.

qudtReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.
elucidation: URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.

ParticleCurrentDensity
type: Class
comment: Number of particles per time and area crossing a surface.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ParticleCurrent
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2400689
ISO80000Reference: 10-48
elucidation: Number of particles per time and area crossing a surface.

ElectricChargePerTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerTemperature'.

omReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure.
elucidation: IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure.

Understanding
type: Class
comment: A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a sign, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation, leading to potential interpretations.
elucidation: A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a sign, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation, leading to potential interpretations.

SexticLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SexticLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+6 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+6 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+6 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SexticLength'.

AtomicAttenuationCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the number density, n, of atoms in the substance.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98592911
ISO80000Reference: 10-52
elucidation: Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the number density, n, of atoms in the substance.

Exponent
type: Class

ParticleFluence
type: Class
comment: Differential quotient of N with respect to a, where N is the number of particles incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area a.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ParticleFluence
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82965908
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-43
elucidation: Differential quotient of N with respect to a, where N is the number of particles incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area a.

Shape4x3Matrix
type: Class
comment: A real matrix with shape 4x3.
elucidation: A real matrix with shape 4x3.

MolarInternalEnergy
type: Class
comment: Internal energy per amount of substance.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88523106
ISO80000Reference: 9-6.1
elucidation: Internal energy per amount of substance.

ActivityFactor
type: Class
comment: Activity factors can also be obtained applying Raoult's law or Henry's law.
comment: For substance X in a liquid or a solid mixture; quotient of absolute activity of substance X and the product of absolute activity of the pure substance X at the same temperature and pressure and amount-of-substance fraction of substance X.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89335167
ISO80000Reference: 9-22
elucidation: For substance X in a liquid or a solid mixture; quotient of absolute activity of substance X and the product of absolute activity of the pure substance X at the same temperature and pressure and amount-of-substance fraction of substance X.

TotalLinearStoppingPower
type: Class
comment: For charged particles of a given type and energy E0 the differential quotient of E with respect to x, where E is the mean energy lost by the charged particles in traversing a distance x in the given material.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: LinearStoppingPower
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/TotalLinearStoppingPower
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908474
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-54
elucidation: For charged particles of a given type and energy E0 the differential quotient of E with respect to x, where E is the mean energy lost by the charged particles in traversing a distance x in the given material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06035

HandlingDevice
type: Class

ProductionSystem
type: Class
comment: A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.
elucidation: A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.

Lethargy
type: Class
comment: Natural logarithm of the quotient of a reference energy and the kinetic energy of a neutron.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Lethargy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25508781
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-69
elucidation: Natural logarithm of the quotient of a reference energy and the kinetic energy of a neutron.

Plane
type: Class
comment: A 2-manifold with two unconnected boundaries.
elucidation: A 2-manifold with two unconnected boundaries.

AlphaDisintegrationEnergy
type: Class
comment: Sum of the kinetic energy of the α-particle produced in the disintegration process and the recoil energy of the product atom in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AlphaDisintegrationEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98146025
ISO80000Reference: 10-32
elucidation: Sum of the kinetic energy of the α-particle produced in the disintegration process and the recoil energy of the product atom in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.

HelmholtzEnergy
type: Class
comment: Internal energy minus the product of thermodynamic temperature and entropy.
alternative label: HelmholtzFreeEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865821
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-20.4
elucidation: Internal energy minus the product of thermodynamic temperature and entropy.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02772

ThermochemicalTreatment
type: Class

CSharp
type: Class
alternative label: C#

OxidationNumber
type: Class
comment: Charge number that an atom within a molecule would have if all the ligands were removed along with the electron pairs that were shared.
alternative label: OxidationState
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484152
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Oxidation_state
elucidation: Charge number that an atom within a molecule would have if all the ligands were removed along with the electron pairs that were shared.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04363

SectionModulus
type: Class
comment: Geometrical characteristic of a shape of a body.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SectionModulus
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930808
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-22
elucidation: Geometrical characteristic of a shape of a body.

wikidataReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: URL corresponding to entry in Wikidata.
sub property of: seeAlso
elucidation: URL corresponding to entry in Wikidata.

RelaxationTime
type: Class
comment: time constant for scattering, trapping or annihilation of charge carriers, phonons or other quasiparticles
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106041085
ISO80000Reference: 12-32.1
elucidation: time constant for scattering, trapping or annihilation of charge carriers, phonons or other quasiparticles

InterferenceFitting
type: Class

AtomicMass
type: Class
comment: Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
comment: The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.
comment: The mass of an atom in the ground state.
subclass of: Restriction
definition: The mass of an atom in the ground state.
ISO80000Reference: 10-4.1
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00496

ThermalDiffusivity
type: Class
comment: Quotient of thermal conductivity and the product of mass density and specific heat capacity.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ThermalDiffusionCoefficient
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermalDiffusivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3381809
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-14
elucidation: Quotient of thermal conductivity and the product of mass density and specific heat capacity.

AreaPerQuarticTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerQuarticTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerQuarticTime'.

inchiKey
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A hash of the full International Chemical Identifier (InChi) for a chemical substance.
comment: The InChiKey is a hash of the full InChi identifier using the SHA-256 algorithm, designed to allow for easy web searches of chemical compounds.
sub property of: seeAlso
elucidation: A hash of the full International Chemical Identifier (InChi) for a chemical substance.

QueryLanguage
type: Class
comment: A construction language used to make queries in databases and information systems.
example: SQL, SPARQL
elucidation: A construction language used to make queries in databases and information systems.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language

hasIndex
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation that connects a deduced semiotic object to an index in a deduction process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation that connects a deduced semiotic object to an index in a deduction process.

Powder
type: Class
comment: A powder is a granular material composed of many very fine dry solid particles that may flow freely when shaken or tilted.
is defined by: Duran, J., Reisinger A., Sands, Powders, and Grains: An Introduction to the Physics of Granular Materials. November 1999, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, ISBN 0-387-98656-1.
elucidation: A powder is a granular material composed of many very fine dry solid particles that may flow freely when shaken or tilted.

BindingFraction
type: Class
comment: The ratio of the binding energy of a nucleus to the atomic mass number.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/BindingFraction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98058362
ISO80000Reference: 10-23.2
elucidation: The ratio of the binding energy of a nucleus to the atomic mass number.

PhaseAngle
type: Class
comment: Angular measure between the positive real axis and the radius of the polar representation of the complex number in the complex plane.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415829
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-7
elucidation: Angular measure between the positive real axis and the radius of the polar representation of the complex number in the complex plane.

SurfaceDensityOfElectricCharge
type: Class
comment: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the area.
alternative label: AreicElectricCharge
alternative label: SurfaceChargeDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12799324
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-4
elucidation: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the area.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06159

MolecularPartitionFunction
type: Class
comment: Partition function of a molecule.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96192064
ISO80000Reference: 9-35.4
elucidation: Partition function of a molecule.

MobilityRatio
type: Class
comment: Quotient of electron and hole mobility.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MobilityRatio
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106010255
ISO80000Reference: 12-31
elucidation: Quotient of electron and hole mobility.

Multiplication
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: *
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: *
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: *

Verifying
type: Class
comment: A semiosis where an interpretant, already present in the internal representational space of the interpreter, is resolved by the interpreter by identifying the referent, i.e. the entity for which the sign stands for according to the interpreter understanding.
elucidation: A semiosis where an interpretant, already present in the internal representational space of the interpreter, is resolved by the interpreter by identifying the referent, i.e. the entity for which the sign stands for according to the interpreter understanding.

PhaseVelocity
type: Class
comment: For a sinusoidal wave at a given point, velocity in the direction of propagation of the wavefront corresponding to a specified phase.
alternative label: PhaseSpeed
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13824
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Phase_velocity
ISO80000Reference: 3-23.1
elucidation: For a sinusoidal wave at a given point, velocity in the direction of propagation of the wavefront corresponding to a specified phase.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_velocity

SandMolds
type: Class

LandeFactor
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the total angular momentum quantum number and the Bohr magneton.
alternative label: GFactorOfAtom
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LandeGFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191684
ISO80000Reference: 10-14.1
elucidation: Quotient of the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, and the product of the total angular momentum quantum number and the Bohr magneton.

ActivePower
type: Class
comment: Average power over a period.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ActivePower
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20820042
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-56
elucidation: Average power over a period.

isInfluencedBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O that proper overlaps a process P, where the non-overlapping part of P causes O.
elucidation: The relation between an object O that proper overlaps a process P, where the non-overlapping part of P causes O.

AmountPerMassPressureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMassPressure'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+1 M-2 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+1 M-2 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+1 M-2 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMassPressure'.

Heap
type: Class
comment: A heap class H (subclass of Heap) is defined by choosing a reference type φ, with H subclass of φ, so that each H entity has non overlapping φ parts.
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have at least two non overlapping proper parts of the same type of the whole.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have at least two non overlapping proper parts of the same type of the whole.

SMILESReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: OpenSMILES is an open specification of the SMILE language for specifying molecular structures, which has become a defacto standard for exchange of molecular structures.
comment: OpenSMILES representation of a molecular structure.
sub property of: seeAlso
elucidation: OpenSMILES representation of a molecular structure.
wikipediaReference: Simplified molecular-input line-entry system

DissociationConstant
type: Class
comment: Ratio of the number of dissociated molecules of a specified type to the total number of dissolved molecules of this type.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898254
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: Ratio of the number of dissociated molecules of a specified type to the total number of dissolved molecules of this type.

NeutronNumber
type: Class
comment: Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number.
comment: Number of neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970319
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-1.2
elucidation: Number of neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_number
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04119

hasInterval
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process whole and a temporal part of the same type.
elucidation: The relation between a process whole and a temporal part of the same type.

ActivityOfSolvent
type: Class
comment: For a solvent in a solution, quotient of the absolute activity and that of the pure substance at the same temperature and pressure.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89486193
ISO80000Reference: 9-27.1
elucidation: For a solvent in a solution, quotient of the absolute activity and that of the pure substance at the same temperature and pressure.

LengthTimePerMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimePerMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimePerMass'.

LongRangeOrderParameter
type: Class
comment: Fraction of atoms in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Long-RangeOrderParameter
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105496124
ISO80000Reference: 12-5.2
elucidation: Fraction of atoms in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction.

isRemovedFrom
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O1 and a object O2 that proper overlap, where the non overapping part of O2 is caused by O1.
elucidation: The relation between an object O1 and a object O2 that proper overlap, where the non overapping part of O2 is caused by O1.

Shape3Vector
type: Class
comment: A real vector with 3 elements.
example: The quantity value of physical quantities if real space is a Shape3Vector.
elucidation: A real vector with 3 elements.

MatrixData
type: Class
comment: The datatype for bidimensional arrays.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: SubClassOf: hasSpatialTile some VectorData
elucidation: The datatype for bidimensional arrays.

MassPerQuarticTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerQuarticTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerQuarticTime'.

Flanging
type: Class

Electroplating
type: Class

gets
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O1 that proper overlaps an object O2, where the non-overlapping part of O2 causes O1.
elucidation: The relation between an object O1 that proper overlaps an object O2, where the non-overlapping part of O2 causes O1.

IonNumberDensity
type: Class
comment: Number of ions per volume.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: IonDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98831218
ISO80000Reference: 10-62.2
elucidation: Number of ions per volume.

InternalTask
type: Class
comment: A generic task in a workflow, that is not the begin or the end.
elucidation: A generic task in a workflow, that is not the begin or the end.

ScalarMeson
type: Class
comment: A meson with spin zero and even parity.
elucidation: A meson with spin zero and even parity.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_meson

MassLengthPerCubicTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassLengthPerCubicTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassLengthPerCubicTime'.

hasFragment
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between two individuals representing a collection and a non-maximal proper part, meaning the the latter is connected with the rest of the whole.
elucidation: The relation between two individuals representing a collection and a non-maximal proper part, meaning the the latter is connected with the rest of the whole.

ucumCode
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) is a code system intended to include all units of measures being contemporarily used in international science, engineering, and business. The purpose is to facilitate unambiguous electronic communication of quantities together with their units.
comment: Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM).
range: string
elucidation: Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM).

ThermalResistivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalResistivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-1 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-1 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-1 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalResistivity'.

StandardAbsoluteActivityOfMixture
type: Class
comment: For a substance in a mixture, the absolute activity of the pure substance at the same temperature but at standard pressure.
alternative label: StandardAbsoluteActivity
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/StandardAbsoluteActivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89406159
ISO80000Reference: 9-23
elucidation: For a substance in a mixture, the absolute activity of the pure substance at the same temperature but at standard pressure.

BetaDisintegrationEnergy
type: Class
comment: Sum of the maximum beta-particle kinetic energy and the recoil energy of the atom produced in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98148340
ISO80000Reference: 10-34
elucidation: Sum of the maximum beta-particle kinetic energy and the recoil energy of the atom produced in a reference frame in which the emitting nucleus is at rest before its disintegration.

SolidAngularMeasure
type: Class
comment: Measure of a conical geometric figure, called solid angle, formed by all rays, originating from a common point, called the vertex of the solid angle, and passing through the points of a closed, non-self-intersecting curve in space considered as the border of a surface.
alternative label: SolidAngle
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SolidAngle
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208476
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Solid_angle
ISO80000Reference: 3-8
elucidation: Measure of a conical geometric figure, called solid angle, formed by all rays, originating from a common point, called the vertex of the solid angle, and passing through the points of a closed, non-self-intersecting curve in space considered as the border of a surface.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_angle

CubicElectricChargeLengthPerSquareEnergyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'CubicElectricChargeLengthPerSquareEnergy'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+7 L-3 M-2 I+3 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+7 L-3 M-2 I+3 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+7 L-3 M-2 I+3 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'CubicElectricChargeLengthPerSquareEnergy'.

ThermalUtilizationFactor
type: Class
comment: In an infinite medium, the quotient of the number of thermal neutrons absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified, and the total number of thermal neutrons absorbed.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermalUtilizationFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99197650
ISO80000Reference: 10-76
elucidation: In an infinite medium, the quotient of the number of thermal neutrons absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified, and the total number of thermal neutrons absorbed.

C
type: Class

PowerPerAreaVolumeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerPerAreaVolume'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerPerAreaVolume'.

ChipboardManufacturing
type: Class

MeanMassRange
type: Class
comment: Product of the mean linear range R and the mass density ρ of the material.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MeanMassRange
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98681670
ISO80000Reference: 10-57
elucidation: Product of the mean linear range R and the mass density ρ of the material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03783

RotationalFrequency
type: Class
comment: Magnitude of the angular velocity ω divided by the angle 2π, thus n = |ω|/2π.
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-17.2
elucidation: Magnitude of the angular velocity ω divided by the angle 2π, thus n = |ω|/2π.

OrbitalAngularMomentumQuantumNumber
type: Class
comment: Atomic quantum number related to the orbital angular momentum l of a one-electron state.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/OrbitalAngularMomentumQuantumNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916324
ISO80000Reference: 10-13.3
elucidation: Atomic quantum number related to the orbital angular momentum l of a one-electron state.

BlowMolding
type: Class

PrincipalQuantumNumber
type: Class
comment: Atomic quantum number related to the number n−1 of radial nodes of one-electron wave functions.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PrincipalQuantumNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867448
ISO80000Reference: 10-13.2
elucidation: Atomic quantum number related to the number n−1 of radial nodes of one-electron wave functions.

SecondPolarMomentOfArea
type: Class
comment: A geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SecondPolarMomentOfArea
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049636
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-21.2
elucidation: A geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.

PseudovectorMeson
type: Class
comment: A meson with total spin 1 and even parity.
elucidation: A meson with total spin 1 and even parity.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovector_meson

Solubility
type: Class
comment: The analytical composition of a saturated solution, expressed in terms of the proportion of a designated solute in a designated solvent, is the solubility of that solute.
comment: The solubility may be expressed as a concentration, molality, mole fraction, mole ratio, etc.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170731
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: The analytical composition of a saturated solution, expressed in terms of the proportion of a designated solute in a designated solvent, is the solubility of that solute.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05740

Point
type: Class
comment: A zero-manifold of only one point.
elucidation: A zero-manifold of only one point.

LorenzCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Quotient of thermal conductivity, and the product of electric conductivity and thermodynamic temperature.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: LorenzNumber
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LorenzCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105728754
ISO80000Reference: 12-18
elucidation: Quotient of thermal conductivity, and the product of electric conductivity and thermodynamic temperature.

InspectionDevice
type: Class

Gel
type: Class
comment: A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.
elucidation: A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.

ConfigurationLanguage
type: Class
comment: A construction language used to write configuration files.
example: .ini files
example: Files in the standard .config directory on Unix systems.
elucidation: A construction language used to write configuration files.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_file#Configuration_languages

AffinityOfAChemicalReaction
type: Class
comment: Describes elements' or compounds' readiness to form bonds.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ChemicalAffinity
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ChemicalAffinity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382783
ISO80000Reference: 9-30
elucidation: Describes elements' or compounds' readiness to form bonds.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00178

Porosity
type: Class
comment: Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04762

ThermodynamicCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
type: Class
comment: The magnetic flux density for disappearance of superconductivity in a type I superconductor.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermodynamicCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106103200
ISO80000Reference: 12-36.1
elucidation: The magnetic flux density for disappearance of superconductivity in a type I superconductor.

RelativeMassExcess
type: Class
comment: Quotient of mass excess and the unified atomic mass constant.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RelativeMassExcess
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98038610
ISO80000Reference: 10-22.1
elucidation: Quotient of mass excess and the unified atomic mass constant.

POH
type: Class
comment: Written as pOH
comment: number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aOH- of the hydroxide anion OH- pH = −10 log(a_OH-)
elucidation: number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aOH- of the hydroxide anion OH- pH = −10 log(a_OH-)

ApplicationSpecificScript
type: Class
comment: A scripting language developed specifically for an application, so that it's usage and interpretation is limited in this context.
example: Scripting file for the execution of modelling software such as LAMMPS, OpenFOAM, or for general purpose platforms such as MATLAB or Mathematica.
elucidation: A scripting language developed specifically for an application, so that it's usage and interpretation is limited in this context.

ElectronAffinity
type: Class
comment: energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the lowest level of the conduction band in an insulator or semiconductor
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectronAffinity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105846486
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-25
elucidation: energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the lowest level of the conduction band in an insulator or semiconductor

AmountTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountTemperature'.

RelativeMassDensity
type: Class
comment: Mass density ρ of a substance divided by the mass density ρ0 of a reference substance, under conditions that should be specified for both substances.
alternative label: RelativeDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11027905
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-4
elucidation: Mass density ρ of a substance divided by the mass density ρ0 of a reference substance, under conditions that should be specified for both substances.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05262

DoseEquivalent
type: Class
comment: A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DoseEquivalent
ISO80000Reference: 10-83.1
elucidation: A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101

TemperatureTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureTime'.

UnifiedAtomicMassConstant
type: Class
comment: 1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12C in the ground state at rest.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817337
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-4.3
elucidation: 1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12C in the ground state at rest.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00497

SystemUnit
type: Class
comment: A unit that belongs to one or more unit systems.
elucidation: A unit that belongs to one or more unit systems.

SpecialUnit
type: Class
comment: A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
comment: Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
example: Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
elucidation: A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.

MagneticMoment
type: Class
comment: A vector quantity equal to the product of the current, the loop area, and the unit vector normal to the loop plane, the direction of which corresponds to the loop orientation
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MagneticAreaMoment
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticMoment
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242657
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-23
elucidation: A vector quantity equal to the product of the current, the loop area, and the unit vector normal to the loop plane, the direction of which corresponds to the loop orientation
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03688

BohrRadius
type: Class
comment: Radius of the electron orbital in the hydrogen atom in its ground state in the Bohr model of the atom.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/constant/BohrRadius
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652571
ISO80000Reference: 10-6
elucidation: Radius of the electron orbital in the hydrogen atom in its ground state in the Bohr model of the atom.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00693

EffectiveMass
type: Class
comment: The mass that it seems to have when responding to forces, or the mass that it seems to have when interacting with other identical particles in a thermal distribution.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/EffectiveMass
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064434
ISO80000Reference: 12-30
elucidation: The mass that it seems to have when responding to forces, or the mass that it seems to have when interacting with other identical particles in a thermal distribution.

ParticleConcentration
type: Class
comment: Number of particles of a given species per volume.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39078574
ISO80000Reference: 9-9.1
elucidation: Number of particles of a given species per volume.

LengthMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthMass'.

hasJunctionPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The part is connected with the rest item or members with both hasNext (or its inverse) and hasContact relations.
alternative label: hasSpatioTemporalPart
elucidation: The part is connected with the rest item or members with both hasNext (or its inverse) and hasContact relations.

Enthalpy
type: Class
comment: Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Enthalpy
ISO80000Reference: 5.20-3
elucidation: Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02141

LarmonFrequency
type: Class
comment: Quotient of Larmor angular frequency and 2π.
ISO80000Reference: 10-15.2
elucidation: Quotient of Larmor angular frequency and 2π.

SolubilityProduct
type: Class
comment: For the dissociation of a salt AmBn → mA + nB, the solubility product is KSP = am(A) ⋅ an(B), where a is ionic activity and m and n are the stoichiometric numbers.
comment: Product of the ion activities of the ions resulting from the dissociation of a solute in a saturated solution, raised to powers equal to their stoichiometric numbers.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: SolubilityProductConstant
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11229788
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: Product of the ion activities of the ions resulting from the dissociation of a solute in a saturated solution, raised to powers equal to their stoichiometric numbers.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05742

ElectronDensity
type: Class
comment: Number of electrons in conduction band per volume.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectronDensity
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-29.1
elucidation: Number of electrons in conduction band per volume.

chemicalSymbolValue
type: DatatypeProperty

Emulsion
type: Class
comment: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
example: Mayonnaise, milk.
elucidation: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).

NonNuclear
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, but have no φ proper part that is part of other φ proper parts.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, but have no φ proper part that is part of other φ proper parts.

NumberOfEntities
type: Class
comment: Discrete quantity; number of entities of a given kind in a system.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614112
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 9-1
elucidation: Discrete quantity; number of entities of a given kind in a system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04266

MolecularFormula
type: Class
comment: An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Hydrogen peroxide is H2O2
elucidation: An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number.

hasSIQuantityValue
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Relates a physical quantity to its value specified as a string consisting of a numerical, a separator and a unit.
comment: Using hasSIQuantityValue is a convenient, but less semantic, alternative to specify value and unit of a physical quantity compared to using the 'hasNumericalPart' and 'hasReferencePart'/'hasMetrologicalReference' relations. The unit should be a valid, possible prefixed, derived SI unit.
sub property of: topDataProperty
example: Example showing how to specify the value of a physical quantity in turtle using hasSIQuantityValue: height1 a emmo:Height ; hasSIQuantityValue "3 cm"^^emmo:SIQuantityDatatype .
elucidation: Relates a physical quantity to its value specified as a string consisting of a numerical, a separator and a unit.

NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpereUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpere'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I-1 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I-1 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I-1 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'NewtonSquareMetrePerAmpere'.

LiquidSol
type: Class
comment: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.

ElementalSubstance
type: Class
comment: A chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
alternative label: PureSubstance
elucidation: A chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01022

Momentum
type: Class
comment: Product of mass and velocity.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Momentum
ISO80000Reference: 4-8
elucidation: Product of mass and velocity.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04007

ParticleEmissionRate
type: Class
comment: Differential quotient of N with respect to time, where N is the number of particles being emitted from an infinitesimally small volume element in the time interval of duration dt, and dt.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98153151
ISO80000Reference: 10-36
elucidation: Differential quotient of N with respect to time, where N is the number of particles being emitted from an infinitesimally small volume element in the time interval of duration dt, and dt.

StaticFrictionForce
type: Class
comment: Fhe force of friction on an object that is not moving.
alternative label: StaticFriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/StaticFriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q90862568
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.3
elucidation: Fhe force of friction on an object that is not moving.

affects
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P that through overlaps an object O.
elucidation: The relation between a process P that through overlaps an object O.

AverageLogarithmicEnergyDecrement
type: Class
comment: Average value of the increment of the lethargy per collision.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AverageLogarithmicEnergyDecrement.html
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940739
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-70
elucidation: Average value of the increment of the lethargy per collision.

hasServiceOutput
type: ObjectProperty

LengthTimeTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimeTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimeTemperature'.

ElectronMass
type: Class
comment: The rest mass of an electron.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ElectronMass
elucidation: The rest mass of an electron.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02008

isProcessOutputOf
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non overlapping part of P1 is caused by P2.
elucidation: The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non overlapping part of P1 is caused by P2.

NeutralAtom
type: Class
comment: A standalone atom that has no net charge.
elucidation: A standalone atom that has no net charge.

StandardAmountConcentration
type: Class
comment: Chosen value of amount concentration, usually equal to 1 mol dm−3.
alternative label: StandardConcentration
alternative label: StandardMolarConcentration
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88871689
ISO80000Reference: 9-12.2
elucidation: Chosen value of amount concentration, usually equal to 1 mol dm−3.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05909

Minus
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: -
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: -
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: -

ChemicalEntity
type: Class
comment: A chemical entity comprises the two different ways to represents matter: as single recognizable particle entity (molecular entity) and as a composition of particle entities (substance). This distinction is not well assessed in actual chemical nomenclature, in which an element name refers to both the pure elemental substance or the atom. In the EMMO we force the adoption of a more strict categorization based on mereotopology. The class Material hosts the subclasses for which a substance can be identified without necessarily considering its nature of molecule/atom or substance (e.g. hydrocarbon is the class of both hydrocarbon molecules or gases).

MaximumEfficiency
type: Class
comment: Efficiency of an ideal heat engine operating according to the Carnot process.
alternative label: CarnotEfficiency
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93949862
ISO80000Reference: 5-25.2
elucidation: Efficiency of an ideal heat engine operating according to the Carnot process.

CoherenceLength
type: Class
comment: Distance in a superconductor over which the effect of a perturbation is appreciable at zero thermodynamic temperature
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778793
ISO80000Reference: 12-38.2
elucidation: Distance in a superconductor over which the effect of a perturbation is appreciable at zero thermodynamic temperature

HotDipGalvanizing
type: Class
alternative label: Hot-dipGalvanizing

PlanckFunction
type: Class
comment: Ngative quotient of Gibbs energy and temperature.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PlanckFunction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76364998
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-23
elucidation: Ngative quotient of Gibbs energy and temperature.

ElectromagneticEnergyDensity
type: Class
comment: Arithmetic average of (electric field strength multiplied by electric flux density) and (magnetic field strength multiplied by magnetic flux density).
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: VolumicElectromagneticEnergy
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectromagneticEnergyDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77989624
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-33
elucidation: Arithmetic average of (electric field strength multiplied by electric flux density) and (magnetic field strength multiplied by magnetic flux density).

DebyeWallerFactor
type: Class
comment: Factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of the lattice vibrations.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Debye-WallerFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902587
ISO80000Reference: 12-8
elucidation: Factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of the lattice vibrations.

AreaTimeTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTimeTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTimeTemperature'.

Resolving
type: Class
comment: A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a sign, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation. Than the interpretant is resolved by the interpreter by identifying the referent, i.e. the entity for which the sign stands for according to the interpreter understanding.
example: Someone says: "Ketchup." (sign). I (interpreter) hear that, elaborate internally the perception by creating an internal representation (interpretant), and then reach for the ketchup bottle (referent).
elucidation: A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a sign, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation. Than the interpretant is resolved by the interpreter by identifying the referent, i.e. the entity for which the sign stands for according to the interpreter understanding.

ElectricFluxUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricFlux'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricFlux'.

Spray
type: Class
comment: A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
elucidation: A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.

ContinuousCasting
type: Class

PotentialEnergy
type: Class
comment: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PotentialEnergy
ISO80000Reference: 4-28.1
elucidation: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04778

ThermalDiffusionFactor
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the thermal diffusion ratio and the product of the local amount-of-substance fractions.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermalDiffusionFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96249629
ISO80000Reference: 9-40.2
elucidation: Quotient of the thermal diffusion ratio and the product of the local amount-of-substance fractions.

MassDefect
type: Class
comment: Sum of the product of the proton number and the hydrogen atomic mass, and the neutron rest mass, minus the rest mass of the atom.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassDefect
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26897126
ISO80000Reference: 10-21.2
elucidation: Sum of the product of the proton number and the hydrogen atomic mass, and the neutron rest mass, minus the rest mass of the atom.

MachineCell
type: Class
comment: A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.
comment: Is not simply a collection of machineries, since the connection between them is due to the parallel flow of processed parts that comes from a unique source and ends into a common repository.
elucidation: A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.

InjectionMolding
type: Class

MigrationArea
type: Class
comment: Sum of the slowing-down area from fission energy to thermal energy and the diffusion area for thermal neutrons.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MigrationArea
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98966325
ISO80000Reference: 10-72.3
elucidation: Sum of the slowing-down area from fission energy to thermal energy and the diffusion area for thermal neutrons.

Vapor
type: Class
comment: A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
elucidation: A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.

DropForging
type: Class

InorganicCompound
type: Class
comment: A chemical compound that is not organic.
elucidation: A chemical compound that is not organic.

isSignFor
type: ObjectProperty

LeakageFactor
type: Class
comment: One minus the square of the coupling factor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78102042
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-42.2
elucidation: One minus the square of the coupling factor

Admittance
type: Class
comment: Inverse of the impendance.
alternative label: ComplexAdmittance
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Admittance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214518
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Admittance
ISO80000Reference: 6-52.1
elucidation: Inverse of the impendance.

EnergyTimePerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyTimePerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyTimePerAmount'.

LuminousEfficacyOf540THzRadiation
type: Class
comment: Defines the Candela base unit in the SI system.
comment: The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.

Heteronuclear
type: Class
comment: A molecule composed of more than one element type.
example: Nitric oxide (NO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂).
elucidation: A molecule composed of more than one element type.

MetrologicalSymbol
type: Class
comment: A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.

AcousticQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-8.
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-8.

IEVReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: URL for the entry in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV).
sub property of: seeAlso
elucidation: URL for the entry in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV).

ModulusOfCompression
type: Class
comment: Measure of how resistant to compressibility a substance is.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: BulkModulus
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/BulkModulus
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900371
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-19.3
elucidation: Measure of how resistant to compressibility a substance is.

RestEnergy
type: Class
comment: E_0 = m_0 * c_0^2 where m_0 is the rest mass of that particle and c_0 is the speed of light in a vacuum.
comment: Product of the rest mass and the square of the speed of light in vacuum.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11663629
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-3
elucidation: Product of the rest mass and the square of the speed of light in vacuum.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_mass#Rest_energy

Command
type: Class
comment: A command must be interpretable by the computer system.
comment: An instruction to a computer system to perform a given task.
example: From a bash shell would e.g. `ls` be a command. Another example of a shell command would be `/path/to/executable arg1 arg2`.
comment: Commands are typically performed from a shell or a shell script, but not limited to them.

ParticlePositionVector
type: Class
comment: Position vector of a particle.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ParticlePositionVector
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105533324
ISO80000Reference: 12-7.1
elucidation: Position vector of a particle.

PowerFactor
type: Class
comment: Under periodic conditions, ratio of the absolute value of the active power P to the apparent power S.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PowerFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750454
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-58
elucidation: Under periodic conditions, ratio of the absolute value of the active power P to the apparent power S.

DiffusionCoefficientForFluenceRate
type: Class
comment: Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle fluence rate.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DiffusionCoefficientForFluenceRate
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98876254
ISO80000Reference: 10-65
elucidation: Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle fluence rate.

SpecificHelmholtzEnergy
type: Class
comment: Helmholtz energy per unit mass.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificHelmholtzEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76359554
ISO80000Reference: 5-21.4
elucidation: Helmholtz energy per unit mass.

hasCognised
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation connecting a recogniting interpreter to the "cognised" semiotic object in a cognition process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation connecting a recogniting interpreter to the "cognised" semiotic object in a cognition process.

hasChemicalComposition
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a substance to chemical composition.
comment: This property is often used to relate a substance directly to SingleComponentComposition indifiduals for each of its components.
example: This relation can be used to relate a material to a chemical composition quantity of one of its chemical species. For example, the amount of aluminium in substance subst:alloy1 can be expressed as: ```turtle subst:alloy1 a emmo:Substance ; emmo:hasChemicalComposition [ a emmo:SingleComponentComposition ; emmo:hasSpeciesPart [ a emmo:AluminiumSymbol ] ; emmo:hasQuantityPart [ a emmo:MassFraction ; hasSIQuantityValue "98.1 wt%"^^emmo:SIQuantityDatatype ] ] . ```
elucidation: Relates a substance to chemical composition.

HalfValueThickness
type: Class
comment: Thickness of the attenuating layer that reduces the quantity of interest of a unidirectional beam of infinitesimal width to half of its initial value.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Half-ValueThickness
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127526
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-53
elucidation: Thickness of the attenuating layer that reduces the quantity of interest of a unidirectional beam of infinitesimal width to half of its initial value.

MechanicalMobilityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MechanicalMobility'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MechanicalMobility'.

Assembled
type: Class
comment: A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.
elucidation: A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.

MeanDurationOfLife
type: Class
comment: Reciprocal of the decay constant λ.
alternative label: MeanLifeTime
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MeanLifetime
qudtReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758559
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-25
elucidation: Reciprocal of the decay constant λ.

PartialPressure
type: Class
comment: Hypothetical pressure of gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PartialPressure
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27165
ISO80000Reference: 9-19
elucidation: Hypothetical pressure of gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04420

Equals
type: Class
comment: The equals symbol.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: =
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: =
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: =
elucidation: The equals symbol.

hasCogniser
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation connecting an icon to a interpreter (cogniser) in a cognition process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation connecting an icon to a interpreter (cogniser) in a cognition process.

Ruby
type: Class

RelativeLinearStrain
type: Class
comment: Relative change of length with respect the original length.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LinearStrain
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990546
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-17.2
elucidation: Relative change of length with respect the original length.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03560

LengthPerCubeTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerCubeTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerCubeTime'.

SuperconductorEnergyGap
type: Class
comment: Width of the forbidden energy band in a superconductor.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SuperconductorEnergyGap
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106127898
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-37
elucidation: Width of the forbidden energy band in a superconductor.

PoyntingVector
type: Class
comment: Electric field strength multiplied by magnetic field strength.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PoyntingVector
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504186
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-34
elucidation: Electric field strength multiplied by magnetic field strength.

DiffusionCoefficientForParticleNumberDensity
type: Class
comment: Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle number density n.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98875545
ISO80000Reference: 10-64
elucidation: Proportionality constant between the particle current density J and the gradient of the particle number density n.

Guess
type: Class
comment: A guess is a theory, estimated and subjective, since its premises are subjective.
elucidation: A guess is a theory, estimated and subjective, since its premises are subjective.

ElectricFlux
type: Class
comment: Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the electric flux density D through a given directed surface S.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricFlux
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501267
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-17
elucidation: Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the electric flux density D through a given directed surface S.

ElementaryCharge
type: Class
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
comment: The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. It defines the base unit Ampere in the SI system.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElementaryCharge
ISO80000Reference: 10-5.1
elucidation: The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. It defines the base unit Ampere in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032

MomentOfIntertia
type: Class
comment: Scalar measure of the rotational inertia with respect to a fixed axis of rotation.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MomentOfInertia
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165618
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-7
elucidation: Scalar measure of the rotational inertia with respect to a fixed axis of rotation.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04006

NuclidicMass
type: Class
comment: Rest mass of a nuclide X in the ground state.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97010809
ISO80000Reference: 10-4.2
elucidation: Rest mass of a nuclide X in the ground state.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04258

SquareElectricPotentialPerSquareTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareElectricPotentialPerSquareTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-6 L+4 M+2 I-2 Θ-2 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-6 L+4 M+2 I-2 Θ-2 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-6 L+4 M+2 I-2 Θ-2 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareElectricPotentialPerSquareTemperature'.

ReciprocalMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalMass'.

RelativePermeability
type: Class
comment: Scalar quantity or tensor quantity equal to the absolute permeability divided by the magnetic constant.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectromagneticPermeabilityRatio
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77785645
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-27
elucidation: Scalar quantity or tensor quantity equal to the absolute permeability divided by the magnetic constant.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05272

LogarithmicDecrement
type: Class
comment: Product of damping coefficient and period duration.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399446
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-25
elucidation: Product of damping coefficient and period duration.

InfiniteMultiplicationFactor
type: Class
comment: In nuclear physics, the multiplication factor for an infinite medium.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InfiniteMultiplicationFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99440487
ISO80000Reference: 10-78.2
elucidation: In nuclear physics, the multiplication factor for an infinite medium.

Smoke
type: Class
comment: Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
elucidation: Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.

ElectricCurrentAssistedSintering
type: Class

SpecificActivity
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the mass m of that sample.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MassicActivity
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificActivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823748
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-28
elucidation: Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the mass m of that sample.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05790

SolidSol
type: Class
comment: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.
elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.

LinearDensityOfElectricCharge
type: Class
comment: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the length.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77267838
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-5
elucidation: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the length.

GasSolution
type: Class
comment: A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
equivalent class: Class
alternative label: GasMixture
elucidation: A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.

SourceVoltage
type: Class
comment: Voltage between the two terminals of a voltage source when there is no electric current through the source.
alternative label: SourceTension
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SourceVoltage
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185329
ISO80000Reference: 6-36
elucidation: Voltage between the two terminals of a voltage source when there is no electric current through the source.

AqueousSolution
type: Class
comment: A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
elucidation: A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.

ElectricChargeDensity
type: Class
comment: Electric charge per volume.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: VolumeElectricCharge
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricChargeDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69425629
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-3
elucidation: Electric charge per volume.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00988

isProcessInputOf
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

AmountPerMassTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMassTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMassTime'.

NeutronYieldPerFission
type: Class
comment: Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per fission event.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/NeutronYieldPerFission
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99157909
ISO80000Reference: 10-74.1
elucidation: Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per fission event.

EnergyDistributionOfCrossSection
type: Class
comment: Differential quotient of the cross section for a process and the energy of the scattered particle.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpectralCrossSection
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98267245
ISO80000Reference: 10-40
elucidation: Differential quotient of the cross section for a process and the energy of the scattered particle.

NanoMaterial
type: Class
comment: Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm
elucidation: Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm

EnergyImparted
type: Class
comment: Sum of energies deposited by ionizing radiation in a given volume.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/EnergyImparted
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99526944
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-80.1
elucidation: Sum of energies deposited by ionizing radiation in a given volume.

MultiParticlePath
type: Class
comment: A chausal path whose quantum parts belongs to at least two different standard model fundamental types.
comment: An multi-particle path is a causal path of quantum entities of different type, following the causal connection between an initial quantum up to the final one, regardless on the fact that causality is passing through elementary particles of different types. For example, a path starting from an elementary photon, then through the electron with which it scatter, and then trough a positron with which the electron collides.
conceptualisation: An multi-particle path is a causal path of quantum entities of different type, following the causal connection between an initial quantum up to the final one, regardless on the fact that causality is passing through elementary particles of different types. For example, a path starting from an elementary photon, then through the electron with which it scatter, and then trough a positron with which the electron collides.
elucidation: A chausal path whose quantum parts belongs to at least two different standard model fundamental types.

ModulusOfAdmittance
type: Class
comment: Apparent admittance is often denoted by Y .
comment: quotient of the rms value of the electric current in a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit by the rms value of the voltage between its terminals.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ModulusOfAdmittance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79466359
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-52.4
elucidation: quotient of the rms value of the electric current in a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit by the rms value of the voltage between its terminals.

UnitOne
type: Class
comment: "The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically." -- SI Brochure
comment: Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
alternative label: Unitless
example: Refractive index or volume fraction.
example: Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS
definition: Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
elucidation: "The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically." -- SI Brochure

RefractiveIndex
type: Class
comment: Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RefractiveIndex
elucidation: Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05240

EuclideanSpace
type: Class
comment: A three-manifold with Euclidean metric.
elucidation: A three-manifold with Euclidean metric.

MassSquareTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassSquareTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassSquareTime'.

NucleonNumber
type: Class
comment: number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus
alternative label: MassNumber
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/NucleonNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101395
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_number
ISO80000Reference: 10-1.3
elucidation: number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_number
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03726

RatioOfSpecificHeatCapacities
type: Class
comment: Ratio of specific heat capacity at constant pressure cp to specific heat capacity at constant volume cV, thus γ = cp/cV.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/HeatCapacityRatio
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503869
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-17.1
elucidation: Ratio of specific heat capacity at constant pressure cp to specific heat capacity at constant volume cV, thus γ = cp/cV.

WaveVector
type: Class
comment: Vector k in the expression ω t−k⋅r+ϑ0 of the phase of a sinusoidal wave.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657009
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-21
elucidation: Vector k in the expression ω t−k⋅r+ϑ0 of the phase of a sinusoidal wave.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_vector

EquilibriumPositionVector
type: Class
comment: In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion in equilibrium.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/EquilibriumPositionVectorOfIon
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105533477
ISO80000Reference: 12-7.2
elucidation: In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion in equilibrium.

TotalCurrent
type: Class
comment: Sum of electric current and displacement current
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/TotalCurrent
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77679732
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-19.2
elucidation: Sum of electric current and displacement current

VacuumElectricPermittivity
type: Class
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
comment: The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
alternative label: PermittivityOfVacuum
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/PermittivityOfVacuum
ISO80000Reference: 6-14.1
elucidation: The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04508

PerLengthTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLengthTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLengthTemperature'.

ActiveEnergy
type: Class
comment: The integral over a time interval of the instantaneous power.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ActiveEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79813678
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-62
elucidation: The integral over a time interval of the instantaneous power.

RelativeHumidity
type: Class
comment: Ratio of the partial pressure p of water vapour in moist air to its partial pressure psat at saturation, at the same temperature φ = p/psat.
comment: The relative humidity is often expressed in per cent.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RelativeHumidity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2499617
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-33
elucidation: Ratio of the partial pressure p of water vapour in moist air to its partial pressure psat at saturation, at the same temperature φ = p/psat.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity#Relative_humidity

Work
type: Class
comment: Product of force and displacement.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Work
ISO80000Reference: 4-28.4
elucidation: Product of force and displacement.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06684

ModulusOfElasticity
type: Class
comment: Mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: YoungsModulus
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091584
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-19.1
elucidation: Mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03966

hasIterativeTask
type: ObjectProperty

hasSerialTask
type: ObjectProperty

ElectricPolarization
type: Class
comment: At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the electric dipole moment p of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricPolarization
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050425
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-7
elucidation: At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the electric dipole moment p of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.

CPlusPlus
type: Class
comment: A language object respecting the syntactic rules of C++.
alternative label: C++
elucidation: A language object respecting the syntactic rules of C++.

PowderCoating
type: Class

RecombinationCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Coefficient in the law of recombination,
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RecombinationCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98842099
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-63
elucidation: Coefficient in the law of recombination,

DebyeAngularFrequency
type: Class
comment: Cut-off angular frequency in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DebyeAngularFrequency
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105580986
ISO80000Reference: 12-10
elucidation: Cut-off angular frequency in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.

MassChangeRate
type: Class
comment: Mass increment per time.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92020547
ISO80000Reference: 4-30.3
elucidation: Mass increment per time.

MesoscopicSubstance
type: Class

GrowingCrystal
type: Class

CelsiusTemperature
type: Class
comment: An objective comparative measure of hot or cold. Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CelciusTemperature
ISO80000Reference: 5-2
elucidation: An objective comparative measure of hot or cold. Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06261

TemperatureAreaPerMassTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureAreaPerMassTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureAreaPerMassTime'.

TemperatureMassPerAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureMassPerArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperatureMassPerArea'.

StandardEquilibriumConstant
type: Class
comment: Constant of a chemical reaction. It is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change.
alternative label: ThermodynamicEquilibriumConstant
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95993378
ISO80000Reference: 9-32
elucidation: Constant of a chemical reaction. It is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05915

MagneticReluctance
type: Class
comment: Magnetic tension divided by magnetic flux.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Reluctance
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Reluctance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863390
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-39
elucidation: Magnetic tension divided by magnetic flux.

EmpiricalSimulationSoftware
type: Class
comment: A computational application that uses an empiric equation to predict the behaviour of a system without relying on the knowledge of the actual physical phenomena occurring in the object.
elucidation: A computational application that uses an empiric equation to predict the behaviour of a system without relying on the knowledge of the actual physical phenomena occurring in the object.

ElectricPotentialPerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerTime'.

BohrMagneton
type: Class
comment: Magnitude of the magnetic moment of an electron in a state with orbital angular momentum quantum number l=1 due to its orbital motion.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737120
ISO80000Reference: 10-9.2
elucidation: Magnitude of the magnetic moment of an electron in a state with orbital angular momentum quantum number l=1 due to its orbital motion.

VaporDeposition
type: Class

InverseSquareMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'InverseSquareMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'InverseSquareMass'.

FermiAnglularWavenumber
type: Class
comment: Angular wavenumber of electrons in states on the Fermi sphere.
alternative label: FermiAnglularRepetency
hidden label: FermiAnglularWaveNumber
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/FermiAngularWavenumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105554303
ISO80000Reference: 12-9.2
elucidation: Angular wavenumber of electrons in states on the Fermi sphere.

EmpiricalFormula
type: Class
comment: An expression that provide information about the element type of a compound and their relative ratio.
example: Hydrogen peroxide is HO
elucidation: An expression that provide information about the element type of a compound and their relative ratio.

CurieTemperature
type: Class
comment: Critical thermodynamic temperature of a ferromagnet.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CurieTemperature
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191073
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-35.1
elucidation: Critical thermodynamic temperature of a ferromagnet.

JosephsonConstantUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'JosephsonConstant'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'JosephsonConstant'.

LatentHeatOfPhaseTransition
type: Class
comment: Energy to be added to or removed from a system under constant temperature and pressure to undergo a complete phase transition.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106553458
ISO80000Reference: 9-16
elucidation: Energy to be added to or removed from a system under constant temperature and pressure to undergo a complete phase transition.

PerTemperatureTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTemperatureTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTemperatureTime'.

IsothermalConversion
type: Class

Theorisation
type: Class
comment: The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Theorization
elucidation: The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.

QuarticLengthPerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticLengthPerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticLengthPerTime'.

DonorDensity
type: Class
comment: Number of donor levels per volume.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DonorDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105979886
ISO80000Reference: 12-29.4
elucidation: Number of donor levels per volume.

MassFlow
type: Class
comment: At a point in a fluid, the product of mass density and velocity.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3265048
ISO80000Reference: 4-30.1
elucidation: At a point in a fluid, the product of mass density and velocity.

SlowingDownArea
type: Class
comment: In an infinite homogenous medium, one-sixth of the mean square of the distance between the neutron source and the point where a neutron reaches a given energy.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Slowing-DownArea
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98950918
ISO80000Reference: 10-72.1
elucidation: In an infinite homogenous medium, one-sixth of the mean square of the distance between the neutron source and the point where a neutron reaches a given energy.

dbpediaReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: URL to corresponding dpbedia entry.
range: anyURI
sub property of: seeAlso
elucidation: URL to corresponding dpbedia entry.

ParticleFluenceRate
type: Class
comment: Differential quotient of fluence Φ with respect to time.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ParticleFluenceRate
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98497410
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-44
elucidation: Differential quotient of fluence Φ with respect to time.

PhysicsEquationSolution
type: Class
comment: A function solution of a physics equation that provides a methods for the prediction of some quantitiative properties of an object.
comment: This must be a mathematical function v(t), x(t). A dataset as solution is a conventional sign.
example: A parabolic function is a prediction of the trajectory of a falling object in a gravitational field. While it has predictive capabilities it lacks of an analogical character, since it does not show the law behind that trajectory.
elucidation: A function solution of a physics equation that provides a methods for the prediction of some quantitiative properties of an object.

MagneticQuantumNumber
type: Class
comment: Atomic quantum number related to the z component lz, jz or sz, of the orbital, total, or spin angular momentum.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticQuantumNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2009727
ISO80000Reference: 10-13.4
elucidation: Atomic quantum number related to the z component lz, jz or sz, of the orbital, total, or spin angular momentum.

Uncoded
type: Class
comment: A conventional that provides no possibility to infer the characteristics of the object to which it refers.
subclass of: Restriction
example: A random generated id for a product.
elucidation: A conventional that provides no possibility to infer the characteristics of the object to which it refers.

AreaFractionUnit
type: Class
comment: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
example: Unit for solid angle.
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.

RichardsonConstant
type: Class
comment: Parameter in the expression for the thermionic emission current density J for a metal in terms of the thermodynamic temperature T and work function.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RichardsonConstant
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105883079
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-26
elucidation: Parameter in the expression for the thermionic emission current density J for a metal in terms of the thermodynamic temperature T and work function.

QuantumData
type: Class
comment: Data that are expressed through quantum mechanical principles, and that can have several values ​​/ be in several states in the same place at the same time (quantum superposition), each of them with a certain probability.
elucidation: Data that are expressed through quantum mechanical principles, and that can have several values ​​/ be in several states in the same place at the same time (quantum superposition), each of them with a certain probability.

hasJSONValue
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO JSON data entity.
range: JSON
elucidation: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO JSON data entity.

EnergyDensityOfStates
type: Class
comment: Quantity in condensed matter physics.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/EnergyDensityOfStates
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105687031
ISO80000Reference: 12-16
elucidation: Quantity in condensed matter physics.

TemperaturePerLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerLength'.

SurfaceActivityDensity
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the total area S of the surface of that sample.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SurfaceActivityDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98103005
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-30
elucidation: Quotient of the activity A of a sample and the total area S of the surface of that sample.

DiffusivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Diffusivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Diffusivity'.

LinkedFlux
type: Class
comment: Magnetic flux the integration area of which is such that magnetic field lines cross it in the same orientation more than once.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFlux
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4374882
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-22.2
elucidation: Magnetic flux the integration area of which is such that magnetic field lines cross it in the same orientation more than once.

IonicStrength
type: Class
comment: Charge number is a quantity of dimension one defined in ChargeNumber.
comment: For all types of ions in a solution, half the sum of the products of their molality b_i and the square of their charge number z_i.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/IonicStrength
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898396
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 9-42
elucidation: For all types of ions in a solution, half the sum of the products of their molality b_i and the square of their charge number z_i.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I03180

AngularReciprocalLatticeVector
type: Class
comment: Vector whose scalar products with all fundamental lattice vectors are integral multiples of 2pi.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularReciprocalLatticeVector
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105475278
ISO80000Reference: 12-2.1
elucidation: Vector whose scalar products with all fundamental lattice vectors are integral multiples of 2pi.

DirectionDistributionOfCrossSection
type: Class
comment: Differential quotient of the cross section for scattering a particle in a given direction and the solid angle around that direction.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularCrossSection
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98266630
ISO80000Reference: 10-39
elucidation: Differential quotient of the cross section for scattering a particle in a given direction and the solid angle around that direction.

MagneticPolarisation
type: Class
comment: Vector quantity equal to the product of the magnetization M and the magnetic constant μ0.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticPolarization
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-29
elucidation: Vector quantity equal to the product of the magnetization M and the magnetic constant μ0.

DebyeTemperature
type: Class
comment: The temperature at which the highest-frequency mode (and hence all modes) are excited.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DebyeTemperature
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3517821
ISO80000Reference: 12-11
elucidation: The temperature at which the highest-frequency mode (and hence all modes) are excited.

Cylinder
type: Class
comment: A 2-manifold with one unconnected boundary and two "faces".
elucidation: A 2-manifold with one unconnected boundary and two "faces".

MetrologicalConstruct
type: Class
comment: A symbolic construct used within the discipline of metrology.
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A symbolic construct used within the discipline of metrology.

RapidPrototyping
type: Class
comment: Application of additive manufacturing intended for reducing the time needed for producing prototypes.
elucidation: Application of additive manufacturing intended for reducing the time needed for producing prototypes.

NaturalMaterial
type: Class
comment: A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.
elucidation: A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.

DebyeAngularWavenumber
type: Class
comment: Cut-off angular wavenumber in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.
alternative label: DebyeAngluarRepetency
hidden label: DebyeAngularWaveNumber
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DebyeAngularWavenumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105554370
ISO80000Reference: 12-9.3
elucidation: Cut-off angular wavenumber in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid.

PlanckConstant
type: Class
comment: The quantum of action. It defines the kg base unit in the SI system.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/PlanckConstant
elucidation: The quantum of action. It defines the kg base unit in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685

AngularAcceleration
type: Class
comment: Vector quantity giving the rate of change of angular velocity.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularAcceleration
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_acceleration
ISO80000Reference: 3-13
elucidation: Vector quantity giving the rate of change of angular velocity.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_acceleration

SolidMixture
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

AreaSquareTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaSquareTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaSquareTime'.

LengthPerTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthPerTemperature'.

TransferMolding
type: Class

ElectricImpedance
type: Class
comment: Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
alternative label: Impedance
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Impedance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-51.1
elucidation: Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance

Broadcast
type: Class
comment: A mixed tiling in which a tile has next spatially connected tiles.
elucidation: A mixed tiling in which a tile has next spatially connected tiles.

isInterpreterFor
type: ObjectProperty

hasChemicalSpecies
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a substance to one of its chemical species.
elucidation: Relates a substance to one of its chemical species.

ApparentPower
type: Class
comment: RMS value voltage multiplied by rms value of electric current.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ApparentPower
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-57
elucidation: RMS value voltage multiplied by rms value of electric current.

SpontaneousProcess
type: Class
comment: A process that has no identifiable agent driving its occurence.
alternative label: NaturalProcess
elucidation: A process that has no identifiable agent driving its occurence.

FrequencyPerAreaTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'FrequencyPerAreaTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'FrequencyPerAreaTime'.

MassExcess
type: Class
comment: Difference between the mass of an atom, and the product of its mass number and the unified mass constant.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassExcess
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571163
ISO80000Reference: 10-21.1
elucidation: Difference between the mass of an atom, and the product of its mass number and the unified mass constant.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03719

LinearElectricCurrentDensity
type: Class
comment: Surface density of electric charge multiplied by velocity
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LinearElectricCurrentDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2356741
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-9
elucidation: Surface density of electric charge multiplied by velocity

MentalAgency
type: Class
comment: An intentional agency caused by the agent’s mental states and events.
comment: Mental states are strictly connected to the definition of mind, which is traditionally connected to high cognitive skills, such as the one provided by human beings brains.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An intentional agency caused by the agent’s mental states and events.

PhaseDifference
type: Class
comment: Under sinusoidal conditions, phase difference between the voltage applied to a linear two-terminal element or two-terminal circuit and the electric current in the element or circuit.
alternative label: DisplacementAngle
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97222919
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-48
elucidation: Under sinusoidal conditions, phase difference between the voltage applied to a linear two-terminal element or two-terminal circuit and the electric current in the element or circuit.

NonConvergent
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, and so that for every two distinct φ proper parts one is not part of the other.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, and so that for every two distinct φ proper parts one is not part of the other.

MechanicalEfficiency
type: Class
comment: Quotient of mechanical output and input power.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2628085
ISO80000Reference: 4-29
elucidation: Quotient of mechanical output and input power.

IsentropicExponent
type: Class
comment: For an ideal gas, isentropic exponent is equal to ratio of the specific heat capacities.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/IsentropicExponent
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75775739
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-17.2
elucidation: For an ideal gas, isentropic exponent is equal to ratio of the specific heat capacities.

GrandCanonicalPartionFunction
type: Class
comment: Sum of canonical partition function Z (NA,NB,…) for the given number of particles A, B, ... multiplied by absolute activities of particles A, B, ...
alternative label: GrandPartionFunction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/GrandCanonicalPartitionFunction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96176022
ISO80000Reference: 9-35.3
elucidation: Sum of canonical partition function Z (NA,NB,…) for the given number of particles A, B, ... multiplied by absolute activities of particles A, B, ...

ThermalInsulance
type: Class
comment: Reciprocal of the coefficient of heat transfer.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: CoefficientOfThermalInsulance
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermalInsulance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2596212
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-11
elucidation: Reciprocal of the coefficient of heat transfer.

MagneticDipoleMoment
type: Class
comment: For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as: W = g μ M B where g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density. -- ISO 80000
comment: Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B: ΔW = −μ · B
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticDipoleMoment
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-9.1
ISO80000Reference: 6-30
elucidation: Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B: ΔW = −μ · B
iupacReference: http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03688

AcceptorDensity
type: Class
comment: quotient of number of acceptor levels and volume.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AcceptorDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105979968
ISO80000Reference: 12-29.5
elucidation: quotient of number of acceptor levels and volume.

BondedAtom
type: Class
comment: A bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
comment: A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
comment: The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electronic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
comment: This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
elucidation: A bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.

InternalEnergy
type: Class
comment: A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
alternative label: ThermodynamicEnergy
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InternalEnergy
ISO80000Reference: 5.20-2
elucidation: A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I03103

NonActivePower
type: Class
comment: For a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit under periodic conditions, quantity equal to the square root of the difference of the squares of the apparent power S and the active power P.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/NonActivePower
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79813060
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-61
elucidation: For a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit under periodic conditions, quantity equal to the square root of the difference of the squares of the apparent power S and the active power P.

ResistanceToAlternativeCurrent
type: Class
comment: Real part of the impedance.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048490
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-51.2
elucidation: Real part of the impedance.

MobiusStrip
type: Class
comment: A 2-manifold with one unconnected boundary and one "face".
elucidation: A 2-manifold with one unconnected boundary and one "face".

MassTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassTemperature'.

LengthTimeCurrentUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimeCurrent'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTimeCurrent'.

Replica
type: Class
comment: An icon that not only resembles the object, but also can express some of the object's functions.
equivalent class: Class
example: A small scale replica of a plane tested in a wind gallery shares the same functionality in terms of aerodynamic behaviour of the bigger one.
example: Pinocchio is a functional icon of a boy since it imitates the external behaviour without having the internal biological structure of a human being (it is made of magic wood...).
elucidation: An icon that not only resembles the object, but also can express some of the object's functions.

SpecificEnthalpy
type: Class
comment: Enthalpy per unit mass.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificEnthalpy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21572993
ISO80000Reference: 5-21.3
elucidation: Enthalpy per unit mass.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy#Specific_enthalpy

VolumePerTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerTemperature'.

Torus
type: Class
comment: The simplest 2-manifold with genus 1.
elucidation: The simplest 2-manifold with genus 1.

CapacitancePerLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'CapacitancePerLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-1 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-1 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-1 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'CapacitancePerLength'.

Foaming
type: Class

ManufacturingDevice
type: Class
comment: A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.
elucidation: A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.

ReciprocalSquareEnergyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalSquareEnergy'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-4 M-2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-4 M-2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-4 M-2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalSquareEnergy'.

VolumePerSquareTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerSquareTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerSquareTime'.

MaterialByFunction
type: Class
alternative label: FunctionalMaterial

SurfaceTension
type: Class
comment: Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. -- QUDT
comment: The tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: 4-26
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SurfaceTension
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170749
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: The tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06192

SquarePressureTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquarePressureTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-2 M+2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-2 M+2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-2 M+2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquarePressureTime'.

NumericalData
type: Class
comment: Data that can be decoded under a quantitative schema and also associated with a graphical number symbols.
elucidation: Data that can be decoded under a quantitative schema and also associated with a graphical number symbols.

hasQuantityValue
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A conventional relation that relates a quantity to its quantity value.
elucidation: A conventional relation that relates a quantity to its quantity value.

EnergyAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+4 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+4 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+4 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyArea'.

ChemicalPotential
type: Class
comment: Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ChemicalPotential
ISO80000Reference: 9-17
elucidation: Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01032

ArithmeticExpression
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
example: 2+2

ElectricConductivityPerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductivityPerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductivityPerAmount'.

KineticFrictionFactor
type: Class
comment: Proportionality factor between the magnitudes of the kinetic friction force, and the normal component of the contact force.
comment: When it is not necessary to distinguish between dynamic friction factor and static friction factor, the name friction factor may be used for both. The dynamic friction factor µ is independent in first approximation of the contact surface.
alternative label: DynamicFrictionFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73695445
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-23.2
elucidation: Proportionality factor between the magnitudes of the kinetic friction force, and the normal component of the contact force.

generates
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O that proper overlaps a process P, where the non-overlapping part of P is caused by O.
elucidation: The relation between an object O that proper overlaps a process P, where the non-overlapping part of P is caused by O.

CollectiveAgency
type: Class
comment: Collective agency occurs when two or more individuals act as a group, in accordance with certain principles or procedures that constitute and organize the group.
comment: The group acting collectively is intended to be represented as an item, meaning that all members of the group should have had at least one causal interaction with another member. The collective action in fact is taken in accordance with certain principles or procedures that constitute and organize the group itself that requires implicitly a causal interaction between members.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Collective agency occurs when two or more individuals act as a group, in accordance with certain principles or procedures that constitute and organize the group.

LowPressureCasting
type: Class

MolarVolume
type: Class
comment: Volume per amount of substance.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MolarVolume
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487112
ISO80000Reference: 9-5
elucidation: Volume per amount of substance.

TotalAngularMomentumQuantumNumber
type: Class
comment: Quantum number in an atom describing the magnitude of total angular momentum J.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/TotalAngularMomentumQuantumNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141095
ISO80000Reference: 10-13.6
elucidation: Quantum number in an atom describing the magnitude of total angular momentum J.

LinearIonization
type: Class
comment: Differential quotient of q with respect to l, where q is the average total charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle over a path l, divided by the elementary charge.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LinearIonization
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98690755
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-58
elucidation: Differential quotient of q with respect to l, where q is the average total charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle over a path l, divided by the elementary charge.

Communicating
type: Class
comment: A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a referent, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation. Than the interpretant is communicated by the interpreter by the production of a sign, i.e. the entity that stands for the referent according to the interpreter.
example: I (interpreter) see an entity (referent) whose perception stimulates in me an internal representation (interpretant). Then I say: "Ketchup." (sign) with the intention of communicate externally something about that entity.
elucidation: A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a referent, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation. Than the interpretant is communicated by the interpreter by the production of a sign, i.e. the entity that stands for the referent according to the interpreter.

Radioactivity
type: Class
comment: Decays per unit time.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: RadioactiveActivity
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificActivity
elucidation: Decays per unit time.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00114

PhysicalBasedSimulationSoftware
type: Class
comment: A computational application that uses a physical model to predict the behaviour of a system, providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
elucidation: A computational application that uses a physical model to predict the behaviour of a system, providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.

ProtonMass
type: Class
comment: The rest mass of a proton.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ProtonMass
elucidation: The rest mass of a proton.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04914

MeanFreePathOfPhonons
type: Class
comment: average distance that phonons travel between two successive interactions
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PhononMeanFreePath
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105672255
ISO80000Reference: 12-15.1
elucidation: average distance that phonons travel between two successive interactions

ThermalConductivity
type: Class
comment: At a point fixed in a medium with a temperature field, scalar quantity λ characterizing the ability of the medium to transmit heat through a surface element containing that point: φ = −λ grad T, where φ is the density of heat flow rate and T is thermodynamic temperature.
comment: In an anisotropic medium, thermal conductivity is a tensor quantity.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermalConductivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487005
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Thermal_conductivity
ISO80000Reference: 5-9
elucidation: At a point fixed in a medium with a temperature field, scalar quantity λ characterizing the ability of the medium to transmit heat through a surface element containing that point: φ = −λ grad T, where φ is the density of heat flow rate and T is thermodynamic temperature.

Plus
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: +
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: +
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: +

ISO80000Reference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Corresponding item number in ISO 80 000.
sub property of: seeAlso
example: 3-1.1 (ISO80000 reference to length)
elucidation: Corresponding item number in ISO 80 000.

MeanFreePathOfElectrons
type: Class
comment: Average distance that electrons travel between two successive interactions.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectronMeanFreePath
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105672307
ISO80000Reference: 12-15.2
elucidation: Average distance that electrons travel between two successive interactions.

AbsorbedDose
type: Class
comment: Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AbsorbedDose
ISO80000Reference: 10-81.1
elucidation: Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00031

NuclearSpinQuantumNumber
type: Class
comment: Quantum number related to the total angular momentum, J, of a nucleus in any specified state, normally called nuclear spin.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/NuclearSpinQuantumNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97577403
ISO80000Reference: 10-13.7
elucidation: Quantum number related to the total angular momentum, J, of a nucleus in any specified state, normally called nuclear spin.

ElectricCurrentPhasor
type: Class
comment: A phasor is a constant complex number, usually expressed in exponential form, representing the complex amplitude (magnitude and phase) of a sinusoidal function of time. Phasors are used by electrical engineers to simplify computations involving sinusoids, where they can often reduce a differential equation problem to an algebraic one.
comment: A representation of current as a sinusoidal integral quantity using a complex quantity whose argument is equal to the initial phase and whose modulus is equal to the root-mean-square value.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCurrentPhasor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78514596
ISO80000Reference: 6-49
elucidation: A representation of current as a sinusoidal integral quantity using a complex quantity whose argument is equal to the initial phase and whose modulus is equal to the root-mean-square value.

MassFractionOfDryMatter
type: Class
comment: Quantity wd = 1 − wH2O, where wH2O is mass fraction of water.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassFractionOfDryMatter
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76379189
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-32
elucidation: Quantity wd = 1 − wH2O, where wH2O is mass fraction of water.

MassPerVolumeTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerVolumeTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerVolumeTime'.

Molds
type: Class

Proton
type: Class
comment: A positive charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
elucidation: A positive charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

EnergyLengthPerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyLengthPerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyLengthPerAmount'.

IsochoricHeatCapacity
type: Class
comment: Heat capacity at constant volume.
alternative label: HeatCapacityAtConstantVolume
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112187521
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-16.3
elucidation: Heat capacity at constant volume.

PoissonNumber
type: Class
comment: Ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
alternative label: PoissonsRatio
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190453
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-18
elucidation: Ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.

DynamicViscosity
type: Class
comment: The measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow when an external force is applied.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Viscosity
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DynamicViscosity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15152757
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-24
elucidation: The measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow when an external force is applied.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01877

MicrocanonicalPartitionFunction
type: Class
comment: Number of all quantum states consistent with given energy, volume, and external fields.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MicroCanonicalPartitionFunction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96106546
ISO80000Reference: 9-35.1
elucidation: Number of all quantum states consistent with given energy, volume, and external fields.

PeriodDuration
type: Class
comment: duration of one cycle of a periodic event
alternative label: Period
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Period
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642727
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-14
elucidation: duration of one cycle of a periodic event
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04493

HalfLife
type: Class
comment: Mean duration required for the decay of one half of the atoms or nuclei.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Half-Life
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98118544
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-31
elucidation: Mean duration required for the decay of one half of the atoms or nuclei.

RelativePressureCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Relative change of pressure with temperature at constant volume.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RelativePressureCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74761852
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-3.3
elucidation: Relative change of pressure with temperature at constant volume.

NonLeakageProbability
type: Class
comment: Probability that a neutron will not escape from the reactor during the slowing-down process or while it diffuses as a thermal neutron.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Non-LeakageProbability
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99415566
ISO80000Reference: 10-77
elucidation: Probability that a neutron will not escape from the reactor during the slowing-down process or while it diffuses as a thermal neutron.

Polynomial
type: Class
example: 2 * x^2 + x + 3

HeatFlowRate
type: Class
comment: Amount of heat through a surface during a time interval divided by the duration of this interval.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/HeatFlowRate
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12160631
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-7
elucidation: Amount of heat through a surface during a time interval divided by the duration of this interval.

ElectricChargeAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargeArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargeArea'.

ElectricReactance
type: Class
comment: The imaginary part of the impedance.
comment: The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
alternative label: Reactance
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Reactance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193972
ISO80000Reference: 6-51.3
elucidation: The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05162

AngularMeasure
type: Class
comment: The abstract notion of angle.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Angle
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357788
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-5
elucidation: The abstract notion of angle.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346

ElectricCurrentDensityPerTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentDensityPerTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentDensityPerTemperature'.

LevelWidth
type: Class
comment: In nuclear physics, quotient of the reduced Planck constant and the mean duration of life of an unstable particle or an excited state.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LevelWidth
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98082340
ISO80000Reference: 10-26
elucidation: In nuclear physics, quotient of the reduced Planck constant and the mean duration of life of an unstable particle or an excited state.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03507

MixingRatio
type: Class
comment: Ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air in a given volume of air.
comment: The mixing ratio at saturation is denoted xsat.
alternative label: MassRatioOfWaterVapourToDryGas
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76378940
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-30
elucidation: Ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air in a given volume of air.

ThomsonCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Quotient of Thomson heat power developed, and the electric current and temperature difference.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThomsonCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105801233
ISO80000Reference: 12-23
elucidation: Quotient of Thomson heat power developed, and the electric current and temperature difference.

NuclearPrecessionAngularFrequency
type: Class
comment: Frequency by which the nucleus angular momentum vector precesses about the axis of an external magnetic field.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97641779
ISO80000Reference: 10-15.3
elucidation: Frequency by which the nucleus angular momentum vector precesses about the axis of an external magnetic field.

AreaTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTime'.

TransportationDevice
type: Class

Painting
type: Class

MassPerCubicTimeQuarticTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerCubicTimeQuarticTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I0 Θ-4 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I0 Θ-4 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I0 Θ-4 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerCubicTimeQuarticTemperature'.

LogarithmicUnit
type: Class
comment: A logarithmic unit is a unit that can be used to express a quantity (physical or mathematical) on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function applied to the ratio of the quantity and a reference quantity of the same type.
comment: Note that logarithmic units like decibel or neper are not univocally defines, since their definition depends on whether they are used to measure a "power" or a "root-power" quantity. It is advisory to create a uniquely defined subclass these units for concrete usage.
example: Decibel
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/schema/qudt/LogarithmicUnit
elucidation: A logarithmic unit is a unit that can be used to express a quantity (physical or mathematical) on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function applied to the ratio of the quantity and a reference quantity of the same type.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_scale#Logarithmic_units

Luminance
type: Class
comment: A photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
comment: Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Luminance
elucidation: A photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03640

Degenerency
type: Class
comment: For a quantum level, the statistical weight of that level.
alternative label: Multiplicity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902301
ISO80000Reference: 9-36.2
elucidation: For a quantum level, the statistical weight of that level.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01556

OsmoticCoefficientOfSolvent
type: Class
comment: Quantity characterizing the deviation of a solvent from ideal behavior.
alternative label: OsmoticFactorOfSolvent
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/OsmoticCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5776102
ISO80000Reference: 9-27.2
elucidation: Quantity characterizing the deviation of a solvent from ideal behavior.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04342

AlgebraicEquation
type: Class
comment: An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s
subclass of: Restriction
example: 2 * a - b = c

SpeedOfLightInVacuum
type: Class
comment: The speed of light in vacuum. Defines the base unit metre in the SI system.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/SpeedOfLight_Vacuum
ISO80000Reference: 6-35.2
elucidation: The speed of light in vacuum. Defines the base unit metre in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854

File
type: Class
comment: In computing, a computer file is a resource for recording data on a computer storage device, primarily identified by its file path.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: In computing, a computer file is a resource for recording data on a computer storage device, primarily identified by its file path.

Capacitance
type: Class
comment: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ElectricCapacitance
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Capacitance
ISO80000Reference: 6-13
elucidation: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00791

Mobility
type: Class
comment: Quotient of average drift speed imparted to a charged particle in a medium by an electric field, and the electric field strength.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Mobility
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900648
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-61
elucidation: Quotient of average drift speed imparted to a charged particle in a medium by an electric field, and the electric field strength.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03955

PhaseSpeedOfElectromagneticWaves
type: Class
comment: Angular frequency divided by angular wavenumber.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectromagneticWavePhaseSpeed
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77990619
ISO80000Reference: 6-35.1
elucidation: Angular frequency divided by angular wavenumber.

IsothermalCompressibility
type: Class
comment: Quantity characterising the relative variation of volume with pressure at constant thermodynamic temperature.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/IsothermalCompressibility
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990696
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-5.1
elucidation: Quantity characterising the relative variation of volume with pressure at constant thermodynamic temperature.

SolidFoam
type: Class
comment: A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
example: Aerogel
elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a solid.

PhysicalLaw
type: Class
comment: A law that provides a connection between a property of the object and other properties, capturing a fundamental physical phenomena.
elucidation: A law that provides a connection between a property of the object and other properties, capturing a fundamental physical phenomena.

MassPerQuarticLengthTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerQuarticLengthTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-4 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-4 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-4 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerQuarticLengthTime'.

HoleDensity
type: Class
comment: Number of holes in valence band per volume.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/HoleDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105971101
ISO80000Reference: 12-29.2
elucidation: Number of holes in valence band per volume.

PressureFractionUnit
type: Class
comment: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two pressures.
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two pressures.

Presses
type: Class

CentreOfMass
type: Class
comment: In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.
comment: The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
elucidation: The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass

GaugePressure
type: Class
comment: Gauge pressure can be measured using a diaphragm sensor, where one side of the diaphragm is exposed to the pressure media that is to be measured, while the other side is exposed to the ambient atmospheric pressure.
comment: The pressure measured relative to the ambient atmospheric pressure.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109594211
ISO80000Reference: 4-14.2
elucidation: The pressure measured relative to the ambient atmospheric pressure.

Fugacity
type: Class
comment: Measure of the tendency of a substance to leave a phase.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Fugacity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898412
ISO80000Reference: 9-20
elucidation: Measure of the tendency of a substance to leave a phase.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02543

ConcreteOrPlasterPouring
type: Class

MolarConductivity
type: Class
comment: Conductivity per molar concentration of electrolyte.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MolarConductivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943278
ISO80000Reference: 9-45
elucidation: Conductivity per molar concentration of electrolyte.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03976

DateData
type: Class
comment: A data representing a date.
elucidation: A data representing a date.

FermiEnergy
type: Class
comment: In a metal, highest occupied energy level at zero thermodynamic temperature, where energy level means the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/FermiEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431335
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-27.1
elucidation: In a metal, highest occupied energy level at zero thermodynamic temperature, where energy level means the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02340

CompactMaterial
type: Class

HartreeEnergy
type: Class
comment: Energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/unit/E_h.html
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476572
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Hartree
ISO80000Reference: 10-8
elucidation: Energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02748

StructureFactor
type: Class
comment: Mathematical description in crystallography.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/StructureFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900684
ISO80000Reference: 12-5.4
elucidation: Mathematical description in crystallography.

PerLengthTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLengthTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLengthTime'.

PackingFraction
type: Class
comment: Quotient of relative mass excess and the nucleon number.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PackingFraction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98058276
ISO80000Reference: 10-23.1
elucidation: Quotient of relative mass excess and the nucleon number.

Learning
type: Class
comment: A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a referent, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation.The interpretant is not commmunicated to the external world, but kept in the internal representational space of the interpreter.
elucidation: A semiosis where the interpreter perceives a referent, that generates the interpretant as interpreter's internal representation.The interpretant is not commmunicated to the external world, but kept in the internal representational space of the interpreter.

VolumeFractionUnit
type: Class
comment: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
example: Unit for volume fraction.
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.

DippingForms
type: Class

hasDeduced
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation connecting a deducing interpreter to the "deduced" semiotic object in a deduction process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation connecting a deducing interpreter to the "deduced" semiotic object in a deduction process.

WorkFunction
type: Class
comment: Least energy required for the emission of a conduction electron.
comment: Work function is the energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the Fermi level in the interior of a substance.
alternative label: ElectronWorkFunction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783800
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-24.1
elucidation: Least energy required for the emission of a conduction electron.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02015

ElectrolyticDeposition
type: Class

AbsoluteHumidity
type: Class
comment: Mass of the contained water vapour per volume.
alternative label: MassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AbsoluteHumidity
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76378808
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-28
elucidation: Mass of the contained water vapour per volume.

Macromolecule
type: Class
comment: A polyatomic entity containing a very large number of atoms.
example: Protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
elucidation: A polyatomic entity containing a very large number of atoms.

isDeclarerFor
type: ObjectProperty

LatticeVector
type: Class
comment: translation vector that maps the crystal lattice on itself
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LatticeVector
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105435234
ISO80000Reference: 12-1.1
elucidation: translation vector that maps the crystal lattice on itself

DiffusionLength
type: Class
comment: In condensed matter physics, the square root of the product of diffusion coefficient and lifetime.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SolidStateDiffusionLength
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106097176
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-33
elucidation: In condensed matter physics, the square root of the product of diffusion coefficient and lifetime.

ShearStrain
type: Class
comment: Displacement of one surface with respect to another divided by the distance between them.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ShearStrain
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561704
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-17.3
elucidation: Displacement of one surface with respect to another divided by the distance between them.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05637

Division
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: /
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: /
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: /

DewPointTemperature
type: Class
comment: The corresponding Celsius temperature is denoted td and is also called dew point.
comment: Thermodynamic temperature at which vapour in air reaches saturation.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178828
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-36
elucidation: Thermodynamic temperature at which vapour in air reaches saturation.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01652

RybergConstant
type: Class
comment: The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/RydbergConstant
elucidation: The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05430

RelativeMassFractionOfVapour
type: Class
comment: Quotient of mass concentration of water vapour and mass concentration at its saturation ψ = r/rsat where r is mass ratio of water vapour to dry gas and rsat is the mass ratio of water vapour to dry gas at saturation of the same temperature.
ISO80000Reference: 5-35
elucidation: Quotient of mass concentration of water vapour and mass concentration at its saturation ψ = r/rsat where r is mass ratio of water vapour to dry gas and rsat is the mass ratio of water vapour to dry gas at saturation of the same temperature.

StructuralFormula
type: Class
comment: A graphical representation of a molecular structure showing the relative position in space of the atomic constituents and their bonds.
elucidation: A graphical representation of a molecular structure showing the relative position in space of the atomic constituents and their bonds.

DataBasedSimulationSoftware
type: Class
comment: A computational application that uses existing data to predict the behaviour of a system without providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
elucidation: A computational application that uses existing data to predict the behaviour of a system without providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.

ElectricPotentialPerAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerArea'.

ArithmeticEquation
type: Class
example: 1 + 1 = 2

ScalarMagneticPotential
type: Class
comment: Scalar potential of an irrotational magnetic field strength.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17162107
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-37.1
elucidation: Scalar potential of an irrotational magnetic field strength.

DieCasting
type: Class

AmountPerAreaTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerAreaTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerAreaTime'.

SubjectiveProperty
type: Class
comment: A quantity whos value that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community).
example: The measure of beauty on a scale from 1 to 10.
elucidation: A quantity whos value that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community).

Gyroradius
type: Class
comment: Radius of the circular movement of an electrically charged particle in a magnetic field.
alternative label: LarmorRadius
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194458
ISO80000Reference: 10-17
elucidation: Radius of the circular movement of an electrically charged particle in a magnetic field.

Folding
type: Class

FORTRAN
type: Class

Torque
type: Class
comment: Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.
comment: The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Torque
ISO80000Reference: 4-12.2
elucidation: The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06400

TimePerLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TimePerLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TimePerLength'.

DampingCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Inverse of the time constant of an exponentially varying quantity.
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-24
elucidation: Inverse of the time constant of an exponentially varying quantity.

isInternalRepresentationBy
type: ObjectProperty

NonNumericalData
type: Class
comment: Data that are non-quantitatively interpreted (e.g., qualitative data, types).
elucidation: Data that are non-quantitatively interpreted (e.g., qualitative data, types).

KineticEnergy
type: Class
comment: The energy of an object due to its motion.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/KineticEnergy
ISO80000Reference: 4-28.2
elucidation: The energy of an object due to its motion.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03402

IsobaricHeatCapacity
type: Class
comment: Heat capacity at constant pressure.
alternative label: HeatCapacityAtConstantPressure
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112187490
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-16.2
elucidation: Heat capacity at constant pressure.

hasURLValue
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URL data entity.
range: anyURI
elucidation: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URL data entity.

StandardUnit
type: Class
comment: A reference unit provided by a reference material. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
alternative label: ReferenceMaterial
example: Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l
elucidation: A reference unit provided by a reference material. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)

hasSimulatedObject
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a simulation to the object or system that is simulated.
elucidation: Relates a simulation to the object or system that is simulated.

MolarGasConstant
type: Class
comment: Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/MolarGasConstant
ISO80000Reference: 9-37.1
elucidation: Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02579

StyleSheetLanguage
type: Class
comment: A computer language that expresses the presentation of structured documents.
example: CSS
elucidation: A computer language that expresses the presentation of structured documents.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_language

LondonPenetrationDepth
type: Class
comment: Distance a magnetic field penetrates the plane surface of a semi-finite superconductor.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LondonPenetrationDepth
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3277853
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-38.1
elucidation: Distance a magnetic field penetrates the plane surface of a semi-finite superconductor.

MolarGibbsEnergy
type: Class
comment: Gibbs energy per amount of substance.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88863324
ISO80000Reference: 9-6.4
elucidation: Gibbs energy per amount of substance.

Python
type: Class

KnownConstant
type: Class
comment: A variable that stand for a well known numerical constant (a known number).
subclass of: Restriction
example: π refers to the constant number ~3.14
elucidation: A variable that stand for a well known numerical constant (a known number).

MolarHelmholtzEnergy
type: Class
comment: Helmholtz energy per amount of substance.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88862986
ISO80000Reference: 9-6.3
elucidation: Helmholtz energy per amount of substance.

ReciprocalAmountPerVolumeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalAmountPerVolume'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalAmountPerVolume'.

MarkupLanguage
type: Class
comment: A grammar for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text.
example: HTML
elucidation: A grammar for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language

AreaDensity
type: Class
comment: Mass per unit area.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SurfaceDensity
elucidation: Mass per unit area.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06167

MassConcentrationOfWater
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the mass of water in a three-dimensional domain, irrespective of the form of aggregation, by the volume of the domain.
comment: The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted wsat.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassConcentrationOfWater
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76378758
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-27
elucidation: Quotient of the mass of water in a three-dimensional domain, irrespective of the form of aggregation, by the volume of the domain.

ReactorTimeConstant
type: Class
comment: Duration required for the neutron fluence rate in a reactor to change by the factor e when the fluence rate is rising or falling exponentially.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ReactorTimeConstant
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99518950
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-79
elucidation: Duration required for the neutron fluence rate in a reactor to change by the factor e when the fluence rate is rising or falling exponentially.

StatisticalWeightOfSubsystem
type: Class
comment: Number of different microstates in a subsystem.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96207431
ISO80000Reference: 9-36.1
elucidation: Number of different microstates in a subsystem.

Gathering
type: Class
comment: A mixed tiling in which a tile is the next of spatially connected tiles.
elucidation: A mixed tiling in which a tile is the next of spatially connected tiles.

hasDatum
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a dataset to its datum.
elucidation: Relates a dataset to its datum.

hasPortion
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a object whole and its spatial part of the same type.
example: A volume of 1 cc of milk within a 1 litre can be considered still milk as a whole. If you scale down to a cluster of molecules, than the milk cannot be considered a fluid no more (and then no more a milk).
elucidation: The relation between a object whole and its spatial part of the same type.

Magnetization
type: Class
comment: At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the magnetic area moment m of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Magnetization
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-24
elucidation: At a given point within a domain of quasi-infinitesimal volume V, vector quantity equal to the magnetic area moment m of the substance contained within the domain divided by the volume V.

Circle
type: Class
comment: Self-connected one-manyfold.
elucidation: Self-connected one-manyfold.

HallCoefficient
type: Class
comment: The relation between electric field strength and current density in an isotropic conductor.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/HallCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q997439
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-19
elucidation: The relation between electric field strength and current density in an isotropic conductor.

SpecificHeatCapacityAtSaturatedVaporPressure
type: Class
comment: Specific heat capacity at saturated vaport pressure.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificHeatCapacityAtSaturation
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75775005
ISO80000Reference: 5-16.4
elucidation: Specific heat capacity at saturated vaport pressure.

VolumeFlowRate
type: Class
comment: Quantity equal to the volume dV of substance crossing a given surface during a time interval with infinitesimal duration dt, divided by this duration, thus qV = dV / dt-
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: VolumetricFlowRate
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/VolumeFlowRate
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-31
elucidation: Quantity equal to the volume dV of substance crossing a given surface during a time interval with infinitesimal duration dt, divided by this duration, thus qV = dV / dt-
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate

CarrierLifetime
type: Class
comment: Time constant for recombination or trapping of minority charge carriers in semiconductors
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CarrierLifetime
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5046374
ISO80000Reference: 12-32.2
elucidation: Time constant for recombination or trapping of minority charge carriers in semiconductors

RadiantEnergy
type: Class
comment: Mean energy, excluding rest energy, of the particles that are emitted, transferred, or received.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259526
ISO80000Reference: 10-45
elucidation: Mean energy, excluding rest energy, of the particles that are emitted, transferred, or received.

isPropertyFor
type: ObjectProperty

LarmonAngularFrequency
type: Class
comment: Angular frequency of the electron angular momentum vector precession about the axis of an external magnetic field.
ISO80000Reference: 10-15.1
elucidation: Angular frequency of the electron angular momentum vector precession about the axis of an external magnetic field.

MagneticFieldStrength
type: Class
comment: Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MagnetizingFieldStrength
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFieldStrength
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28123
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-25
elucidation: Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03683

Convergent
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, and so that for every two distinct φ proper parts one is part of the other.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type φ of the whole, and so that for every two distinct φ proper parts one is part of the other.

Illuminance
type: Class
comment: The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Illuminance
elucidation: The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02941

KinematicViscosity
type: Class
comment: Quotient of dynamic viscosity and mass density of a fluid.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/KinematicViscosity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15106259
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-25
elucidation: Quotient of dynamic viscosity and mass density of a fluid.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03395

Gradient
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ∇
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ∇
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ∇

PlasticModeling
type: Class

MassEnergyTransferCoefficient
type: Class
comment: For ionizing uncharged particles of a given type and energy, the differential quotient of Rtr with respect to l. Where Rtr is the mean energy that is transferred to kinetic energy of charged particles by interactions of the uncharged particles of incident radiant energy R in traversing a distance l in the material of density rho, divided by rho and R
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassEnergyTransferCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99714619
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-87
elucidation: For ionizing uncharged particles of a given type and energy, the differential quotient of Rtr with respect to l. Where Rtr is the mean energy that is transferred to kinetic energy of charged particles by interactions of the uncharged particles of incident radiant energy R in traversing a distance l in the material of density rho, divided by rho and R

VoltagePhasor
type: Class
comment: Complex representation of an oscillating voltage.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/VoltagePhasor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78514605
ISO80000Reference: 6-50
elucidation: Complex representation of an oscillating voltage.

DisplacementCurrent
type: Class
comment: Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the displacement current density JD through a given directed surface S.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DisplacementCurrent
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853178
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-19.1
elucidation: Scalar quantity equal to the flux of the displacement current density JD through a given directed surface S.

StaticFrictionCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Proportionality factor between the maximum magnitude of the tangential component of the static friction force and the magnitude of the normal component of the contact force between two bodies at relative rest with respect to each other.
comment: When it is not necessary to distinguish between dynamic friction factor and static friction factor, the name friction factor may be used for both.
alternative label: CoefficientOfStaticFriction
alternative label: StaticFrictionFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73695673
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-23.1
elucidation: Proportionality factor between the maximum magnitude of the tangential component of the static friction force and the magnitude of the normal component of the contact force between two bodies at relative rest with respect to each other.

SeebeckCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Measure of voltage induced by change of temperature.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SeebeckCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091448
ISO80000Reference: 12-21
elucidation: Measure of voltage induced by change of temperature.

hasURNValue
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URN data entity.
range: anyURI
elucidation: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URN data entity.

TotalIonization
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the total mean charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle along its entire path and along the paths of any secondary charged particles, and the elementary charge.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/TotalIonization
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98690787
ISO80000Reference: 10-59
elucidation: Quotient of the total mean charge of all positive ions produced by an ionizing charged particle along its entire path and along the paths of any secondary charged particles, and the elementary charge.

hasModelledProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined modelling procedure.
elucidation: Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined modelling procedure.

UnintentionalAgency
type: Class
comment: A process that does not have an active participation of an intentional agent driving it.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A process that does not have an active participation of an intentional agent driving it.

BeginTask
type: Class
comment: An initial task of a workflow.
comment: There may be more than one begin task, if they run in parallel.
elucidation: An initial task of a workflow.

SuperconductionTransitionTemperature
type: Class
comment: Critical thermodynamic temperature of a superconductor.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SuperconductionTransitionTemperature
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106103037
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-35.3
elucidation: Critical thermodynamic temperature of a superconductor.

JosephsonConstant
type: Class
comment: Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/JosephsonConstant
elucidation: Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.

MassRatioOfWaterToDryMatter
type: Class
comment: The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted usat.
comment: Ratio of the mass of water to the mass of dry matter in a given volume of matter.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76378860
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-29
elucidation: Ratio of the mass of water to the mass of dry matter in a given volume of matter.

VolumePerAmountTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerAmountTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerAmountTime'.

SpatialSequence
type: Class
comment: A monodimensional arrangement of tiles.
alternative label: Sequence
elucidation: A monodimensional arrangement of tiles.

AngularVelocity
type: Class
comment: Axial vector quantity describing the rotation around an axis, with magnitude ω=|dφ/dt|, where dφ is the plane angle change during the infinitesimal time interval with duration dt, and with direction along the axis for which the rotation is clockwise.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularVelocity
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_velocity
ISO80000Reference: 3-12
elucidation: Axial vector quantity describing the rotation around an axis, with magnitude ω=|dφ/dt|, where dφ is the plane angle change during the infinitesimal time interval with duration dt, and with direction along the axis for which the rotation is clockwise.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_velocity

CatalyticActivity
type: Class
comment: Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CatalyticActivity
elucidation: Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00881

CyclotronAngularFrequency
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the product of the electric charge of a particle and the magnitude of the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field, and the particle mass.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CyclotronAngularFrequency
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97708211
ISO80000Reference: 10-16
elucidation: Quotient of the product of the electric charge of a particle and the magnitude of the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field, and the particle mass.

RelativeVolumeStrain
type: Class
comment: Quotient of change of volume and original volume.
alternative label: BulkStrain
alternative label: VolumeStrain
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/VolumeStrain
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73432507
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-17.4
elucidation: Quotient of change of volume and original volume.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06648

SquareTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+2 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+2 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+2 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTemperature'.

StandardChemicalPotential
type: Class
comment: The value of the chemical potential under specified standard conditions (in the standard state).
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/StandardChemicalPotential
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89333468
ISO80000Reference: 9-21
elucidation: The value of the chemical potential under specified standard conditions (in the standard state).
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05908

PowerAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+4 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+4 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+4 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerArea'.

StandardAbsoluteActivityOfSolvent
type: Class
comment: For solvent A, standard absolute activity of the pure substance A at the same temperature and at a standard pressure.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89556185
ISO80000Reference: 9-27.3
elucidation: For solvent A, standard absolute activity of the pure substance A at the same temperature and at a standard pressure.

CondensedFormula
type: Class
example: An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number, together with simple information about the connectivity of its groups by using parenthesis or by goruping element names according to its molecular structure.

QuarticElectricDipoleMomentPerCubicEnergyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticElectricDipoleMomentPerCubicEnergy'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+10 L-2 M-3 I+4 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+10 L-2 M-3 I+4 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+10 L-2 M-3 I+4 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticElectricDipoleMomentPerCubicEnergy'.

MigrationLength
type: Class
comment: Square root of the migration area, M^2.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MigrationLength
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98998318
ISO80000Reference: 10-73.3
elucidation: Square root of the migration area, M^2.

CeramicSintering
type: Class

hasEndTile
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only ingoing temporal connections.
alternative label: hasTemporalLast
elucidation: The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only ingoing temporal connections.

ExposureRate
type: Class
comment: Time derivative of exposure.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ExposureRate
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99720212
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-89
elucidation: Time derivative of exposure.

TotalCurrentDensity
type: Class
comment: Sum of electric current density and displacement current density.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/TotalCurrentDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77680811
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-20
elucidation: Sum of electric current density and displacement current density.

ElementaryPhoton
type: Class
comment: A boson with spin of 1 that carries electromagnetism.
elucidation: A boson with spin of 1 that carries electromagnetism.

Activity
type: Class
comment: Number dN of spontaneous nuclear transitions or nuclear disintegrations for a radionuclide of amount N produced during a short time interval dt, divided by this time interval.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Activity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317949
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-27
elucidation: Number dN of spontaneous nuclear transitions or nuclear disintegrations for a radionuclide of amount N produced during a short time interval dt, divided by this time interval.
iupacReference: https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00114

LossAngle
type: Class
comment: Arctan of the loss factor
qudtReference: https://www.qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LossAngle
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20820438
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-55
elucidation: Arctan of the loss factor

LinearEnergyTransfer
type: Class
comment: Measure for the energy lost by charged particles per traversed distance, including only interactions up to a given energy.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LinearEnergyTransfer
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1699996
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-85
elucidation: Measure for the energy lost by charged particles per traversed distance, including only interactions up to a given energy.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03550

FiberReinforcePlasticManufacturing
type: Class

Magnetizing
type: Class

InternalConversionFactor
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the number of internal conversion electrons and the number of gamma quanta emitted by the radioactive atom in a given transition, where a conversion electron represents an orbital electron emitted through the radioactive decay.
alternative label: InternalConversionCoefficient
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InternalConversionFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6047819
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-35
elucidation: Quotient of the number of internal conversion electrons and the number of gamma quanta emitted by the radioactive atom in a given transition, where a conversion electron represents an orbital electron emitted through the radioactive decay.

LossFactor
type: Class
comment: Inverse of the quality factor.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LossFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79468728
ISO80000Reference: 6-54
elucidation: Inverse of the quality factor.

MassieuFunction
type: Class
comment: Negative quotient of Helmholtz energy and temperature.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassieuFunction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3077625
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-22
elucidation: Negative quotient of Helmholtz energy and temperature.

Tortuosity
type: Class
comment: Parameter for diffusion and fluid flow in porous media.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2301683
elucidation: Parameter for diffusion and fluid flow in porous media.

OrdinalQuantity
type: Class
comment: "Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
comment: "Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
example: Hardness Resilience
elucidation: "Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
VIMTerm: ordinal quantity

Irradiate
type: Class

HardeningByDrawing
type: Class

hasDescription
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a description in a declaration process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a description in a declaration process.

LaserCutting
type: Class

AmountPerVolumeTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerVolumeTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerVolumeTime'.

CeramicMaterial
type: Class

DisplacementVector
type: Class
comment: In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion relative to its equilibrium position.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DisplacementVectorOfIon
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105533558
ISO80000Reference: 12-7.3
elucidation: In condensed matter physics, position vector of an atom or ion relative to its equilibrium position.

HardeningByForging
type: Class

NuclearQuadrupoleMoment
type: Class
comment: z component of the diagonalized tensor of nuclear quadrupole moment, in the quantum state with the nuclear spin in the field direction (z).
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/NuclearQuadrupoleMoment
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97921226
ISO80000Reference: 10-18
elucidation: z component of the diagonalized tensor of nuclear quadrupole moment, in the quantum state with the nuclear spin in the field direction (z).

CouplingFactor
type: Class
comment: Ratio of the absolute value of the mutual permeance related to two circuit elements to the geometric average of their self-permeances.
alternative label: InductiveCouplingFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78101715
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-42.1
elucidation: Ratio of the absolute value of the mutual permeance related to two circuit elements to the geometric average of their self-permeances.

TemperaturePerSquareTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerSquareTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerSquareTime'.

ComplexPower
type: Class
comment: Voltage phasor multiplied by complex conjugate of the current phasor.
alternative label: ComplexApparentPower
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ComplexPower
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65239736
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-59
elucidation: Voltage phasor multiplied by complex conjugate of the current phasor.

Join
type: Class
comment: A tessellation in which a tile is next for two or more non spatially connected tiles.
elucidation: A tessellation in which a tile is next for two or more non spatially connected tiles.

Calendering
type: Class

wikipediaReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.
range: anyURI
sub property of: seeAlso
elucidation: URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.

Spin
type: Class
comment: Vector quantity expressing the internal angular momentum of a particle or a particle system.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Spin
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133673
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-10
elucidation: Vector quantity expressing the internal angular momentum of a particle or a particle system.

ModulusOfRigidity
type: Class
comment: Ratio of shear stress to the shear strain.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ShearModulus
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ShearModulus
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461466
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-19.2
elucidation: Ratio of shear stress to the shear strain.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05635

VolumicCrossSection
type: Class
comment: In nuclear physics, product of the number density of atoms of a given type and the cross section.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MacroscopicCrossSection
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MacroscopicCrossSection
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98280520
ISO80000Reference: 10-42.1
elucidation: In nuclear physics, product of the number density of atoms of a given type and the cross section.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03674

Extrusion
type: Class

EnergyFluence
type: Class
comment: In nuclear physics, incident radiant energy per cross-sectional area.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/EnergyFluence
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98538612
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-46
elucidation: In nuclear physics, incident radiant energy per cross-sectional area.

MassFractionOfWater
type: Class
comment: Quantity of dimension 1 equal to u/(1 + u), where u is mass ratio of water to dry matter.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassFractionOfWater
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76379025
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-31
elucidation: Quantity of dimension 1 equal to u/(1 + u), where u is mass ratio of water to dry matter.

FastFissionFactor
type: Class
comment: In an infinite medium, the ratio of the mean number of neutrons produced by fission due to neutrons of all energies to the mean number of neutrons produced by fissions due to thermal neutrons only.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/FastFissionFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99197493
ISO80000Reference: 10-75
elucidation: In an infinite medium, the ratio of the mean number of neutrons produced by fission due to neutrons of all energies to the mean number of neutrons produced by fissions due to thermal neutrons only.

VolumicTotalCrossSection
type: Class
comment: Product of the number density na of the atoms and the cross section σ_tot for a given type of atoms.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MacroscopicTotalCrossSection
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MacroscopicTotalCrossSection
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98280548
ISO80000Reference: 10-42.2
elucidation: Product of the number density na of the atoms and the cross section σ_tot for a given type of atoms.

ForceAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ForceArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ForceArea'.

StoichiometricNumberOfSubstance
type: Class
comment: For substance B, an integer number or a simple fraction, being negative for a reactant and positive for a product, occurring in the expression for a chemical reaction.
example: The factors 1/2 and 3/2 in the chemical reaction formula below are stoicheiometric mumbers of substance. (1/2)N2 + (3/2)H2 = NH3
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/StoichiometricNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95443720
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 9-29
elucidation: For substance B, an integer number or a simple fraction, being negative for a reactant and positive for a product, occurring in the expression for a chemical reaction.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06025

ElectronCharge
type: Class
comment: The charge of an electron.
comment: The negative of ElementaryCharge.
definition: The charge of an electron.
elucidation: The negative of ElementaryCharge.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01982

MultiplicationFactor
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the total number of fission or fission-dependent neutrons produced in the duration of a time interval and the total number of neutrons lost by absorption and leakage in that duration.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MultiplicationFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99440471
ISO80000Reference: 10-78.1
elucidation: Quotient of the total number of fission or fission-dependent neutrons produced in the duration of a time interval and the total number of neutrons lost by absorption and leakage in that duration.

isContributedBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

SquareCurrentQuarticTimePerMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareCurrentQuarticTimePerMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L0 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L0 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L0 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareCurrentQuarticTimePerMass'.

MolarEntropy
type: Class
comment: Entropy per amount of substance.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MolarEntropy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68972876
ISO80000Reference: 9-8
elucidation: Entropy per amount of substance.

AreaTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaTemperature'.

DoseEquivalentQualityFactor
type: Class
comment: Factor taking into account health effects in the determination of the dose equivalent.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DoseEquivalentQualityFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122099
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-82
elucidation: Factor taking into account health effects in the determination of the dose equivalent.

LengthTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LengthTemperature'.

DrawForms
type: Class

isPartakenBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O1 that through overlaps an object O2.
elucidation: The relation between an object O1 that through overlaps an object O2.

SquareLengthPerVoltageTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareLengthPerVoltageTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareLengthPerVoltageTime'.

StandaloneModelSimulation
type: Class
comment: A standalone simulation, where a single physics equation is solved.
elucidation: A standalone simulation, where a single physics equation is solved.

RelativeMassDefect
type: Class
comment: Quotient of mass defect and the unified atomic mass constant.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RelativeMassDefect
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98038718
ISO80000Reference: 10-22.2
elucidation: Quotient of mass defect and the unified atomic mass constant.

hasCharacterised
type: ObjectProperty

InversePermittivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'InversePermittivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-4 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'InversePermittivity'.

CASRN
type: Class
comment: Chemical Abstact Service registry number for a chemical substance from the American Chemical Society
example: Water is 7732-18-5
elucidation: Chemical Abstact Service registry number for a chemical substance from the American Chemical Society

Exposure
type: Class
comment: Absolute value of the electric charge of ions produced in dry air by X- or gamma radiation per mass of air.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Exposure
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336938
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-88
elucidation: Absolute value of the electric charge of ions produced in dry air by X- or gamma radiation per mass of air.

PorcelainOrCeramicCasting
type: Class

MaximumBetaParticleEnergy
type: Class
comment: Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted beta particle produced in the nuclear disintegration process.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MaximumBeta-ParticleEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98148038
ISO80000Reference: 10-33
elucidation: Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted beta particle produced in the nuclear disintegration process.

StandardAbsoluteActivityOfSolution
type: Class
comment: Property of a solute in a solution.
alternative label: StandardAbsoluteActivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89485936
ISO80000Reference: 9-26
elucidation: Property of a solute in a solution.

Riveting
type: Class

NeutronYieldPerAbsorption
type: Class
comment: Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per neutron absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/NeutronYieldPerAbsorption
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99159075
ISO80000Reference: 10-74.2
elucidation: Average number of fission neutrons, both prompt and delayed, emitted per neutron absorbed in a fissionable nuclide or in a nuclear fuel, as specified.

KermaRate
type: Class
comment: Time derivative of kerma.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/KermaRate
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99713105
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-86.2
elucidation: Time derivative of kerma.

Curvature
type: Class
comment: Inverse of the radius of curvature.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CurvatureFromRadius
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Curvature
ISO80000Reference: 3-2
elucidation: Inverse of the radius of curvature.

ComptonWavelength
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the Planck constant and the product of the mass of the particle and the speed of light in vacuum.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ComptonWavelength
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145377
ISO80000Reference: 10-20
elucidation: Quotient of the Planck constant and the product of the mass of the particle and the speed of light in vacuum.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_wavelength

Assignment
type: Class
comment: A estimation of a property by a criteria based on the pre-existing knowledge of the estimator.
example: The Argon gas in my bottle has ionisation energy of 15.7596 eV. This is not measured but assigned to this material by previous knowledge.
elucidation: A estimation of a property by a criteria based on the pre-existing knowledge of the estimator.

ElectricCurrentPerAmountVolumeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerAmountVolume'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I+1 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I+1 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I+1 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerAmountVolume'.

AssemblyLine
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
comment: Is not collection, since the connection between the elements of an assembly line occurs through the flow of objects that are processed.
elucidation: A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.

MeanLinearRange
type: Class
comment: Mean total rectified path length travelled by a particle in the course of slowing down to rest in a given material averaged over a group of particles having the same initial energy.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MeanLinearRange
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98681589
ISO80000Reference: 10-56
elucidation: Mean total rectified path length travelled by a particle in the course of slowing down to rest in a given material averaged over a group of particles having the same initial energy.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03782

LiquidFoam
type: Class
comment: A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.

FiberboardManufacturing
type: Class

LinearMassDensity
type: Class
comment: Mass per length.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: LinearDensity
alternative label: LineicMass
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LinearDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56298294
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-6
elucidation: Mass per length.

InChI
type: Class
comment: The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) textual identifier proposed by IUPAC to provide a standard encoding for databases of molecular information.
elucidation: The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) textual identifier proposed by IUPAC to provide a standard encoding for databases of molecular information.

Sphere
type: Class
comment: A standard 2-manifold with no unconnected boundaries.
elucidation: A standard 2-manifold with no unconnected boundaries.

FineStructureConstant
type: Class
comment: A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/FineStructureConstant
elucidation: A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02389

ThermalResistance
type: Class
comment: The name “thermal resistance” and the symbol R are used in building technology to designate thermal insulance.
comment: Thermodynamic temperature difference divided by heat flow rate.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermalResistance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899628
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-12
elucidation: Thermodynamic temperature difference divided by heat flow rate.

ReactivePower
type: Class
comment: Imaginary part of the complex power.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ReactivePower
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144613
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-60
elucidation: Imaginary part of the complex power.

CanonicalPartitionFunction
type: Class
comment: In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Partition functions are functions of the thermodynamic state variables, such as the temperature and volume. Most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy, entropy, and pressure, can be expressed in terms of the partition function or its derivatives. The partition function is dimensionless.
comment: Sum over quantum states of energy in a system in equilibrium.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CanonicalPartitionFunction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96142389
ISO80000Reference: 9-35.2
elucidation: Sum over quantum states of energy in a system in equilibrium.

MaterialByForceResponse
type: Class

VectorData
type: Class
comment: The datatype for monodimensional arrays.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: SubClassOf: hasSpatialTile some ScalarData
elucidation: The datatype for monodimensional arrays.

IonTransportNumber
type: Class
comment: Faction of electrical current carried by given ionic species.
alternative label: CurrentFraction
alternative label: TransferrenceNumber
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/IonTransportNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331854
ISO80000Reference: 9-46
elucidation: Faction of electrical current carried by given ionic species.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I03181
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06489

BurgersVector
type: Class
comment: Vector characterising a dislocation in a crystal lattice.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/BurgersVector
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623093
ISO80000Reference: 12-6
elucidation: Vector characterising a dislocation in a crystal lattice.

NewtonianConstantOfGravity
type: Class
comment: Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/NewtonianConstantOfGravitation
elucidation: Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02695

Assigned
type: Class
comment: An estimated that has been assigned by an agent.
example: Input parameter to a model that has been assigned by a modeller (agent).
elucidation: An estimated that has been assigned by an agent.

unitSymbolValue
type: DatatypeProperty

SquareTemperaturePerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTemperaturePerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ+2 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ+2 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ+2 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTemperaturePerTime'.

GrueneisenParamter
type: Class
comment: Describes the effect that changing the volume of a crystal lattice has on its vibrational properties, and, as a consequence, the effect that changing temperature has on the size or dynamics of the lattice.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q444656
ISO80000Reference: 12-14
elucidation: Describes the effect that changing the volume of a crystal lattice has on its vibrational properties, and, as a consequence, the effect that changing temperature has on the size or dynamics of the lattice.

Cementing
type: Class

MassNumber
type: Class
comment: Number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: AtomicMassNumber
alternative label: NucleonNumber
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassNumber
elucidation: Number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus.

NuclearRadius
type: Class
comment: Conventional radius of sphere in which the nuclear matter is included,
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/NuclearRadius
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3535676
ISO80000Reference: 10-19.1
elucidation: Conventional radius of sphere in which the nuclear matter is included,

ScalarData
type: Class
comment: A symbolic data that is not array data.
comment: Scalar data are primitive symbolic data that are not built up of other types of symbolic data.
elucidation: A symbolic data that is not array data.

AverageEnergyLossPerElementaryChargeProduced
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the initial kinetic energy Ek of an ionizing charged particle and the total ionization Ni produced by that particle.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AverageEnergyLossPerElementaryChargeProduced
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98793042
ISO80000Reference: 10-60
elucidation: Quotient of the initial kinetic energy Ek of an ionizing charged particle and the total ionization Ni produced by that particle.

MassPerSquareLengthSquareTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerSquareLengthSquareTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerSquareLengthSquareTime'.

VacuumMagneticPermeability
type: Class
comment: The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
comment: The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
alternative label: PermeabilityOfVacuum
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ElectromagneticPermeabilityOfVacuum
ISO80000Reference: 6-26.1
elucidation: The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.

TotalAngularMomentum
type: Class
comment: Vector quantity in a quantum system composed of the vectorial sum of angular momentum L and spin s.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/TotalAngularMomentum
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97496506
ISO80000Reference: 10-11
elucidation: Vector quantity in a quantum system composed of the vectorial sum of angular momentum L and spin s.

EnergyPerSquareMagneticFluxDensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyPerSquareMagneticFluxDensity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyPerSquareMagneticFluxDensity'.

MassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the mass of water vapour in moist gas by the total gas volume.
comment: The mass concentration of water at saturation is denoted vsat.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76378808
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: Quotient of the mass of water vapour in moist gas by the total gas volume.

PeltierCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Quotient of Peltier heat power developed at a junction, and the electric current flowing from substance a to substance b.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PeltierCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105801003
ISO80000Reference: 12-22
elucidation: Quotient of Peltier heat power developed at a junction, and the electric current flowing from substance a to substance b.

RotationalDisplacement
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the traversed circular path length of a point in space during a rotation and its distance from the axis or centre of rotation.
alternative label: AngularDisplacement
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3305038
ISO80000Reference: 3-6
elucidation: Quotient of the traversed circular path length of a point in space during a rotation and its distance from the axis or centre of rotation.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_displacement

Permeance
type: Class
comment: Inverse of the reluctance.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Permeance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77997985
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-40
elucidation: Inverse of the reluctance.

SpecificGibbsEnergy
type: Class
comment: Gibbs energy per unit mass.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificGibbsEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76360636
ISO80000Reference: 5-21.5
elucidation: Gibbs energy per unit mass.

CentrifugalCasting
type: Class

FlameCutting
type: Class

PlasmaCutting
type: Class

LuminousFlux
type: Class
comment: Perceived power of light.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LuminousFlux
ISO80000Reference: 7-13
elucidation: Perceived power of light.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03646

ExtentOfReaction
type: Class
comment: Difference between equilibrium and initial amount of a substance, divided by its stoichiometric number.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ExtentOfReaction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899046
ISO80000Reference: 9-31
elucidation: Difference between equilibrium and initial amount of a substance, divided by its stoichiometric number.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02283

GibbsEnergy
type: Class
comment: Type of thermodynamic potential; useful for calculating reversible work in certain systems.
alternative label: GibbsFreeEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334631
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-20.5
elucidation: Type of thermodynamic potential; useful for calculating reversible work in certain systems.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02629

Acceleration
type: Class
comment: Derivative of velocity with respect to time.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Acceleration
ISO80000Reference: 3-9.1
elucidation: Derivative of velocity with respect to time.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00051

ThermodynamicEfficiency
type: Class
comment: Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, expressed as the ratio of work done over thermal energy used.
alternative label: ThermalEfficiency
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermalEfficiency
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1452104
ISO80000Reference: 5-25.1
elucidation: Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, expressed as the ratio of work done over thermal energy used.

Dust
type: Class
comment: A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
elucidation: A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.

IlluminanceTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'IlluminanceTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'IlluminanceTime'.

RadiantFlux
type: Class
comment: The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RadiantFlux
elucidation: The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05046

Width
type: Class
comment: Length in a given direction regarded as horizontal.
comment: The terms breadth and width are often used by convention, as distinguished from length and from height or thickness.
alternative label: Breadth
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Width
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35059
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.2
elucidation: Length in a given direction regarded as horizontal.

SectionAreaIntegralUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SectionAreaIntegral'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+5 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+5 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+5 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SectionAreaIntegral'.

MagneticSusceptibility
type: Class
comment: Scalar or tensor quantity the product of which by the magnetic constant μ0 and by the magnetic field strength H is equal to the magnetic polarization J.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SUSCEPTIBILITY_MAG.html
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691463
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-28
elucidation: Scalar or tensor quantity the product of which by the magnetic constant μ0 and by the magnetic field strength H is equal to the magnetic polarization J.

ExchangeIntegral
type: Class
comment: constituent of the interaction energy between the spins of adjacent electrons in matter arising from the overlap of electron state functions
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ExchangeIntegral
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10882959
ISO80000Reference: 12-34
elucidation: constituent of the interaction energy between the spins of adjacent electrons in matter arising from the overlap of electron state functions

ElectricChargePerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerAmount'.

GyromagneticRatioOfTheElectron
type: Class
comment: Proportionality constant between the magnetic dipole moment and the angular momentum of the electron.
alternative label: GyromagneticCoefficientOfTheElectron
alternative label: MagnetogyricRatioOfTheElectron
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97543076
ISO80000Reference: 10-12.2
elucidation: Proportionality constant between the magnetic dipole moment and the angular momentum of the electron.

ElectronRadius
type: Class
comment: Radius of a sphere such that the relativistic electron energy is distributed uniformly.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2152581
ISO80000Reference: 10-19.2
elucidation: Radius of a sphere such that the relativistic electron energy is distributed uniformly.

ElectrolyticConductivity
type: Class
comment: Electric conductivity of an electrolyte.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectrolyticConductivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907564
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 9-44
elucidation: Electric conductivity of an electrolyte.

ShortRangeOrderParameter
type: Class
comment: fraction of nearest-neighbour atom pairs in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Short-RangeOrderParameter
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105495979
ISO80000Reference: 12-5.1
elucidation: fraction of nearest-neighbour atom pairs in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the opposite direction

MagnetomotiveForce
type: Class
comment: Scalar line integral of the magnetic field strength along a closed path.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagnetomotiveForce
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266982
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-37.3
elucidation: Scalar line integral of the magnetic field strength along a closed path.

SpeedFractionUnit
type: Class
comment: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
example: Unit for refractive index.
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.

SolidAngle
type: Class
comment: Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SolidAngle
ISO80000Reference: 3-6
elucidation: Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05732

Hypothesis
type: Class
comment: A hypothesis is a theory, estimated and objective, since its estimated premises are objective.
elucidation: A hypothesis is a theory, estimated and objective, since its estimated premises are objective.

SpecificInternalEnergy
type: Class
comment: Internal energy per unit mass.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificInternalEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76357367
ISO80000Reference: 5-21.2
elucidation: Internal energy per unit mass.

ArchetypeManufacturing
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing in which the product is a solid body with a well defined geometrical shape made from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: Urformen @de
alternative label: PrimitiveForming
elucidation: A manufacturing in which the product is a solid body with a well defined geometrical shape made from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.

DiffusionArea
type: Class
comment: One-sixth of the mean square distance between the point where a neutron enters a specified class and the point where it leaves this class.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DiffusionArea
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98966292
ISO80000Reference: 10-72.2
elucidation: One-sixth of the mean square distance between the point where a neutron enters a specified class and the point where it leaves this class.

Kerma
type: Class
comment: Kinetic energy released per mass.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Kerma
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1739288
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-86.1
elucidation: Kinetic energy released per mass.

MolarMass
type: Class
comment: Mass per amount of substance.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MolarMass
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145623
ISO80000Reference: 9-4
elucidation: Mass per amount of substance.

TransientLiquidPhaseSintering
type: Class

ReactionEnergy
type: Class
comment: In a nuclear reaction, sum of the kinetic energies and photon energies of the reaction products minus the sum of the kinetic and photon energies of the reactants.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ReactionEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98164745
ISO80000Reference: 10-37.1
elucidation: In a nuclear reaction, sum of the kinetic energies and photon energies of the reaction products minus the sum of the kinetic and photon energies of the reactants.

TransformationLanguage
type: Class
comment: A construction language designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that meets some specific goal.
example: Tritium, XSLT, XQuery, STX, FXT, XDuce, CDuce, HaXml, XMLambda, FleXML
elucidation: A construction language designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that meets some specific goal.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_language

MutualInductance
type: Class
comment: Given an electric current in a thin conducting loop and the linked flux caused by that electric current in another loop, the mutual inductance of the two loops is the linked flux divided by the electric current.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78101401
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-41.2
elucidation: Given an electric current in a thin conducting loop and the linked flux caused by that electric current in another loop, the mutual inductance of the two loops is the linked flux divided by the electric current.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076

Molality
type: Class
comment: quotient of the amount of substance nB of solute B by the mass m of the solvent: bB = nB / m.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: AmountPerMass
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172623
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 9-15
elucidation: quotient of the amount of substance nB of solute B by the mass m of the solvent: bB = nB / m.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03970

VonKlitzingConstant
type: Class
comment: Resistance quantum.
comment: The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/VonKlitzingConstant
definition: The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
elucidation: Resistance quantum.

LinearAttenuationCoefficient
type: Class
comment: In nuclear physics, fraction of interacting particles per distance traversed in a given material.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98583077
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-49
elucidation: In nuclear physics, fraction of interacting particles per distance traversed in a given material.

LinkedModelsSimulation
type: Class
comment: A chain of linked physics based model simulations, where equations are solved sequentially.
elucidation: A chain of linked physics based model simulations, where equations are solved sequentially.

SurfaceMassDensity
type: Class
comment: at a given point on a two-dimensional domain of quasi-infinitesimal area dA, scalar quantity equal to the mass dm within the domain divided by the area dA, thus ρA = dm/dA.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: AreicMass
alternative label: SurfaceDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907514
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-5
elucidation: at a given point on a two-dimensional domain of quasi-infinitesimal area dA, scalar quantity equal to the mass dm within the domain divided by the area dA, thus ρA = dm/dA.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06167

Attenuation
type: Class
comment: Decrease in magnitude of any kind of flux through a medium.
alternative label: Extinction
ISO80000Reference: 3-26.1
elucidation: Decrease in magnitude of any kind of flux through a medium.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00515

ClassicalData
type: Class
comment: Data that are expressed through classical physics mechanisms, having one value and one state, and being in the same place at the same time.
elucidation: Data that are expressed through classical physics mechanisms, having one value and one state, and being in the same place at the same time.

ElectricCurrentPerTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerTemperature'.

MolarEnthalpy
type: Class
comment: Enthalpy per amount of substance.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88769977
ISO80000Reference: 9-6.2
elucidation: Enthalpy per amount of substance.

TotalCrossSection
type: Class
comment: Sum of all cross sections corresponding to the various reactions or processes between an incident particle of specified type and energy and a target entity.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/TotalCrossSection
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98206553
ISO80000Reference: 10-38.2
elucidation: Sum of all cross sections corresponding to the various reactions or processes between an incident particle of specified type and energy and a target entity.

ElectricSusceptibility
type: Class
comment: Electric polarization divided by electric constant and electric field strength.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricSusceptibility
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598305
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-16
elucidation: Electric polarization divided by electric constant and electric field strength.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_susceptibility

hasCharacteriser
type: ObjectProperty

NumberOfTurnsInAWinding
type: Class
comment: Number of turns in a winding.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77995997
ISO80000Reference: 6-38
elucidation: Number of turns in a winding.

ModulusOfImpedance
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the rms value of the voltage between the terminals of a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit by the rms value of the electric current in the element or circuit.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ModulusOfImpedance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25457909
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-51.4
elucidation: Quotient of the rms value of the voltage between the terminals of a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit by the rms value of the electric current in the element or circuit.

SparkPlasmaSintering
type: Class

NeelTemperature
type: Class
comment: Critical thermodynamic temperature of an antiferromagnet.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830311
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-35.2
elucidation: Critical thermodynamic temperature of an antiferromagnet.

IonizationEnergy
type: Class
comment: Difference between energy of an electron at rest at infinity and a certain energy level which is the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/IonizationEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483769
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-24.2
elucidation: Difference between energy of an electron at rest at infinity and a certain energy level which is the energy of an electron in the interior of a substance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I03199

NonAgent
type: Class
comment: A participant that does not have an active role in driving the process.
elucidation: A participant that does not have an active role in driving the process.

SpecificEntropy
type: Class
comment: Quotient of entropy and mass.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificEntropy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69423705
ISO80000Reference: 5-19
elucidation: Quotient of entropy and mass.

MaterialLaw
type: Class
comment: A law that provides a connection between a material property and other properties of the object.
elucidation: A law that provides a connection between a material property and other properties of the object.

GravityCasting
type: Class

Assigner
type: Class
comment: A estimator that uses its predefined knowledge to declare a property of an object.
example: I estimate the molecular mass of the gas in my bottle as 1.00784 u because it is tagged as H.
elucidation: A estimator that uses its predefined knowledge to declare a property of an object.

SquareTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTime'.

ShellScript
type: Class
comment: A command language designed to be run by a command-line interpreter, like a Unix shell.
elucidation: A command language designed to be run by a command-line interpreter, like a Unix shell.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script

DegreeOfDissociation
type: Class
comment: Dissociation may occur stepwise.
comment: Ratio of the number of dissociation events to the maximum number of theoretically possible dissociation events.
alternative label: DissociationFraction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DegreeOfDissociation
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907334
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 9-43
elucidation: Ratio of the number of dissociation events to the maximum number of theoretically possible dissociation events.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01566

ElectricFieldStrength
type: Class
comment: Vector field quantity E which exerts on any charged particle at rest a force F equal to the product of E and the electric charge Q of the particle.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricFieldStrength
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20989
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-10
elucidation: Vector field quantity E which exerts on any charged particle at rest a force F equal to the product of E and the electric charge Q of the particle.

TemperaturePerMagneticFluxDensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerMagneticFluxDensity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerMagneticFluxDensity'.

AmountFractionUnit
type: Class
comment: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
example: Unit for amount fraction.
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.

EnergyFluenceRate
type: Class
comment: In nuclear physics, time derivative of the energy fluence.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/EnergyFluenceRate
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98538655
ISO80000Reference: 10-47
elucidation: In nuclear physics, time derivative of the energy fluence.

Hyperon
type: Class
comment: A baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quark.
comment: This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quark.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperon

TensorMeson
type: Class
comment: A meson with spin two.
elucidation: A meson with spin two.

Modeller
type: Class
comment: A estimator that uses modelling to declare a property of an object (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
elucidation: A estimator that uses modelling to declare a property of an object (i.e. infer a property from other properties).

ActivityDensity
type: Class
comment: Activity per unit volume of the sample.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ActivityConcentration
alternative label: VolumetricActivity
alternative label: VolumicActivity
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ActivityConcentration
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423263
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-29
elucidation: Activity per unit volume of the sample.

HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
type: Class
comment: The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. It defines the base unit second in the SI system.
elucidation: The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. It defines the base unit second in the SI system.

PropagationCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Measure of the change of amplitude and phase angle of a plane wave propagating in a given direction.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PropagationCoefficient.html
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434913
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-26.3
elucidation: Measure of the change of amplitude and phase angle of a plane wave propagating in a given direction.

GroupVelocity
type: Class
comment: Speed with which the envelope of a wave propagates in space.
alternative label: GroupSpeed
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217361
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Group_velocity
ISO80000Reference: 3-23.2
elucidation: Speed with which the envelope of a wave propagates in space.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_velocity

MaterialSynthesis
type: Class
comment: Deals with undefined shapes both input and output.
comment: The creation of a material entity starting from fundamental substances, involving chemical phenomena (e.g. reaction, bonding).
elucidation: The creation of a material entity starting from fundamental substances, involving chemical phenomena (e.g. reaction, bonding).

hasNumberValue
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO numerical data entity.

PolymericMaterial
type: Class

SpecificationLanguage
type: Class
comment: A language used to describe what a computer system should do.
example: ACSL, VDM, LOTUS, MML, ...
elucidation: A language used to describe what a computer system should do.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_language

NuclearMagneton
type: Class
comment: Absolute value of the magnetic moment of a nucleus.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166093
ISO80000Reference: 10-9.3
elucidation: Absolute value of the magnetic moment of a nucleus.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04236

SlowingDownLength
type: Class
comment: Square root of the slowing down area.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Slowing-DownLength
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98996963
ISO80000Reference: 10-73.1
elucidation: Square root of the slowing down area.

Action
type: Class
comment: Physical quantity of dimension energy × time.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Action
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-32
elucidation: Physical quantity of dimension energy × time.

Susceptance
type: Class
comment: Imaginary part of the admittance.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Susceptance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q509598
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-52.3
elucidation: Imaginary part of the admittance.

NonTemporalRole
type: Class
comment: An holistic spatial part of a whole.
alternative label: HolisticSpatialPart
elucidation: An holistic spatial part of a whole.

MagneticTension
type: Class
comment: Scalar quantity equal to the line integral of the magnetic field strength H along a specified path linking two points a and b.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticTension
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77993836
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-37.2
elucidation: Scalar quantity equal to the line integral of the magnetic field strength H along a specified path linking two points a and b.

PressurePerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PressurePerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PressurePerTime'.

MassAttenuationCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the mass density ρ of the medium.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassAttenuationCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98591983
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-50
elucidation: Quotient of the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the mass density ρ of the medium.

Expressing
type: Class
comment: A semiosis where the interpreter wants to express an interpretant (e.g., an idea, a reasoning, a distant entity) to the rest of the world by the production of a sign. In the intention of the interpreter, the sign should impress another agent with an intended interpretation that should match his one.
elucidation: A semiosis where the interpreter wants to express an interpretant (e.g., an idea, a reasoning, a distant entity) to the rest of the world by the production of a sign. In the intention of the interpreter, the sign should impress another agent with an intended interpretation that should match his one.

FermiTemperature
type: Class
comment: in the free electron model, the Fermi energy divided by the Boltzmann constant
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/FermiTemperature
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105942324
ISO80000Reference: 12-28
elucidation: in the free electron model, the Fermi energy divided by the Boltzmann constant

iupacReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC
range: anyURI
sub property of: seeAlso

KineticFrictionForce
type: Class
comment: Force opposing the motion of a body sliding on a surface.
alternative label: DynamicFrictionForce
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91005629
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.4
elucidation: Force opposing the motion of a body sliding on a surface.

ArtificialAgency
type: Class
comment: An intentional agency exercised by artificial systems that have internal states that enables adaptive regulation of the agent’s coupling with the environment and metabolic self-maintenance.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An intentional agency exercised by artificial systems that have internal states that enables adaptive regulation of the agent’s coupling with the environment and metabolic self-maintenance.

ThermalConductance
type: Class
comment: Reciprocal of the thermal resistance.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermalConductance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17176562
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-13
elucidation: Reciprocal of the thermal resistance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06298

hasBeginTile
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only outgoing temporal connections.
alternative label: hasTemporalFirst
elucidation: The relation between the whole and a temporal tile that has only outgoing temporal connections.

Unknown
type: Class
comment: The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
example: Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
elucidation: The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.

RadiusOfCurvature
type: Class
comment: Radius of the osculating circle of a planar curve at a particular point of the curve.
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Radius_of_curvature
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.12
elucidation: Radius of the osculating circle of a planar curve at a particular point of the curve.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_curvature

ThermoelectricVoltage
type: Class
comment: Voltage between substances a and b caused by the thermoelectric effect.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105761637
ISO80000Reference: 12-20
elucidation: Voltage between substances a and b caused by the thermoelectric effect.

PerLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerLength'.

PhaseCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Change of phase angle with the length along the path travelled by a plane wave.
comment: The imaginary part of the propagation coefficient.
alternative label: PhaseChangeCoefficient
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PhaseCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32745742
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-26.2
elucidation: Change of phase angle with the length along the path travelled by a plane wave.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_constant#Phase_constant

ThermodynamicGrueneisenParameter
type: Class
comment: A dimensionless thermodynamic parameter named after German physicist Eduard Grüneisen.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105658620
ISO80000Reference: 12-13
elucidation: A dimensionless thermodynamic parameter named after German physicist Eduard Grüneisen.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCneisen_parameter

SquarePressurePerSquareTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquarePressurePerSquareTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-6 L-2 M+2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-6 L-2 M+2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-6 L-2 M+2 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquarePressurePerSquareTime'.

BoltzmannConstant
type: Class
comment: A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. It defines the Kelvin unit in the SI system.
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/BoltzmannConstant
elucidation: A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. It defines the Kelvin unit in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695

MathematicalConstruct
type: Class
comment: A construct of two or more mathematical symbols.
subclass of: Restriction
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A construct of two or more mathematical symbols.

ACVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Voltammetry in which a sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz) is superimposed on a slowly and linearly varying potential ramp. The obtained AC voltammogram is peak-shaped.
comment: Voltammetry in which a sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz) is superimposed on a slowly and linearly varying potential ramp. The resulting alternating current is plotted versus imposed DC potential. The obtained AC voltammogram is peak-shaped.
subclass of: Voltammetry
alternative label: ACV
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120895154
elucidation: Voltammetry in which a sinusoidal alternating potential of small amplitude (10 to 50 mV) of constant frequency (10 Hz to 100 kHz) is superimposed on a slowly and linearly varying potential ramp. The obtained AC voltammogram is peak-shaped.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

AdsorptiveStrippingVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Stripping voltammetry involving pre-concentration by adsorption of the analyte (in contrast to electro-chemical accumulation). A peak-shaped adsorptive stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution. AdSV is usually employed for analysis of organic compounds or metal complexes with organic ligands. Stripping is done by means of an anodic or a cathodic voltammetric scan (linear or pulse), during which the adsorbed compound is oxidized or reduced.
subclass of: StrippingVoltammetry
alternative label: AdSV
elucidation: Stripping voltammetry involving pre-concentration by adsorption of the analyte (in contrast to electro-chemical accumulation). A peak-shaped adsorptive stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution. AdSV is usually employed for analysis of organic compounds or metal complexes with organic ligands. Stripping is done by means of an anodic or a cathodic voltammetric scan (linear or pulse), during which the adsorbed compound is oxidized or reduced.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

AlphaSpectrometry
type: Class
comment: Alpha spectrometry (also known as alpha(-particle) spectroscopy) is the quantitative study of the energy of alpha particles emitted by a radioactive nuclide that is an alpha emitter. As emitted alpha particles are mono-energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay) with energies often distinct to the decay they can be used to identify which radionuclide they originated from.
subclass of: Spectrometry
elucidation: Alpha spectrometry (also known as alpha(-particle) spectroscopy) is the quantitative study of the energy of alpha particles emitted by a radioactive nuclide that is an alpha emitter. As emitted alpha particles are mono-energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay) with energies often distinct to the decay they can be used to identify which radionuclide they originated from.

AnalyticalElectronMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) refers to the collection of spectroscopic data in TEM or STEM, enabling qualitative or quantitative compositional analysis.
subclass of: Microscopy
elucidation: Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) refers to the collection of spectroscopic data in TEM or STEM, enabling qualitative or quantitative compositional analysis.

AnodicStrippingVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically oxi- dized in the stripping step. A peak-shaped anodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution. A solid electrode, carbon paste or composite electrode, bismuth film electrode, mercury film electrode, or static mercury drop electrode may be used.
subclass of: StrippingVoltammetry
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939328
elucidation: Stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically oxi- dized in the stripping step. A peak-shaped anodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution. A solid electrode, carbon paste or composite electrode, bismuth film electrode, mercury film electrode, or static mercury drop electrode may be used.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

AtomProbeTomography
type: Class
comment: Atom Probe Tomography (APT or 3D Atom Probe) is the only material analysis technique offering extensive capabilities for both 3D imaging and chemical composition measurements at the atomic scale (around 0.1-0.3nm resolution in depth and 0.3-0.5nm laterally). Since its early developments, Atom Probe Tomography has contributed to major advances in materials science. The sample is prepared in the form of a very sharp tip. The cooled tip is biased at high DC voltage (3-15 kV). The very small radius of the tip and the High Voltage induce a very high electrostatic field (tens V/nm) at the tip surface, just below the point of atom evaporation. Under laser or HV pulsing, one or more atoms are evaporated from the surface, by field effect (near 100% ionization), and projected onto a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) with a very high detection efficiency. Ion efficiencies are as high as 80%, the highest analytical efficiency of any 3D microscopy.
subclass of: Tomography
alternative label: 3D Atom Probe
alternative label: APT
elucidation: Atom Probe Tomography (APT or 3D Atom Probe) is the only material analysis technique offering extensive capabilities for both 3D imaging and chemical composition measurements at the atomic scale (around 0.1-0.3nm resolution in depth and 0.3-0.5nm laterally). Since its early developments, Atom Probe Tomography has contributed to major advances in materials science. The sample is prepared in the form of a very sharp tip. The cooled tip is biased at high DC voltage (3-15 kV). The very small radius of the tip and the High Voltage induce a very high electrostatic field (tens V/nm) at the tip surface, just below the point of atom evaporation. Under laser or HV pulsing, one or more atoms are evaporated from the surface, by field effect (near 100% ionization), and projected onto a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) with a very high detection efficiency. Ion efficiencies are as high as 80%, the highest analytical efficiency of any 3D microscopy.

AtomicForceMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an influential surface analysis technique used for micro/nanostructured coatings. This flexible technique can be used to obtain high-resolution nanoscale images and study local sites in air (conventional AFM) or liquid (electrochemical AFM) surroundings.
subclass of: Microscopy
elucidation: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an influential surface analysis technique used for micro/nanostructured coatings. This flexible technique can be used to obtain high-resolution nanoscale images and study local sites in air (conventional AFM) or liquid (electrochemical AFM) surroundings.

BrunauerEmmettTellerMethod
type: Class
comment: A technique used to measure the specific surface area of porous materials by analyzing the adsorption of gas molecules onto the material's surface
subclass of: GasAdsorptionPorosimetry
alternative label: BET
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795838
elucidation: A technique used to measure the specific surface area of porous materials by analyzing the adsorption of gas molecules onto the material's surface
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_theory

Calorimetry
type: Class
comment: In chemistry and thermodynamics, calorimetry (from Latin calor 'heat', and Greek μέτρον (metron) 'measure') is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter.
subclass of: ThermochemicalTesting
elucidation: In chemistry and thermodynamics, calorimetry (from Latin calor 'heat', and Greek μέτρον (metron) 'measure') is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter.

CathodicStrippingVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically reduced in the stripping step. A peak-shaped cathodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution.
subclass of: StrippingVoltammetry
alternative label: CSV
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4016325
elucidation: Stripping voltammetry in which material accumulated at the working electrode is electrochemically reduced in the stripping step. A peak-shaped cathodic stripping voltammogram is obtained. Peak current depends on time of accumulation, mass transport of analyte (stirring), scan rate and mode (linear or pulse), and analyte concentration in solution.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

CharacterisationExperiment
type: Class
comment: A characterisation experiment is the process by which a material's structure and properties are probed and measured. It is a fundamental process in the field of materials science, without which no scientific understanding of engineering materials could be ascertained.
elucidation: A characterisation experiment is the process by which a material's structure and properties are probed and measured. It is a fundamental process in the field of materials science, without which no scientific understanding of engineering materials could be ascertained.

HardwareManufacturer
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationHardwareSpecification
disjoint with: HardwareModel

CharacterisationProtocol
type: Class
comment: A characterisation protocol is defined whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other laboratories.
subclass of: CharacterisationProcedure
elucidation: A characterisation protocol is defined whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other laboratories.

CharacterisedSample
type: Class
comment: The sample after having been subjected to a characterization process.
subclass of: Sample
elucidation: The sample after having been subjected to a characterization process.

Chronoamperometry
type: Class
comment: Amperometry in which the current is measured as a function of time after a change in the applied potential. If the potential step is from a potential at which no current flows (i.e., at which the oxidation or reduction of the electrochemically active species does not take place) to one at which the current is limited by diffusion (see diffusion-limited current), the current obeys the Cottrell equation.
subclass of: Amperometry
alternative label: AmperiometricDetection
alternative label: AmperometricCurrentTimeCurve
elucidation: Amperometry in which the current is measured as a function of time after a change in the applied potential. If the potential step is from a potential at which no current flows (i.e., at which the oxidation or reduction of the electrochemically active species does not take place) to one at which the current is limited by diffusion (see diffusion-limited current), the current obeys the Cottrell equation.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

Chronocoulometry
type: Class
comment: Direct coulometry at controlled potential in which the electric charge passed after the application of a potential step perturbation is measured as a function of time (Q-t curve). Chronocoulometry provides the same information that is provided by chronoamperometry, since it is based on the integration of the I-t curve. Nevertheless, chronocoulometry offers important experimental advantages, such as (i) the measured signal usually increases with time and hence the later parts of the transient can be detected more accurately, (ii) a better signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved, and (iii) other contributions to overall charge passed as a function of time can be discriminated from those due to the diffusion of electroactive substances.
subclass of: Coulometry
elucidation: Direct coulometry at controlled potential in which the electric charge passed after the application of a potential step perturbation is measured as a function of time (Q-t curve). Chronocoulometry provides the same information that is provided by chronoamperometry, since it is based on the integration of the I-t curve. Nevertheless, chronocoulometry offers important experimental advantages, such as (i) the measured signal usually increases with time and hence the later parts of the transient can be detected more accurately, (ii) a better signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved, and (iii) other contributions to overall charge passed as a function of time can be discriminated from those due to the diffusion of electroactive substances.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

ConductometricTitration
type: Class
comment: Titration in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured as a function of the amount of titrant added. The equivalence-point is obtained as the intersection of linear parts of the conductance G, versus titrant volume V, curve. The method can be used for deeply coloured or turbid solutions. Acid-base and precipitation reactions are most frequently used. The method is based on replacing an ionic species of the analyte with another species, cor- responding to the titrant or the product with significantly different conductance.
subclass of: Conductometry
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11778221
elucidation: Titration in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured as a function of the amount of titrant added. The equivalence-point is obtained as the intersection of linear parts of the conductance G, versus titrant volume V, curve. The method can be used for deeply coloured or turbid solutions. Acid-base and precipitation reactions are most frequently used. The method is based on replacing an ionic species of the analyte with another species, cor- responding to the titrant or the product with significantly different conductance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

ConfocalMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.
subclass of: Microscopy
elucidation: Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.

CoulometricTitration
type: Class
comment: Titration in which the titrant is generated electrochemically, either by constant current or at constant potential. The titrant reacts stoichiometrically with the analyte, the amount of which is calculated using Faraday’s laws of electrolysis from the electric charge required to reach the end-point. Coulometric titrations are usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode using a large surface working electrode. The reference and auxiliary electrodes are located in sepa- rate compartments. A basic requirement is a 100 % current efficiency of titrant generation at the working electrode. End-point detection can be accomplished with potentiometry, amperometry, biamperometry, bipotentiometry, photometry, or by using a visual indicator. The main advantages are that titration is possible with less stable titrants, the standardi- zation of titrant is not necessary, the volume of the test solution is not changed, and the method is easily automated.
subclass of: Coulometry
elucidation: Titration in which the titrant is generated electrochemically, either by constant current or at constant potential. The titrant reacts stoichiometrically with the analyte, the amount of which is calculated using Faraday’s laws of electrolysis from the electric charge required to reach the end-point. Coulometric titrations are usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode using a large surface working electrode. The reference and auxiliary electrodes are located in sepa- rate compartments. A basic requirement is a 100 % current efficiency of titrant generation at the working electrode. End-point detection can be accomplished with potentiometry, amperometry, biamperometry, bipotentiometry, photometry, or by using a visual indicator. The main advantages are that titration is possible with less stable titrants, the standardi- zation of titrant is not necessary, the volume of the test solution is not changed, and the method is easily automated.

CriticalAndSupercriticalChromatography
type: Class
subclass of: Chromatography

CyclicVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Voltammetry in which the electric current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied with time cyclically between two potential limits, normally at a constant scan rate. Cyclic voltammetry is frequently used for the investigation of mechanisms of electrochemical/electrode reactions. The current-potential curve may be modelled to obtain reaction mechanisms and electrochemical parameters. Normally the initial potential is chosen where no electrode reaction occurs and the switching potential is greater (more positive for an oxidation or more negative for a reduction) than the peak potential of the analyte reaction. The initial potential is usually the negative or positive limit of the cycle but can have any value between the two limits, as can the initial scan direction. The limits of the potential are known as the switching potentials. The plot of current against potential is termed a cyclic voltammogram. Usually peak-shaped responses are obtained for scans in both directions.
subclass of: Voltammetry
alternative label: CV
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147647
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Cyclic_voltammetry
elucidation: Voltammetry in which the electric current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied with time cyclically between two potential limits, normally at a constant scan rate. Cyclic voltammetry is frequently used for the investigation of mechanisms of electrochemical/electrode reactions. The current-potential curve may be modelled to obtain reaction mechanisms and electrochemical parameters. Normally the initial potential is chosen where no electrode reaction occurs and the switching potential is greater (more positive for an oxidation or more negative for a reduction) than the peak potential of the analyte reaction. The initial potential is usually the negative or positive limit of the cycle but can have any value between the two limits, as can the initial scan direction. The limits of the potential are known as the switching potentials. The plot of current against potential is termed a cyclic voltammogram. Usually peak-shaped responses are obtained for scans in both directions.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

DataNormalisation
type: Class
comment: Data normalization involves adjusting raw data to a notionally common scale.
comment: It involves the creation of shifted and/or scaled versions of the values to allow post-processing in a way that eliminates the effects of influences on subsequent properties extraction.
subclass of: DataPreparation
elucidation: Data normalization involves adjusting raw data to a notionally common scale.

DeviceSample
type: Class
comment: Specific type of sample that is a device.
subclass of: Sample
elucidation: Specific type of sample that is a device.

DielectricAndImpedanceSpectroscopy
type: Class
comment: Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) or impedance spectroscopy, also known as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, is frequently used to study the response of a sample subjected to an applied electric field of fixed or changing frequency. DS describes the dielectric properties of a material as a function of frequency. In DS, the radio and microwave frequency regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have been successfully made to interact with materials, so as to study the behavior of molecules. The interaction of applied alternating electric fields with dipoles possessing reorientation mobility in materials is also dealt by DS.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
elucidation: Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) or impedance spectroscopy, also known as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, is frequently used to study the response of a sample subjected to an applied electric field of fixed or changing frequency. DS describes the dielectric properties of a material as a function of frequency. In DS, the radio and microwave frequency regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have been successfully made to interact with materials, so as to study the behavior of molecules. The interaction of applied alternating electric fields with dipoles possessing reorientation mobility in materials is also dealt by DS.

Dielectrometry
type: Class
comment: Electrochemical measurement principle based on the measurement of the dielectric constant of a sample resulting from the orientation of particles (molecules or ions) that have a dipole moment in an electric field. Dielectrometric titrations use dielectrometry for the end-point detection. The method is used to monitor the purity of dielectrics, for example to detect small amounts of moisture.
subclass of: ElectrochemicalTesting
elucidation: Electrochemical measurement principle based on the measurement of the dielectric constant of a sample resulting from the orientation of particles (molecules or ions) that have a dipole moment in an electric field. Dielectrometric titrations use dielectrometry for the end-point detection. The method is used to monitor the purity of dielectrics, for example to detect small amounts of moisture.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

DifferentialRefractiveIndex
type: Class
subclass of: OpticalTesting

DifferentialScanningCalorimetry
type: Class
comment: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. Additionally, the reference sample must be stable, of high purity, and must not experience much change across the temperature scan. Typically, reference standards have been metals such as indium, tin, bismuth, and lead, but other standards such as polyethylene and fatty acids have been proposed to study polymers and organic compounds, respectively.
subclass of: ThermochemicalTesting
alternative label: DSC
elucidation: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. Additionally, the reference sample must be stable, of high purity, and must not experience much change across the temperature scan. Typically, reference standards have been metals such as indium, tin, bismuth, and lead, but other standards such as polyethylene and fatty acids have been proposed to study polymers and organic compounds, respectively.

DifferentialThermalAnalysis
type: Class
comment: Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermoanalytic technique that is similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA, the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, (i.e., same cooling or heating programme) while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference.[1] This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or against temperature (DTA curve, or thermogram). Changes in the sample, either exothermic or endothermic, can be detected relative to the inert reference. Thus, a DTA curve provides data on the transformations that have occurred, such as glass transitions, crystallization, melting and sublimation. The area under a DTA peak is the enthalpy change and is not affected by the heat capacity of the sample.
subclass of: ThermochemicalTesting
alternative label: DTA
elucidation: Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermoanalytic technique that is similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA, the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, (i.e., same cooling or heating programme) while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference.[1] This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or against temperature (DTA curve, or thermogram). Changes in the sample, either exothermic or endothermic, can be detected relative to the inert reference. Thus, a DTA curve provides data on the transformations that have occurred, such as glass transitions, crystallization, melting and sublimation. The area under a DTA peak is the enthalpy change and is not affected by the heat capacity of the sample.

Dilatometry
type: Class
comment: Dilatometry is a method for characterising the dimensional changes of materials with variation of temperature conditions.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Dilatometry is a method for characterising the dimensional changes of materials with variation of temperature conditions.

DirectCoulometryAtControlledCurrent
type: Class
comment: Coulometry at an imposed, constant current in the electrochemical cell. Direct coulometry at controlled current is usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode. The end-point of the electrolysis, at which the current is stopped, must be determined either from the inflection point in the E–t curve or by using visual or objective end-point indi- cation, similar to volumetric methods. The total electric charge is calculated as the product of the constant current and time of electrolysis or can be measured directly using a coulometer. The advantage of this method is that the electric charge consumed during the electrode reaction is directly proportional to the electrolysis time. Care must be taken to avoid the potential region where another electrode reaction may occur.
subclass of: Coulometry
elucidation: Coulometry at an imposed, constant current in the electrochemical cell. Direct coulometry at controlled current is usually carried out in convective mass transfer mode. The end-point of the electrolysis, at which the current is stopped, must be determined either from the inflection point in the E–t curve or by using visual or objective end-point indi- cation, similar to volumetric methods. The total electric charge is calculated as the product of the constant current and time of electrolysis or can be measured directly using a coulometer. The advantage of this method is that the electric charge consumed during the electrode reaction is directly proportional to the electrolysis time. Care must be taken to avoid the potential region where another electrode reaction may occur.

DirectCoulometryAtControlledPotential
type: Class
comment: Coulometry at a preselected constant potential of the working electrode. Direct coulometry at controlled potential is usually carried out in convective mass trans- fer mode using a large surface working electrode. Reference and auxiliary electrodes are placed in separate compartments. The total electric charge is obtained by integration of the I–t curve or can be measured directly using a coulometer.
comment: In principle, the end point at which I = 0, i.e. when the concentration of species under study becomes zero, can be reached only at infinite time. However, in practice, the electrolysis is stopped when the current has decayed to a few percent of the initial value and the charge passed at infinite time is calculated from a plot of charge Q(t) against time t. For a simple system under diffusion control Qt= Q∞[1 − exp(−DAt/Vδ)], where Q∞ = limt→∞Q(t) is the total charge passed at infinite time, D is the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive species, A the electrode area, δ the diffusion layer thickness, and V the volume of the solution.
subclass of: Coulometry
elucidation: Coulometry at a preselected constant potential of the working electrode. Direct coulometry at controlled potential is usually carried out in convective mass trans- fer mode using a large surface working electrode. Reference and auxiliary electrodes are placed in separate compartments. The total electric charge is obtained by integration of the I–t curve or can be measured directly using a coulometer.
elucidation: In principle, the end point at which I = 0, i.e. when the concentration of species under study becomes zero, can be reached only at infinite time. However, in practice, the electrolysis is stopped when the current has decayed to a few percent of the initial value and the charge passed at infinite time is calculated from a plot of charge Q(t) against time t. For a simple system under diffusion control Qt= Q∞[1 − exp(−DAt/Vδ)], where Q∞ = limt→∞Q(t) is the total charge passed at infinite time, D is the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive species, A the electrode area, δ the diffusion layer thickness, and V the volume of the solution.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

DirectCurrentInternalResistance
type: Class
comment: Method of determining the internal resistance of an electrochemical cell by applying a low current followed by higher current within a short period, and then record the changes of battery voltage and current.
subclass of: Chronopotentiometry
elucidation: Method of determining the internal resistance of an electrochemical cell by applying a low current followed by higher current within a short period, and then record the changes of battery voltage and current.

DynamicLightScattering
type: Class
comment: Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in solution. In the scope of DLS, temporal fluctuations are usually analyzed using the intensity or photon auto-correlation function (also known as photon correlation spectroscopy - PCS or quasi-elastic light scattering - QELS).
subclass of: OpticalTesting
alternative label: DLS
elucidation: Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in solution. In the scope of DLS, temporal fluctuations are usually analyzed using the intensity or photon auto-correlation function (also known as photon correlation spectroscopy - PCS or quasi-elastic light scattering - QELS).

DynamicMechanicalSpectroscopy
type: Class
comment: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a material characterization technique where a small deformation is applied to a sample in a cyclic manner. This allows measurement of the materials response to stress, temperature, frequency or time. The term is also used to refer to the analyzer that performs the test.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
alternative label: DMA
elucidation: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a material characterization technique where a small deformation is applied to a sample in a cyclic manner. This allows measurement of the materials response to stress, temperature, frequency or time. The term is also used to refer to the analyzer that performs the test.

ElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopy
type: Class
comment: Electrochemical measurement method of the complex impedance of an electrochemical system as a function of the frequency of a small amplitude (normally 5 to 10 mV) sinusoidal voltage perturbation superimposed on a fixed value of applied potential or on the open circuit potential. Impedimetric sensors are based on measurement of a concentration-dependent parameter taken from analysis of the respective electrochemical impedance spectra, or from the impedance magnitudes at a chosen fixed frequency. The sinusoidal current response lags behind the sinusoidal voltage perturbation by a phase angle φ. Resistances (e.g. to charge transfer) give a response in phase with the voltage perturbation; capacitances (e.g. double layer) give a response 90° out of phase; combinations of resistances and capacitances give phase angles between 0 and 90°. Plots of the out of phase vs. the in phase component of the impedance for all the frequencies tested are called complex plane (or Nyquist) plots. Plots of the phase angle and the magnitude of the impedance vs. the logarithm of perturbation frequency are called Bode diagrams. Complex plane plots are the more commonly used for electrochemical sensors.
subclass of: Impedimetry
alternative label: EIS
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3492904
elucidation: Electrochemical measurement method of the complex impedance of an electrochemical system as a function of the frequency of a small amplitude (normally 5 to 10 mV) sinusoidal voltage perturbation superimposed on a fixed value of applied potential or on the open circuit potential. Impedimetric sensors are based on measurement of a concentration-dependent parameter taken from analysis of the respective electrochemical impedance spectra, or from the impedance magnitudes at a chosen fixed frequency. The sinusoidal current response lags behind the sinusoidal voltage perturbation by a phase angle φ. Resistances (e.g. to charge transfer) give a response in phase with the voltage perturbation; capacitances (e.g. double layer) give a response 90° out of phase; combinations of resistances and capacitances give phase angles between 0 and 90°. Plots of the out of phase vs. the in phase component of the impedance for all the frequencies tested are called complex plane (or Nyquist) plots. Plots of the phase angle and the magnitude of the impedance vs. the logarithm of perturbation frequency are called Bode diagrams. Complex plane plots are the more commonly used for electrochemical sensors.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

ElectrochemicalPiezoelectricMicrogravimetry
type: Class
comment: Electrogravimetry using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The change of mass is, for rigid deposits, linearly proportional to the change of the reso- nance frequency of the quartz crystal, according to the Sauerbrey equation. For non- rigid deposits, corrections must be made.
subclass of: Electrogravimetry
elucidation: Electrogravimetry using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The change of mass is, for rigid deposits, linearly proportional to the change of the reso- nance frequency of the quartz crystal, according to the Sauerbrey equation. For non- rigid deposits, corrections must be made.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

ElectronBackscatterDiffraction
type: Class
comment: Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique used to study the crystallographic structure of materials. EBSD is carried out in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD detector comprising at least a phosphorescent screen, a compact lens and a low-light camera. In this configuration, the SEM incident beam hits the tilted sample. As backscattered electrons leave the sample, they interact with the crystal's periodic atomic lattice planes and diffract according to Bragg's law at various scattering angles before reaching the phosphor screen forming Kikuchi patterns (EBSPs). EBSD spatial resolution depends on many factors, including the nature of the material under study and the sample preparation. Thus, EBSPs can be indexed to provide information about the material's grain structure, grain orientation, and phase at the micro-scale. EBSD is applied for impurities and defect studies, plastic deformation, and statistical analysis for average misorientation, grain size, and crystallographic texture. EBSD can also be combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) for advanced phase identification and materials discovery.
subclass of: ScanningElectronMicroscopy
subclass of: ScatteringAndDiffraction
alternative label: EBSD
elucidation: Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique used to study the crystallographic structure of materials. EBSD is carried out in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD detector comprising at least a phosphorescent screen, a compact lens and a low-light camera. In this configuration, the SEM incident beam hits the tilted sample. As backscattered electrons leave the sample, they interact with the crystal's periodic atomic lattice planes and diffract according to Bragg's law at various scattering angles before reaching the phosphor screen forming Kikuchi patterns (EBSPs). EBSD spatial resolution depends on many factors, including the nature of the material under study and the sample preparation. Thus, EBSPs can be indexed to provide information about the material's grain structure, grain orientation, and phase at the micro-scale. EBSD is applied for impurities and defect studies, plastic deformation, and statistical analysis for average misorientation, grain size, and crystallographic texture. EBSD can also be combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) for advanced phase identification and materials discovery.

ElectronProbeMicroanalysis
type: Class
comment: Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is used for quantitative analysis of the elemental composition of solid specimens at a micrometer scale. The method uses bombardment of the specimen by keV electrons to excite characteristic X-rays from the sample, which are then detected by using wavelength-dispersive (WD) spectrometers.
subclass of: Microscopy
elucidation: Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is used for quantitative analysis of the elemental composition of solid specimens at a micrometer scale. The method uses bombardment of the specimen by keV electrons to excite characteristic X-rays from the sample, which are then detected by using wavelength-dispersive (WD) spectrometers.

Ellipsometry
type: Class
comment: Ellipsometry is an optical technique that uses polarised light to probe the dielectric properties of a sample (optical system). The common application of ellipsometry is the analysis of thin films. Through the analysis of the state of polarisation of the light that is reflected from the sample, ellipsometry yields information on the layers that are thinner than the wavelength of the light itself, down to a single atomic layer or less. Depending on what is already known about the sample, the technique can probe a range of properties including layer thickness, morphology, and chemical composition.
subclass of: OpticalTesting
elucidation: Ellipsometry is an optical technique that uses polarised light to probe the dielectric properties of a sample (optical system). The common application of ellipsometry is the analysis of thin films. Through the analysis of the state of polarisation of the light that is reflected from the sample, ellipsometry yields information on the layers that are thinner than the wavelength of the light itself, down to a single atomic layer or less. Depending on what is already known about the sample, the technique can probe a range of properties including layer thickness, morphology, and chemical composition.

EnvironmentalScanningElectronMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are wet, uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber.
subclass of: Microscopy
elucidation: The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are wet, uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber.

Exafs
type: Class
comment: Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), along with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a subset of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Like other absorption spectroscopies, XAS techniques follow Beer's law. The X-ray absorption coefficient of a material as a function of energy is obtained by directing X-rays of a narrow energy range at a sample, while recording the incident and transmitted x-ray intensity, as the incident x-ray energy is incremented. When the incident x-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron of an atom within the sample, the number of x-rays absorbed by the sample increases dramatically, causing a drop in the transmitted x-ray intensity. This results in an absorption edge. Every element has a set of unique absorption edges corresponding to different binding energies of its electrons, giving XAS element selectivity. XAS spectra are most often collected at synchrotrons because of the high intensity of synchrotron X-ray sources allow the concentration of the absorbing element to reach as low as a few parts per million. Absorption would be undetectable if the source is too weak. Because X-rays are highly penetrating, XAS samples can be gases, solids or liquids.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
elucidation: Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), along with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a subset of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Like other absorption spectroscopies, XAS techniques follow Beer's law. The X-ray absorption coefficient of a material as a function of energy is obtained by directing X-rays of a narrow energy range at a sample, while recording the incident and transmitted x-ray intensity, as the incident x-ray energy is incremented. When the incident x-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron of an atom within the sample, the number of x-rays absorbed by the sample increases dramatically, causing a drop in the transmitted x-ray intensity. This results in an absorption edge. Every element has a set of unique absorption edges corresponding to different binding energies of its electrons, giving XAS element selectivity. XAS spectra are most often collected at synchrotrons because of the high intensity of synchrotron X-ray sources allow the concentration of the absorbing element to reach as low as a few parts per million. Absorption would be undetectable if the source is too weak. Because X-rays are highly penetrating, XAS samples can be gases, solids or liquids.

FieldEmissionScanningElectronMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) is an advanced technology used to capture the microstructure image of the materials. FE-SEM is typically performed in a high vacuum because gas molecules tend to disturb the electron beam and the emitted secondary and backscattered electrons used for imaging.
subclass of: Microscopy
alternative label: FE-SEM
elucidation: Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) is an advanced technology used to capture the microstructure image of the materials. FE-SEM is typically performed in a high vacuum because gas molecules tend to disturb the electron beam and the emitted secondary and backscattered electrons used for imaging.

FourierTransformInfraredSpectroscopy
type: Class
comment: A technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas
subclass of: Spectroscopy
alternative label: FTIR
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901559
elucidation: A technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy

Fractography
type: Class
comment: Fractography is the study of fracture surfaces in order to determine the relation between the microstructure and the mechanism(s) of crack initiation and propagation and, eventually, the root cause of the fracture. Fractography qualitatively interprets the mechanisms of fracture that occur in a sample by microscopic examination of fracture surface morpholog.
subclass of: OpticalTesting
elucidation: Fractography is the study of fracture surfaces in order to determine the relation between the microstructure and the mechanism(s) of crack initiation and propagation and, eventually, the root cause of the fracture. Fractography qualitatively interprets the mechanisms of fracture that occur in a sample by microscopic examination of fracture surface morpholog.

FreezingPointDepressionOsmometry
type: Class
comment: The general principle of freezing point depression osmometry involves the relationship between the number of moles of dissolved solute in a solution and the change in freezing point.
subclass of: Osmometry
elucidation: The general principle of freezing point depression osmometry involves the relationship between the number of moles of dissolved solute in a solution and the change in freezing point.

GalvanostaticIntermittentTitrationTechnique
type: Class
comment: Electrochemical method that applies current pulses to an electrochemical cell at rest and measures the voltage response.
subclass of: Chronopotentiometry
alternative label: GITT
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120906986
elucidation: Electrochemical method that applies current pulses to an electrochemical cell at rest and measures the voltage response.

GammaSpectrometry
type: Class
comment: Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the qualitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics.[1] Gamma-ray spectrometry, on the other hand, is the method used to acquire a quantitative spectrum measurement. Most radioactive sources produce gamma rays, which are of various energies and intensities. When these emissions are detected and analyzed with a spectroscopy system, a gamma-ray energy spectrum can be produced. A detailed analysis of this spectrum is typically used to determine the identity and quantity of gamma emitters present in a gamma source, and is a vital tool in radiometric assay. The gamma spectrum is characteristic of the gamma-emitting nuclides contained in the source, just like in an optical spectrometer, the optical spectrum is characteristic of the material contained in a sample.
subclass of: Spectrometry
elucidation: Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the qualitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics.[1] Gamma-ray spectrometry, on the other hand, is the method used to acquire a quantitative spectrum measurement. Most radioactive sources produce gamma rays, which are of various energies and intensities. When these emissions are detected and analyzed with a spectroscopy system, a gamma-ray energy spectrum can be produced. A detailed analysis of this spectrum is typically used to determine the identity and quantity of gamma emitters present in a gamma source, and is a vital tool in radiometric assay. The gamma spectrum is characteristic of the gamma-emitting nuclides contained in the source, just like in an optical spectrometer, the optical spectrum is characteristic of the material contained in a sample.

Grinding
type: Class
comment: Grinding is a machining process that involves the use of a disc-shaped grinding wheel to remove material from a workpiece. There are several types of grinding wheels, some of which include grindstones, angle grinders, die grinders and specialized grinding machines.
subclass of: SamplePreparation
elucidation: Grinding is a machining process that involves the use of a disc-shaped grinding wheel to remove material from a workpiece. There are several types of grinding wheels, some of which include grindstones, angle grinders, die grinders and specialized grinding machines.

HPPC
type: Class
comment: Electrochemical method that measures the voltage drop of a cell resulting from a square wave current load.
subclass of: Chronopotentiometry
alternative label: HybridPulsePowerCharacterisation
alternative label: HybridPulsePowerCharacterization
elucidation: Electrochemical method that measures the voltage drop of a cell resulting from a square wave current load.

ICI
type: Class
comment: Electrochemical method that measures the voltage response of an electrochemical cell under galvanostatic conditions to short interruptions in the current.
subclass of: Chronopotentiometry
alternative label: IntermittentCurrentInterruptionMethod
elucidation: Electrochemical method that measures the voltage response of an electrochemical cell under galvanostatic conditions to short interruptions in the current.

IntermediateSample
type: Class
subclass of: Sample

IonChromatography
type: Class
comment: Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a form of chromatography that separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
subclass of: Chromatography
elucidation: Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a form of chromatography that separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography

IonMobilitySpectrometry
type: Class
comment: Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) It is a method of conducting analytical research that separates and identifies ionized molecules present in the gas phase based on the mobility of the molecules in a carrier buffer gas. Even though it is used extensively for military or security objectives, such as detecting drugs and explosives, the technology also has many applications in laboratory analysis, including studying small and big biomolecules. IMS instruments are extremely sensitive stand-alone devices, but are often coupled with mass spectrometry, gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography in order to achieve a multi-dimensional separation. They come in various sizes, ranging from a few millimeters to several meters depending on the specific application, and are capable of operating under a broad range of conditions. IMS instruments such as microscale high-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry can be palm-portable for use in a range of applications including volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring, biological sample analysis, medical diagnosis and food quality monitoring.
subclass of: Spectrometry
alternative label: IMS
elucidation: Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) It is a method of conducting analytical research that separates and identifies ionized molecules present in the gas phase based on the mobility of the molecules in a carrier buffer gas. Even though it is used extensively for military or security objectives, such as detecting drugs and explosives, the technology also has many applications in laboratory analysis, including studying small and big biomolecules. IMS instruments are extremely sensitive stand-alone devices, but are often coupled with mass spectrometry, gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography in order to achieve a multi-dimensional separation. They come in various sizes, ranging from a few millimeters to several meters depending on the specific application, and are capable of operating under a broad range of conditions. IMS instruments such as microscale high-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry can be palm-portable for use in a range of applications including volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring, biological sample analysis, medical diagnosis and food quality monitoring.

IsothermalMicrocalorimetry
type: Class
comment: Isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) is a laboratory method for real-time monitoring and dynamic analysis of chemical, physical and biological processes. Over a period of hours or days, IMC determines the onset, rate, extent and energetics of such processes for specimens in small ampoules (e.g. 3–20 ml) at a constant set temperature (c. 15 °C–150 °C). IMC accomplishes this dynamic analysis by measuring and recording vs. elapsed time the net rate of heat flow (μJ/s = μW) to or from the specimen ampoule, and the cumulative amount of heat (J) consumed or produced.
subclass of: ThermochemicalTesting
alternative label: IMC
elucidation: Isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) is a laboratory method for real-time monitoring and dynamic analysis of chemical, physical and biological processes. Over a period of hours or days, IMC determines the onset, rate, extent and energetics of such processes for specimens in small ampoules (e.g. 3–20 ml) at a constant set temperature (c. 15 °C–150 °C). IMC accomplishes this dynamic analysis by measuring and recording vs. elapsed time the net rate of heat flow (μJ/s = μW) to or from the specimen ampoule, and the cumulative amount of heat (J) consumed or produced.

LightScattering
type: Class
comment: Light scattering is the way light behaves when it interacts with a medium that contains particles or the boundary between different mediums where defects or structures are present. It is different than the effects of refraction, where light undergoes a change in index of refraction as it passes from one medium to another, or reflection, where light reflects back into the same medium, both of which are governed by Snell’s law. Light scattering can be caused by factors such as the nature, texture, or specific structures of a surface and the presence of gas, liquid, or solid particles through which light propagates, as well as the nature of the light itself, of its wavelengths and polarization states. It usually results in diffuse light and can also affect the dispersion of color.
subclass of: OpticalTesting
elucidation: Light scattering is the way light behaves when it interacts with a medium that contains particles or the boundary between different mediums where defects or structures are present. It is different than the effects of refraction, where light undergoes a change in index of refraction as it passes from one medium to another, or reflection, where light reflects back into the same medium, both of which are governed by Snell’s law. Light scattering can be caused by factors such as the nature, texture, or specific structures of a surface and the presence of gas, liquid, or solid particles through which light propagates, as well as the nature of the light itself, of its wavelengths and polarization states. It usually results in diffuse light and can also affect the dispersion of color.

LinearScanVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Voltammetry in which the current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied linearly with time. LSV corresponds to the first half cycle of cyclic voltammetry. The peak current is expressed by the Randles-Ševčík equation. The scan is usually started at a potential where no electrode reaction occurs.
subclass of: Voltammetry
alternative label: LSV
alternative label: LinearPolarization
alternative label: LinearSweepVoltammetry
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620700
elucidation: Voltammetry in which the current is recorded as the electrode potential is varied linearly with time. LSV corresponds to the first half cycle of cyclic voltammetry. The peak current is expressed by the Randles-Ševčík equation. The scan is usually started at a potential where no electrode reaction occurs.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_sweep_voltammetry
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

MassSpectrometry
type: Class
comment: Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used to quantify known materials, to identify unknown compounds within a sample, and to elucidate the structure and chemical properties of different molecules.
subclass of: Spectrometry
elucidation: Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used to quantify known materials, to identify unknown compounds within a sample, and to elucidate the structure and chemical properties of different molecules.

MeasurementSystemAdjustment
type: Class
comment: Activity which has the goal of adjusting/tuning a measing instrument, without performing a measurement on a reference sample (which is a calibration). The output of this process can be a specific measurement parameter to be used in the characteriasation measurement process. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity being measured. NOTE 1: If there is any doubt that the context in which the term is being used is that of metrology, the long form “adjustment of a measuring system” might be used. NOTE 2: Types of adjustment of a measuring system include zero adjustment, offset adjustment, and span adjustment (sometimes called “gain adjustment”). NOTE 3: Adjustment of a measuring system should not be confused with calibration, which is sometimes a prerequisite for adjustment. NOTE 4: After an adjustment of a measuring system, the measuring system must usually be recalibrated.
comment: Activity which has the goal of adjusting/tuning a measing instrument, without performing a measurement on a reference sample (which is a calibration). The output of this process can be a specific measurement parameter to be used in the characteriasation measurement process.
comment: From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity being measured. NOTE 1: If there is any doubt that the context in which the term is being used is that of metrology, the long form “adjustment of a measuring system” might be used. NOTE 2: Types of adjustment of a measuring system include zero adjustment, offset adjustment, and span adjustment (sometimes called “gain adjustment”). NOTE 3: Adjustment of a measuring system should not be confused with calibration, which is sometimes a prerequisite for adjustment. NOTE 4: After an adjustment of a measuring system, the measuring system must usually be recalibrated.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: MeasurementParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: MeasurementParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: MeasurementParameter
subclass of: CharacterisationProcedure
alternative label: MeasurementParameterAdjustment
definition: From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity being measured. NOTE 1: If there is any doubt that the context in which the term is being used is that of metrology, the long form “adjustment of a measuring system” might be used. NOTE 2: Types of adjustment of a measuring system include zero adjustment, offset adjustment, and span adjustment (sometimes called “gain adjustment”). NOTE 3: Adjustment of a measuring system should not be confused with calibration, which is sometimes a prerequisite for adjustment. NOTE 4: After an adjustment of a measuring system, the measuring system must usually be recalibrated.
elucidation: Activity which has the goal of adjusting/tuning a measing instrument, without performing a measurement on a reference sample (which is a calibration). The output of this process can be a specific measurement parameter to be used in the characteriasation measurement process.
VIMTerm: Adjustment

MembraneOsmometry
type: Class
comment: In the membrane osmometry technique, a pure solvent and polymer solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane, due to the higher chemical potential of the solvent in the pure solvent than in polymer solution, the solvent starts moving towards the polymer solution.
subclass of: Osmometry
elucidation: In the membrane osmometry technique, a pure solvent and polymer solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane, due to the higher chemical potential of the solvent in the pure solvent than in polymer solution, the solvent starts moving towards the polymer solution.

MercuryPorosimetry
type: Class
comment: A method used to measure the pore size distribution and total pore volume of solid materials by infiltrating mercury into the pores under controlled pressure conditions and analyzing the amount of mercury intrusion.
subclass of: Porosimetry
elucidation: A method used to measure the pore size distribution and total pore volume of solid materials by infiltrating mercury into the pores under controlled pressure conditions and analyzing the amount of mercury intrusion.

Milling
type: Class
comment: Milling is a machining process that involves the use of a milling machine to remove material from a workpiece. Milling machines feature cutting blades that rotate while they press against the workpiece.
subclass of: SamplePreparation
elucidation: Milling is a machining process that involves the use of a milling machine to remove material from a workpiece. Milling machines feature cutting blades that rotate while they press against the workpiece.

Mounting
type: Class
comment: The sample is mounted on a holder.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Holder
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Holder
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Holder
subclass of: SamplePreparation
elucidation: The sample is mounted on a holder.

NeutronSpinEchoSpectroscopy
type: Class
comment: Neutron spin echo spectroscopy is a high resolution inelastic neutron scattering method probing nanosecond dynamics. Neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy uses the precession of neutron spins in a magnetic field to measure the energy transfer at the sample and decouples the energy resolution from beam characteristics like monochromatisation and collimation.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
alternative label: NSE
elucidation: Neutron spin echo spectroscopy is a high resolution inelastic neutron scattering method probing nanosecond dynamics. Neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy uses the precession of neutron spins in a magnetic field to measure the energy transfer at the sample and decouples the energy resolution from beam characteristics like monochromatisation and collimation.

Nexafs
type: Class
comment: Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), also known as X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states in the energy region of 50–100 eV above the selected atomic core level ionization energy, where the wavelength of the photoelectron is larger than the interatomic distance between the absorbing atom and its first neighbour atoms.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
elucidation: Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), also known as X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states in the energy region of 50–100 eV above the selected atomic core level ionization energy, where the wavelength of the photoelectron is larger than the interatomic distance between the absorbing atom and its first neighbour atoms.

NormalPulseVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Voltammetry in which potential pulses of amplitude increasing by a constant increment and with a pulse width of 2 to 200 ms are superimposed on a constant initial potential. Normal pulse polarography is NPV in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied just before the mechanically enforced end of the drop. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop time. The drop dislodgment is synchro- nized with current sampling, which is carried out just before the end of the pulse, as in NPV. Sigmoidal wave-shaped voltammograms are obtained. The current is sampled at the end of the pulse and then plotted versus the potential of the pulse. The current is sampled just before the end of the pulse, when the charging current is greatly diminished. In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detec- tion is lowered. The sensitivity of NPV is not affected by the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
subclass of: Voltammetry
alternative label: NPV
elucidation: Voltammetry in which potential pulses of amplitude increasing by a constant increment and with a pulse width of 2 to 200 ms are superimposed on a constant initial potential. Normal pulse polarography is NPV in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied just before the mechanically enforced end of the drop. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop time. The drop dislodgment is synchro- nized with current sampling, which is carried out just before the end of the pulse, as in NPV. Sigmoidal wave-shaped voltammograms are obtained. The current is sampled at the end of the pulse and then plotted versus the potential of the pulse. The current is sampled just before the end of the pulse, when the charging current is greatly diminished. In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detec- tion is lowered. The sensitivity of NPV is not affected by the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

NuclearMagneticResonance
type: Class
comment: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. This spectroscopy is based on the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiations in the radio frequency region from roughly 4 to 900 MHz. Absorption of radio waves in the presence of magnetic field is accompanied by a special type of nuclear transition, and for this reason, such type of spectroscopy is known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, in modern organic chemistry practice, NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
alternative label: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
alternative label: NMR
elucidation: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. This spectroscopy is based on the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiations in the radio frequency region from roughly 4 to 900 MHz. Absorption of radio waves in the presence of magnetic field is accompanied by a special type of nuclear transition, and for this reason, such type of spectroscopy is known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, in modern organic chemistry practice, NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.

OpenCircuitHold
type: Class
comment: A process in which the electric current is kept constant at 0 (i.e., open-circuit conditions).
subclass of: Potentiometry
alternative label: OCVHold
elucidation: A process in which the electric current is kept constant at 0 (i.e., open-circuit conditions).

OpticalMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Optical microscopy is a technique used to closely view a sample through the magnification of a lens with visible light.
subclass of: Microscopy
elucidation: Optical microscopy is a technique used to closely view a sample through the magnification of a lens with visible light.

OutlierRemoval
type: Class
comment: Outlier removal refers to the process of identifying and eliminating anomalous data points that deviate significantly from the overall pattern of a dataset. These outliers are generally considered to be observations that are unusually distant from other values and can potentially distort the results of analyses.
subclass of: DataFiltering
elucidation: Outlier removal refers to the process of identifying and eliminating anomalous data points that deviate significantly from the overall pattern of a dataset. These outliers are generally considered to be observations that are unusually distant from other values and can potentially distort the results of analyses.

PhotoluminescenceMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a widely used technique for characterisation of the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors and molecules.
subclass of: Microscopy
elucidation: Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a widely used technique for characterisation of the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors and molecules.

PrimaryData
type: Class
comment: Data resulting of a pre-processing of raw data, applying corrections to normalize/harmonize, in order to prepare them for the post-processing.
comment: Data resulting of a pre-processing of raw data, applying corrections to normalize/harmonize, in order to prepare them for the post-processing. Examples include: baseline subtraction, noise reduction , X and Y axes correction.
subclass of: CharacterisationData
example: Baseline subtraction, noise reduction , X and Y axes correction.
elucidation: Data resulting of a pre-processing of raw data, applying corrections to normalize/harmonize, in order to prepare them for the post-processing.

Profilometry
type: Class
comment: Profilometry is a technique used to extract topographical data from a surface. This can be a single point, a line scan or even a full three dimensional scan. The purpose of profilometry is to get surface morphology, step heights and surface roughness.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Profilometry is a technique used to extract topographical data from a surface. This can be a single point, a line scan or even a full three dimensional scan. The purpose of profilometry is to get surface morphology, step heights and surface roughness.

PseudoOpenCircuitVoltageMethod
type: Class
comment: A technique used to measure the voltage of a cell under a low applied current as an estimate for the open-circuit voltage.
subclass of: Chronopotentiometry
alternative label: PseudoOCV
elucidation: A technique used to measure the voltage of a cell under a low applied current as an estimate for the open-circuit voltage.

PulsedElectroacousticMethod
type: Class
comment: The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is an established method for space charge measurements in polymeric dielectrics.
subclass of: ChargeDistribution
elucidation: The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is an established method for space charge measurements in polymeric dielectrics.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-023-00332-y

RamanSpectroscopy
type: Class
comment: Raman spectroscopy (/ˈrɑːmən/) (named after physicist C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy relies upon inelastic scattering of photons, known as Raman scattering. A source of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range is used, although X-rays can also be used. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Infrared spectroscopy typically yields similar yet complementary information. Typically, a sample is illuminated with a laser beam. Electromagnetic radiation from the illuminated spot is collected with a lens and sent through a monochromator. Elastic scattered radiation at the wavelength corresponding to the laser line (Rayleigh scattering) is filtered out by either a notch filter, edge pass filter, or a band pass filter, while the rest of the collected light is dispersed onto a detector.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
elucidation: Raman spectroscopy (/ˈrɑːmən/) (named after physicist C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy relies upon inelastic scattering of photons, known as Raman scattering. A source of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range is used, although X-rays can also be used. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Infrared spectroscopy typically yields similar yet complementary information. Typically, a sample is illuminated with a laser beam. Electromagnetic radiation from the illuminated spot is collected with a lens and sent through a monochromator. Elastic scattered radiation at the wavelength corresponding to the laser line (Rayleigh scattering) is filtered out by either a notch filter, edge pass filter, or a band pass filter, while the rest of the collected light is dispersed onto a detector.

RawSample
type: Class
subclass of: Sample

SampleExtractionInstrument
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationHardware

SampledDCPolarography
type: Class
comment: DC polarography with current sampling at the end of each drop life mechanically enforced by a knocker at a preset drop time value. The current sampling and mechanical drop dislodge are synchronized. In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to double layer charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lowered.
subclass of: DCPolarography
alternative label: TASTPolarography
elucidation: DC polarography with current sampling at the end of each drop life mechanically enforced by a knocker at a preset drop time value. The current sampling and mechanical drop dislodge are synchronized. In this way, the ratio of faradaic current to double layer charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated. Due to the improved signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lowered.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

ScanningAugerElectronMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES or simply Auger) is a surface analysis technique that uses an electron beam to excite electrons on atoms in the particle. Atoms that are excited by the electron beam can emit “Auger” electrons. AES measures the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons. The energy of the emitted electrons is characteristic of elements present at the surface and near the surface of a sample.
subclass of: Microscopy
alternative label: AES
elucidation: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES or simply Auger) is a surface analysis technique that uses an electron beam to excite electrons on atoms in the particle. Atoms that are excited by the electron beam can emit “Auger” electrons. AES measures the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons. The energy of the emitted electrons is characteristic of elements present at the surface and near the surface of a sample.

ScanningKelvinProbe
type: Class
comment: Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) are probe techniques which permit mapping of topography and Volta potential distribution on electrode surfaces. It measures the surface electrical potential of a sample without requiring an actual physical contact.
subclass of: Microscopy
alternative label: SKB
elucidation: Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) are probe techniques which permit mapping of topography and Volta potential distribution on electrode surfaces. It measures the surface electrical potential of a sample without requiring an actual physical contact.

ScanningProbeMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen.
subclass of: Microscopy
alternative label: SPM
elucidation: Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen.

ScanningTunnelingMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, or STM, is an imaging technique used to obtain ultra-high resolution images at the atomic scale, without using light or electron beams.
subclass of: Microscopy
alternative label: STM
elucidation: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, or STM, is an imaging technique used to obtain ultra-high resolution images at the atomic scale, without using light or electron beams.

SecondaryData
type: Class
comment: Data resulting from the application of post-processing or model generation to other data.
comment: Data resulting from the application of post-processing or model generation to other data. Examples include: deconvoluted curves, intensity maps.
subclass of: CharacterisationData
alternative label: Elaborated data
example: Deconvoluted curves, intensity maps.
elucidation: Data resulting from the application of post-processing or model generation to other data.

SecondaryIonMassSpectrometry
type: Class
comment: Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a technique used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films by sputtering the surface of the specimen with a focused primary ion beam and collecting and analyzing ejected secondary ions.
subclass of: Spectrometry
alternative label: SIMS
elucidation: Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a technique used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films by sputtering the surface of the specimen with a focused primary ion beam and collecting and analyzing ejected secondary ions.

SquareWaveVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Voltammetry in which a square-wave potential waveform is superimposed on an underlying linearly varying potential ramp or staircase ramp. Most instruments show plots of the current at the end of the forward-going pulse and of the backward-going pulse vs. the potential, as well as their difference. This can give valuable information on the kinetics of the electrode reaction and the electrode process. The current is sampled just before the end of the forward- going pulse and of the backward-going pulse and the difference of the two sampled currents is plotted versus the applied potential of the potential or staircase ramp. The square-wave voltammogram is peak-shaped. The sensitivity of SWV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
subclass of: Voltammetry
alternative label: OSWV
alternative label: OsteryoungSquareWaveVoltammetry
alternative label: SWV
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4016323
elucidation: Voltammetry in which a square-wave potential waveform is superimposed on an underlying linearly varying potential ramp or staircase ramp. Most instruments show plots of the current at the end of the forward-going pulse and of the backward-going pulse vs. the potential, as well as their difference. This can give valuable information on the kinetics of the electrode reaction and the electrode process. The current is sampled just before the end of the forward- going pulse and of the backward-going pulse and the difference of the two sampled currents is plotted versus the applied potential of the potential or staircase ramp. The square-wave voltammogram is peak-shaped. The sensitivity of SWV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squarewave_voltammetry
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

Synchrotron
type: Class
subclass of: ScatteringAndDiffraction

Thermogravimetry
type: Class
comment: Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction).
subclass of: ThermochemicalTesting
alternative label: TGA
elucidation: Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction).

ThreePointBendingTesting
type: Class
comment: Method of mechanical testing that provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending, flexural stress, flexural strain, and the flexural stress–strain response of a material sample.
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
alternative label: ThreePointFlexuralTest
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300905
elucidation: Method of mechanical testing that provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending, flexural stress, flexural strain, and the flexural stress–strain response of a material sample.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_flexural_test

UltrasonicTesting
type: Class
comment: Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion. Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion. Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.

UltravioletVisibleSpectroscopy
type: Class
comment: It is routinely used in material science and analytical chemistry, commonly carried out in gas, solutions or vacuum environment.
comment: Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or UV/VIS refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region.
comment: Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or UV/VIS refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. It is routinely used in material science and analytical chemistry, commonly carried out in gas, solutions or vacuum environment.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
alternative label: UV-VIS
elucidation: Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or UV/VIS refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region.

VaporPressureDepressionOsmometry
type: Class
comment: Vapor pressure osmometry measures vapor pressure indirectly by measuring the change in temperature of a polymer solution on dilution by solvent vapor and is generally useful for polymers with Mn below 10,000–40,000 g/mol. When molecular weight is more than that limit, the quantity being measured becomes very small to detect.
subclass of: Osmometry
alternative label: VPO
elucidation: Vapor pressure osmometry measures vapor pressure indirectly by measuring the change in temperature of a polymer solution on dilution by solvent vapor and is generally useful for polymers with Mn below 10,000–40,000 g/mol. When molecular weight is more than that limit, the quantity being measured becomes very small to detect.

Viscometry
type: Class
comment: Viscometry or viscosity method was one of the first methods used for determining the MW of polymers. In this method, the viscosity of polymer solution is measured, and the simplest method used is capillary viscometry by using the Ubbelohde U-tube viscometer. In this method, both the flow time of the polymer solution (t) and the flow time of the pure solvent (t0) are recorded. The ratio of the polymer solution flow time (t) to the flow time of pure solvent (t0) is equal to the ratio of their viscosities (η/η0) only if they have the same densities.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
alternative label: Viscosity
elucidation: Viscometry or viscosity method was one of the first methods used for determining the MW of polymers. In this method, the viscosity of polymer solution is measured, and the simplest method used is capillary viscometry by using the Ubbelohde U-tube viscometer. In this method, both the flow time of the polymer solution (t) and the flow time of the pure solvent (t0) are recorded. The ratio of the polymer solution flow time (t) to the flow time of pure solvent (t0) is equal to the ratio of their viscosities (η/η0) only if they have the same densities.

VoltammetryAtARotatingDiskElectrode
type: Class
comment: Hydrodynamic voltammetry using a a rotating disc electrode, where the limiting current is described by the Levich equation.
subclass of: HydrodynamicVoltammetry
elucidation: Hydrodynamic voltammetry using a a rotating disc electrode, where the limiting current is described by the Levich equation.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

XpsVariableKinetic
type: Class
comment: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), also known as ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) is a surface analysis technique which provides both elemental and chemical state information virtually without restriction on the type of material which can be analysed. It is a relatively simple technique where the sample is illuminated with X-rays which have enough energy to eject an electron from the atom. These ejected electrons are known as photoelectrons. The kinetic energy of these emitted electrons is characteristic of the element from which the photoelectron originated. The position and intensity of the peaks in an energy spectrum provide the desired chemical state and quantitative information. The surface sensitivity of XPS is determined by the distance that that photoelectron can travel through the material without losing any kinteic energy. These elastiaclly scattered photoelectrons contribute to the photoelectron peak, whilst photoelectrons that have been inelastically scattered, losing some kinetic energy before leaving the material, will contribute to the spectral background.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
alternative label: Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA)
alternative label: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
elucidation: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), also known as ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) is a surface analysis technique which provides both elemental and chemical state information virtually without restriction on the type of material which can be analysed. It is a relatively simple technique where the sample is illuminated with X-rays which have enough energy to eject an electron from the atom. These ejected electrons are known as photoelectrons. The kinetic energy of these emitted electrons is characteristic of the element from which the photoelectron originated. The position and intensity of the peaks in an energy spectrum provide the desired chemical state and quantitative information. The surface sensitivity of XPS is determined by the distance that that photoelectron can travel through the material without losing any kinteic energy. These elastiaclly scattered photoelectrons contribute to the photoelectron peak, whilst photoelectrons that have been inelastically scattered, losing some kinetic energy before leaving the material, will contribute to the spectral background.

XrayPowderDiffraction
type: Class
comment: A method for analyzing the crystal structure of powdered materials by measuring the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with randomly oriented crystallites within the sample.
subclass of: XrayDiffraction
alternative label: XRPD
elucidation: A method for analyzing the crystal structure of powdered materials by measuring the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with randomly oriented crystallites within the sample.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_diffraction

XrdGrazingIncidence
type: Class
subclass of: ScatteringAndDiffraction

hasAccessConditions
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationTechnique
range: AccessConditions

hasBPMNDiagram
type: ObjectProperty
range: BPMNDiagram

hasBeginCharacterisationTask
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationWorkflow
range: CharacterisationTask
alternative label: hasBeginCharacterizationTask

hasCharacterisationComponent
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: hasCharacterizationComponent

hasCharacterisationEnvironment
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationProcedure
range: CharacterisationEnvironment
alternative label: hasCharacterizationEnvironment

hasCharacterisationEnvironmentProperty
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationEnvironment
range: CharacterisationEnvironmentProperty
alternative label: hasCharacterizationEnvironmentProperty

hasCharacterisationInput
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationProcedure
range: CharacterisationData
alternative label: hasCharacterizationInput

hasCharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
range: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
alternative label: hasCharacterizationMeasurementInstrument

hasCharacterisationOutput
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationProcedure
range: CharacterisationData
alternative label: hasCharacterizationOutput

hasCharacterisationProcedureValidation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationTechnique
range: CharacterisationProcedureValidation

hasCharacterisationProperty
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Sample
range: CharacterisationProperty
alternative label: hasCharacterizationProperty

hasCharacterisationSoftware
type: ObjectProperty
range: CharacterisationSoftware
alternative label: hasCharacterizationSoftware

hasCharacterisationTask
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationWorkflow
range: CharacterisationTask
alternative label: hasCharacterizationTask

hasDataAcquisitionRate
type: ObjectProperty
domain: RawData
range: DataAcquisitionRate

hasDataProcessingThroughCalibration
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess

hasDataQuality
type: ObjectProperty
domain: DataPostProcessing
range: DataQuality

hasDataset
type: ObjectProperty

hasEndCharacterisationTask
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationWorkflow
range: CharacterisationTask
alternative label: hasEndCharacterizationTask

hasHardwareSpecification
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationHardware
range: CharacterisationHardwareSpecification

hasHazard
type: ObjectProperty
range: Hazard

hasHolder
type: ObjectProperty
domain: SamplePreparation
range: Holder

hasInstrumentForCalibration
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CalibrationProcess
range: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument

hasInteractionVolume
type: ObjectProperty
domain: ProbeSampleInteraction
range: InteractionVolume

hasInteractionWithProbe
type: ObjectProperty
domain: ProbeSampleInteraction
range: Probe

hasInteractionWithSample
type: ObjectProperty
domain: ProbeSampleInteraction
range: Sample

hasLaboratory
type: ObjectProperty
range: Laboratory
alternative label: hasLab

hasLevelOfAutomation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationTechnique
range: LevelOfAutomation

hasManufacturer
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A string representing the Manufacturer of a CharacterisationHardware
domain: CharacterisationHardware
range: string
sub property of: topDataProperty
elucidation: A string representing the Manufacturer of a CharacterisationHardware

hasMeasurementDetector
type: ObjectProperty
range: Detector

hasMeasurementParameter
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationProcedure
range: MeasurementParameter

hasMeasurementProbe
type: ObjectProperty
range: Probe

hasMeasurementSample
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
range: Sample

hasMeasurementTime
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
range: MeasurementTime

hasModel
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A string representing the model of a CharacterisationHardware
domain: CharacterisationHardware
range: string
sub property of: topDataProperty
elucidation: A string representing the model of a CharacterisationHardware

hasOperator
type: ObjectProperty
range: Operator

hasPeerReviewedArticle
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A reference to academic literature proving the scientific validity of the approach.
domain: CharacterisationProcedureValidation
elucidation: A reference to academic literature proving the scientific validity of the approach.

hasPhysicsOfInteraction
type: ObjectProperty
domain: ProbeSampleInteraction

hasPostProcessingModel
type: ObjectProperty
domain: DataPostProcessing
range: PostProcessingModel

hasProcessingReproducibility
type: ObjectProperty
domain: DataPostProcessing

hasReferenceSample
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CalibrationProcess
range: ReferenceSample

hasSampleForInspection
type: ObjectProperty
domain: SampleInspection
range: Sample

hasSampleBeforeSamplePreparation
type: ObjectProperty
label: hasSampleForPreparation
domain: SamplePreparation
range: Sample

hasSampleInspectionInstrument
type: ObjectProperty
domain: SampleInspection

hasSampleInspectionParameter
type: ObjectProperty
domain: SampleInspection
range: SampleInspectionParameter

hasSamplePreparationInstrument
type: ObjectProperty
domain: SamplePreparation
range: SamplePreparationInstrument

hasSamplePreparationParameter
type: ObjectProperty
domain: SamplePreparation
range: SamplePreparationParameter

hasSampledSample
type: ObjectProperty
domain: SampleExtraction
range: Sample

hasUniqueID
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A string representing the UniqueID of a CharacterisationHardware
domain: CharacterisationHardware
range: string
sub property of: topDataProperty
elucidation: A string representing the UniqueID of a CharacterisationHardware

rationaleHasCharacterisationProcedure
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Rationale
range: CharacterisationProcedure
sub property of: topObjectProperty

rationaleHasUserCase
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Rationale
range: UserCase

requiresLevelOfExpertise
type: ObjectProperty
range: LevelOfExpertise

hasDateOfCalibration
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
range: dateTime
sub property of: topDataProperty

SADProcess
type: Class
comment: A diffraction process where the pattern is produced from a selected area of the sample.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: SelectedAreaDiffractionProcess
elucidation: A diffraction process where the pattern is produced from a selected area of the sample.

studiedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a sample to the operator that has studied it.
domain: Sample
range: Operator

ThermomechanicalSamplePreparation
type: Class
comment: Thermomechanical sample preparation.
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: SamplePreparation
elucidation: Thermomechanical sample preparation.

DarkFieldImaging
type: Class
comment: An imaging technique where the image is produced from a diffracted beam.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An imaging technique where the image is produced from a diffracted beam.

SPED
type: Class
comment: A STEM technique where a diffraction pattern is acquired at each pixel.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ScanningPrecessionElectronDiffractionProcess
elucidation: A STEM technique where a diffraction pattern is acquired at each pixel.

ElectronImaging
type: Class
comment: A subclass of imaging where the image is produced by electron.
elucidation: A subclass of imaging where the image is produced by electron.

BrightFieldImaging
type: Class
comment: Simple imaging technique where the image is produced from an unscattered beam.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Simple imaging technique where the image is produced from an unscattered beam.

HAADF
type: Class
comment: A STEM technique which produces an annular dark field image formed by very high angle, incoherently scattered electrons.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: HAADFSTEM
alternative label: HighAngleAnnularDarkFieldScanningTransmissionElectronMicroscopyProcess
elucidation: A STEM technique which produces an annular dark field image formed by very high angle, incoherently scattered electrons.

EDSProcess
type: Class
comment: Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) is a routine technique for determining the elemental makeup and composition of materials in the Scanning or Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM/TEM).
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: EnergyDispersiveXraySpectroscopy
subclass of: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
elucidation: Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) is a routine technique for determining the elemental makeup and composition of materials in the Scanning or Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM/TEM).

EELS
type: Class
comment: A spectroscopy process where a spectrum is aquired of the energy that the beam looses when passing through the sample.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ElectronEnergyLossSpectroscopy
elucidation: A spectroscopy process where a spectrum is aquired of the energy that the beam looses when passing through the sample.

SEMCharacterisation
type: Class
comment: A characterisation process performed by scanning electron microscopy.
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: ScanningElectronMicroscopy
subclass of: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
elucidation: A characterisation process performed by scanning electron microscopy.

SinglePhaseParticle
type: Class
comment: In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass. [Wikipedia]
comment: Particle containing one PhaseOfMatter
elucidation: Particle containing one PhaseOfMatter

EquivalentSphericalGrainSize
type: Class
comment: Diameter of an equivalent sphere with the same volume as the grain
alternative label: EquivalentSphericalGrainDiameter
elucidation: Diameter of an equivalent sphere with the same volume as the grain

HeterogeneousNucleation
type: Class
comment: Most common nucleation process.
comment: The surface of some different substance, such as a dust particle or the wall of the container, acts as the centre upon which the first atoms, ions, or molecules of the crystal become properly oriented.
elucidation: The surface of some different substance, such as a dust particle or the wall of the container, acts as the centre upon which the first atoms, ions, or molecules of the crystal become properly oriented.

MicrostructureMatrix
type: Class
comment: Continuous phase in which a composite or multi-phase alloy is formed in a microstructure of metals and completely surrounds the other (dispersed) phases.
alternative label: HostMatrix
elucidation: Continuous phase in which a composite or multi-phase alloy is formed in a microstructure of metals and completely surrounds the other (dispersed) phases.

HighAngleGrainBoundary
type: Class
comment: A grain boundary with a high oritation angle between the grains.
comment: In aluminium are high angle grain boundaries typically defined with as grain boundaries with a grain boundary angle larger than 15 degree.
elucidation: A grain boundary with a high oritation angle between the grains.

PropertyModel
type: Class
comment: A microstructure model that predicts the value of a property from a given microstructure.
elucidation: A microstructure model that predicts the value of a property from a given microstructure.

YieldStress
type: Class
comment: The stress corresponding to the yield point at which the material begins to deform plastically.
comment: The yield strength is often used to determine the maximum allowable load in a mechanical component, since it represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without producing permanent deformation. In some materials, such as aluminium, there is a gradual onset of non-linear behavior, and no precise yield point. In such a case, the offset yield point (or proof stress) is taken as the stress at which 0.2% plastic deformation occurs. Yielding is a gradual failure mode which is normally not catastrophic, unlike ultimate failure.
alternative label: ElasticLimit
alternative label: YieldStrength
wikidataReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)
elucidation: The stress corresponding to the yield point at which the material begins to deform plastically.

Centroid
type: Class
comment: The arithmetic mean position vector of all the position vectors in the object
comment: defined the position of an extended object
elucidation: The arithmetic mean position vector of all the position vectors in the object

NumberDensity
type: Class
comment: Number of objects per volume
elucidation: Number of objects per volume

PhysicalVectorField
type: Class
comment: A physical field who’s values are vectors.
elucidation: A physical field who’s values are vectors.

DistanceFromSurface
type: Class
comment: Distance from a point inside a material to the surface.
elucidation: Distance from a point inside a material to the surface.

VoxelField
type: Class
comment: Field values assigned to each voxel (VoxelGrid cell)
subclass of: Restriction
example: tomography image
elucidation: Field values assigned to each voxel (VoxelGrid cell)

OrderedCluster
type: Class
comment: Short-range ordered fluctuations of the spatial distribution of solutes in a non-random solid solution.
alternative label: Cluster
elucidation: Short-range ordered fluctuations of the spatial distribution of solutes in a non-random solid solution.

PlanarDefect
type: Class
comment: A planar defect is a discontinuity of the perfect crystal structure across a plane.
elucidation: A planar defect is a discontinuity of the perfect crystal structure across a plane.

AverageParticleSize
type: Class
comment: The average size of a set of particles.
elucidation: The average size of a set of particles.

IncoherentPhaseBoundary
type: Class
comment: Boundray between two crystalline solid phases - incoherent lattices
elucidation: Boundray between two crystalline solid phases - incoherent lattices

Precipitation
type: Class
comment: The process by which a solute separates from a solution and forms solid particles.
comment: This can occur either from a liquid solution or a solid solution.
elucidation: The process by which a solute separates from a solution and forms solid particles.

MaterialName
type: Class
comment: A name identifying a material.
elucidation: A name identifying a material.

Subgrain
type: Class
comment: A common definition is that subgrains are separated from their neighbours by subgrain boundaries with a misorientation angle between 5 and 15 degrees.
comment: A region of a grain with (almost) the same crystal orientation.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A region of a grain with (almost) the same crystal orientation.

MobilityDatabase
type: Class
comment: A database containing mobilities of a range of species.
comment: A mobility database is typically combined with a thermodynamic database for predicting diffusivities and other kinetic properties.
elucidation: A database containing mobilities of a range of species.

HomogenousNucleation
type: Class
comment: Nucleation because to atoms coming into a enegetically beneficial configuration due to random movement of through the bulk of the medium.
elucidation: Nucleation because to atoms coming into a enegetically beneficial configuration due to random movement of through the bulk of the medium.

GlobalReferenceFrame
type: Class
comment: A conventional global reference frame.
elucidation: A conventional global reference frame.

SubgrainSize
type: Class
comment: Representative length of a subgrain measured according to a specified procedure (experimentally or theoretically).
elucidation: Representative length of a subgrain measured according to a specified procedure (experimentally or theoretically).

LowAngleGrainBoundary
type: Class
comment: A grain boundary with a low oritation angle between the grains.
comment: In aluminium are high angle grain boundaries typically defined with as grain boundaries with a grain boundary angle less than 5 degree.
elucidation: A grain boundary with a low oritation angle between the grains.

BoxAspectRatio
type: Class
comment: Also a method to characterize object by finding the smallest box that fully comprise the object
comment: Ratio between the maximum and minimum length of a box
elucidation: Ratio between the maximum and minimum length of a box

RepresentativeElementaryVolume
type: Class
comment: The smallest volume over which a measurement can be made that will provide a value representative for the whole.
alternative label: REV
alternative label: RVE
alternative label: RepresentativeVolumeElement
elucidation: The smallest volume over which a measurement can be made that will provide a value representative for the whole.

DualBoundary
type: Class
comment: A boundary consisting of exactly two phase of matter.
elucidation: A boundary consisting of exactly two phase of matter.

Recovery
type: Class
comment: A physical phenomenon where deformed grains within a metal reduce their stored energy by removing or rearranging defects in their crystal structure, primarily dislocations.
comment: Dislocations are introduced by plastic deformation and contribute to increasing the yield strength of the material. The recovery process reduces dislocation density, leading to a decrease in material strength but an increase in ductility. This is why recovery can be seen as either beneficial or detrimental depending on the application.
elucidation: A physical phenomenon where deformed grains within a metal reduce their stored energy by removing or rearranging defects in their crystal structure, primarily dislocations.
comment: Doherty et al. (1997) defined recovery as All annealing processes occurring in deformed materials that occur without the migration of a high-angle grain boundary. This definition allows to differentiated recovery from recrystallization and grain growth as both feature extensive movement of high-angle grain boundaries. -- RD Doherty; DA Hughes; FJ Humphreys; JJ Jonas; D Juul Jenson; ME Kassner; WE King; TR McNelley; HJ McQueen; AD Rollett (1997). "Current Issues In Recrystallisation: A Review". Materials Science and Engineering. A238: 219–274.
comment: Recovery differs from recrystallization and grain growth, which involve significant movement of high-angle grain boundaries. In contrast, recovery occurs without this migration. If recovery happens during deformation (common in high-temperature processing), it is known as dynamic recovery. When it happens after processing, it is called static recovery.

EvolutionModel
type: Class
comment: A microstructure model that predicts the evolution of a microstructure given a starting point and some boundary conditions.
comment: An evilution model is a formal description of one or more physical phenomena.
elucidation: A microstructure model that predicts the evolution of a microstructure given a starting point and some boundary conditions.

ThermodynamicDatabase
type: Class
comment: A set of critically evaluated parameter values for a range of thermodynamic functions.
comment: For metallic systems is CALPHAD a popular approach for calculating thermodynamic properties. In this approach are the thermodynamic properties defived from parametrised expressions of the Gibb free energy (and possible other basic quantities) of each phase. It is the parameters of these expressions that are stored in the thermodynamic database.
elucidation: A set of critically evaluated parameter values for a range of thermodynamic functions.

AreaPhaseFraction
type: Class
comment: Area of one phase divided by the total area.
elucidation: Area of one phase divided by the total area.

PhysicalScalarField
type: Class
comment: A physical field who’s values are scalars.
elucidation: A physical field who’s values are scalars.

LineDefect
type: Class
comment: A line defect is a line along which whole rows of atoms in a solid are arranged anomalously.
example: Stacking fault, dislocation
elucidation: A line defect is a line along which whole rows of atoms in a solid are arranged anomalously.

VoxelGrid
type: Class
comment: Grid with cubic elements of exactly the same size composing a box.
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
elucidation: Grid with cubic elements of exactly the same size composing a box.

alloyDesignation
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: An alloy designation is a system of numbers, letters, and sometimes chemical symbols used to identify the composition and properties of a metal alloy. These designations often indicate the primary alloying elements, their percentages.
comment: Common systems include the four-digit numerical system for wrought aluminum and the Unified Numbering System (UNS), which uses a prefix letter followed by five digits.
range: string
sub property of: identifier
example: - 6061 (four-digit aluminium alloy designation) - S31008 (UNS)
elucidation: An alloy designation is a system of numbers, letters, and sometimes chemical symbols used to identify the composition and properties of a metal alloy. These designations often indicate the primary alloying elements, their percentages.

AlloySystem
type: Class
comment: A language within physical metallurgy with which alloys are categorised.
example: AA6082 Inconel 625
elucidation: A language within physical metallurgy with which alloys are categorised.

Dispersoid
type: Class
comment: clarify difference from precipitate
comment: finely divided particles of one substance [PhaseOfMatter] dispersed in another [Merriam-Webster]
elucidation: finely divided particles of one substance [PhaseOfMatter] dispersed in another [Merriam-Webster]

Diffusion
type: Class
comment: The movement of individual atoms, ions and molecules relative to the remainder of the material.
comment: The movements of individual atoms is random but where there is a concentration gradient and a large number of movement occur, there will be a net effect for atoms to move down the gradient.
elucidation: The movement of individual atoms, ions and molecules relative to the remainder of the material.

PhysicalTensorField
type: Class
comment: A physical field who’s values are tensors.
elucidation: A physical field who’s values are tensors.

Distribution
type: Class
comment: Numbers of counts for a number of intervals for the value of some property.
alternative label: Histogram
elucidation: Numbers of counts for a number of intervals for the value of some property.

DependentElement
type: Class
comment: An element whos concentration is given from the remaining concentration after the concentration of all other elements has been given.
alternative label: BalanceElement
elucidation: An element whos concentration is given from the remaining concentration after the concentration of all other elements has been given.

NumberOfGrains
type: Class
comment: Number of grains in a control volume.
elucidation: Number of grains in a control volume.

NumberOfPhases
type: Class
comment: Number of phases in a control volume.
elucidation: Number of phases in a control volume.

GasPoreSize
type: Class
comment: Length of a gas pore measured according to a specified procedure (and/or model)
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Length of a gas pore measured according to a specified procedure (and/or model)

CoherentPhaseBoundary
type: Class
comment: Boundray between two crystalline solid phases - epitaxial layer
elucidation: Boundray between two crystalline solid phases - epitaxial layer

CylinderShapedGrainLength
type: Class
comment: Length or thickness of a grain who's shape can be approximated with a cylinder.
elucidation: Length or thickness of a grain who's shape can be approximated with a cylinder.

CylinderShapedGrainDiameter
type: Class
comment: Diameter of a grain who's shape can be approximated with a cylinder.
elucidation: Diameter of a grain who's shape can be approximated with a cylinder.

PoreSizeDistribution
type: Class
comment: A distribution of the Sizes of multiple pores
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A distribution of the Sizes of multiple pores

ProbabilityDistribution
type: Class
comment: A distribution that gives the probabilities of the occurence of different possible outcomes (of a measurement).
elucidation: A distribution that gives the probabilities of the occurence of different possible outcomes (of a measurement).

MassPhaseFraction
type: Class
comment: Mass of one phase divided by the total mass.
elucidation: Mass of one phase divided by the total mass.

EllipsoidAspectRatio
type: Class
comment: Also a method to characterize object by finding the smallest ellipsoid that fully comprise the object
comment: Ratio between the major axis and minor axis length of an ellipsoid
elucidation: Ratio between the major axis and minor axis length of an ellipsoid

ConcentrationField
type: Class
comment: a PhysicalField where
elucidation: a PhysicalField where

PrimaryParticle
type: Class
comment: SinglePhaseParticle forming during solidification
elucidation: SinglePhaseParticle forming during solidification

sampleName
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A name identifying a sample.
domain: Sample
range: string
sub property of: identifier
elucidation: A name identifying a sample.

NominalComposition
type: Class
comment: Average total composition of a microstructure.
elucidation: Average total composition of a microstructure.

InterstitialDefect
type: Class
comment: An interstitial defect is an atom that occupies a site in the crystal structure at which there is usually not an atom
elucidation: An interstitial defect is an atom that occupies a site in the crystal structure at which there is usually not an atom

GrainSizeDistribution
type: Class
comment: A distribution of the Sizes of multiple grains
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A distribution of the Sizes of multiple grains

GPZone
type: Class
comment: A Guinier–Preston zone, or GP-zone, is a fine-scale metallurgical phenomenon, involving early stage precipitation.
comment: GP-zones are associated with the phenomenon of age hardening, whereby room-temperature reactions continue to occur within a material through time, resulting in changing physical properties.
alternative label: GuinierPrestonZone
elucidation: A Guinier–Preston zone, or GP-zone, is a fine-scale metallurgical phenomenon, involving early stage precipitation.

PixelGrid
type: Class
comment: Grid with square elements of exactly the same size composing a rectangular shape.
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
elucidation: Grid with square elements of exactly the same size composing a rectangular shape.

FractalObject
type: Class
comment: Self-similar object at different length scale
elucidation: Self-similar object at different length scale

Average
type: Class
comment: A mathematical operator producing a single number that represents a set of numbers.
comment: An average operator can be defined in several ways, like as an median, arithmetic mean or geometrical mean.
alternative label: AverageValue
elucidation: A mathematical operator producing a single number that represents a set of numbers.

NumberOfPrecipitates
type: Class
comment: Number of precipitates in a control volume.
elucidation: Number of precipitates in a control volume.

DislocationDensity
type: Class
comment: Length of the dislocation per volume. Usually counted by pits in an etched area section
elucidation: Length of the dislocation per volume. Usually counted by pits in an etched area section

EulerAngles
type: Class
comment: Three angles describing the orientation of a real world object with respect to a main reference frame.
elucidation: Three angles describing the orientation of a real world object with respect to a main reference frame.

HeatingTime
type: Class
comment: Time duration for heating.
elucidation: Time duration for heating.

SolidSolutionHardening
type: Class
comment: The attainment of an increase in matrix strength through addition of different soluble elements, which are likely to include chromium, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, rhenium and ruthenium. The distortion of atomic lattice caused by the misfit of atomic radius inhibits dislocation movement.
elucidation: The attainment of an increase in matrix strength through addition of different soluble elements, which are likely to include chromium, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, rhenium and ruthenium. The distortion of atomic lattice caused by the misfit of atomic radius inhibits dislocation movement.

CoolingTime
type: Class
comment: Time duration for cooling.
elucidation: Time duration for cooling.

WorkHardening
type: Class
comment: The process involves deforming the metal at temperatures below its recrystallization point, which introduces defects into the crystal structure. These defects impede the movement of dislocations, making the metal harder and stronger. Common methods include rolling, hammering, and drawing.
alternative label: ColdWorking
elucidation: The process involves deforming the metal at temperatures below its recrystallization point, which introduces defects into the crystal structure. These defects impede the movement of dislocations, making the metal harder and stronger. Common methods include rolling, hammering, and drawing.

SoluteCluster
type: Class
comment: The size distribution of solute clusters are assumed to follow Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics.
comment: Unordered fluctuations of the spatial configuration of solutes in a solid solution.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: NMer
alternative label: UnorderedCluster
elucidation: Unordered fluctuations of the spatial configuration of solutes in a solid solution.

PixelField
type: Class
comment: Field values assigned to each pixel (PixelGrid cell)
subclass of: Restriction
example: Pixelated image.
elucidation: Field values assigned to each pixel (PixelGrid cell)

HeatingRate
type: Class
comment: Rate of heating.
elucidation: Rate of heating.

Dislocation
type: Class
comment: A linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure.
comment: NEED TO CLARIFY LINE OR PLANAR
elucidation: A linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure.

VolumetricConcentration
type: Class
comment: Number of specifiying chemical compounds or atoms in a volume
elucidation: Number of specifiying chemical compounds or atoms in a volume

LengthDensity
type: Class
comment: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length.
alternative label: LineDensity
elucidation: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length.

TripleJunction
type: Class
comment: A boundary volume , where tree things collocate.
comment: A triple junction is a line in space.
elucidation: A boundary volume , where tree things collocate.

NucleationRate
type: Class
comment: Number of particles that are nucleated per time unit.
elucidation: Number of particles that are nucleated per time unit.

AtomVolume
type: Class
comment: The average volume of atoms in a given phase.
elucidation: The average volume of atoms in a given phase.

Misorientation
type: Class
comment: The difference between two orientations.
comment: The misorientation depends only on the two local reference frames, but not on the main reference frame.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Misorientation between two grains.
elucidation: The difference between two orientations.

QuadrupleJunction
type: Class
comment: A boundary volume , where four things collocate.
comment: A quadruple junction is a point in space.
elucidation: A boundary volume , where four things collocate.

CompositionMeasurement
type: Class
comment: A characterisation measurement process where the composition of a material is measured.
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
elucidation: A characterisation measurement process where the composition of a material is measured.

NumberOfCells
type: Class
comment: Number of VolumeElements in a mesh (or grid)
elucidation: Number of VolumeElements in a mesh (or grid)

OrientationDistribution
type: Class
comment: The distribution of orientations of the constituents of a whole.
elucidation: The distribution of orientations of the constituents of a whole.

Alloy
type: Class
comment: Alloys may have very different properties compared to the pure substances it is composed of.
comment: Mixture with metallic character composed of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Mixture with metallic character composed of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal.

SecondaryDendriteArmSpacing
type: Class
comment: Averaging the distance between adjacent side branches on the longitudinal section of a primary dendrite.
alternative label: DAS
alternative label: SDAS
elucidation: Averaging the distance between adjacent side branches on the longitudinal section of a primary dendrite.

AmountPhaseFraction
type: Class
comment: Number of moles of one phase divided by the total number of moles.
alternative label: MolePhaseFraction
elucidation: Number of moles of one phase divided by the total number of moles.

GrainVolume
type: Class
comment: The volume of a grain.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The volume of a grain.

VolumePhaseFraction
type: Class
comment: Volume of one phase divided by the total volume.
elucidation: Volume of one phase divided by the total volume.

LocalReferenceFrame
type: Class
comment: Reference frame that is local to (follows) a real world object.
elucidation: Reference frame that is local to (follows) a real world object.

SolidificationCoolingRate
type: Class
comment: Cooling rate during solidification.
comment: Typically an average value is referred to.
elucidation: Cooling rate during solidification.

GrainSurfaceArea
type: Class
comment: The surface area of a grain.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The surface area of a grain.

PrecipitateSizeDistribution
type: Class
comment: An alloy can have multiple precipitate size distributions, one for each type of precipitates. For example GP zones, β'', β', U1 and U2 in an aluminium 6xxx alloy.
comment: Size distribution of precipitates.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Size distribution of precipitates.

temperDesignation
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Temper designations tell both the producer and the user how the alloy has been mechanically and/or thermally treated to achieve the properties desired. The first character in the temper designation (a capital letter, F, O, H, W, or T) indicates the general class of treatment. - F, as fabricated. Most F-temper products are “semi-finished” products. They will be used in shaping, finishing or thermal processes to achieve other finished forms or tempers. - O, annealed. Annealing treatments are used to achieve the lowest-strength condition for the alloy. The main reason is to maximize workability or increase toughness and ductility. - H, strain-hardened. This is for non-heat-treatable alloys that have had their strength increased by strain hardening, usually at room temperature. - W, solution heat-treated. This designation applies only to alloys that age naturally and spontaneously after solution heat treating. It is rarely a finished temper. - T, thermally treated. This applies to any product form of any heat-treatable alloy that has been given a solution heat treatment followed by quenching and aging.
comment: An alphanumeric designation appended to the alloy designation that describes the thermomecanical treatment of the alloy.
range: string
sub property of: identifier
example: T6 (peak aged)
elucidation: An alphanumeric designation appended to the alloy designation that describes the thermomecanical treatment of the alloy.

EffectiveComposition
type: Class
comment: The composition in the matrix.
comment: The effective composition is different from the nominal composition, since it only considers the composition of the matrix, excluding all other phases.
elucidation: The composition in the matrix.

ParticleGrowth
type: Class
comment: Particle growth occurs through several mechanisms: * Diffusion: Atoms, molecules, or ions move randomly and attach to the surface of a growing particle. * Aggregation: Smaller particles collide and stick together, forming larger particles. * Coalescence: Two or more smaller particles merge to form a single larger particle. * Condensation: A vapor or gas transforms into solid or liquid particles under supersaturated conditions. * Ostwald Ripening: Larger particles grow at the expense of smaller ones, driven by differences in solubility.
comment: The process where particles increase in size and mass over time. particle growth can be understood as the manifestation of various physical processes that lead to the enlargement of particles in a system.
elucidation: The process where particles increase in size and mass over time. particle growth can be understood as the manifestation of various physical processes that lead to the enlargement of particles in a system.

TEMGO
type: Ontology
abstract: The TEM Gemini Ontology (TEMGO) provides a standardised taxonomy and vocabulary for TEM and SEM characterisation procedures, workflows, instruments and tools used within the TEM Gemini Centre.
contributor: SFI PhysMet
created: 2025-05-09
creator: ElisabethThronsen
creator: Jesper Friis
creator: Tor Strømsem Haugland
creator: Sigurd Wenner
creator: Inga D. Konow
description: An EMMO-based application-level ontology that defines standardised TEM and SEM characterisation procedures, workflows, instruments and tools used within the TEM Gemini Centre.
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
publisher: TEM Gemini Centre
title: TEM Gemini Ontology (TEMGO)
doi: temgo#
status: UnderDevelopment
preferred namespace prefix: temgo
prior version: 0.1.0
version IRI: 0.2.0-beta
version info: 0.2.0-beta
funded by: he-matchmaker.eu
funded by: www.forskningsradet.no

AluminiumElectropolishing
type: Class
comment: Standard procedure for electropolishing of aluminium samples within the TEM Gemini Centre.
elucidation: Standard procedure for electropolishing of aluminium samples within the TEM Gemini Centre.

ExtrudedAluminiumCuttingAndPolishing
type: Class
comment: The standard cutting and polishing procedure within the TEM Gemini Centre for an extruded aluminium profile.
elucidation: The standard cutting and polishing procedure within the TEM Gemini Centre for an extruded aluminium profile.

HAADFSTEM
type: Class
title: High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM)
comment: An atomic-resolution imaging technique that uses a specialized detector to capture high-angle, incoherent scattered electrons. This method creates images where the brightness of an atomic column is directly related to its atomic number (Z-contrast), allowing for the direct interpretation of atomic-scale chemical composition without needing complex simulations, unlike conventional bright-field imaging.
subclass of: TransmissionElectronMicroscopy
alternative label: HAADF-STEM
alternative label: HighAngleAnnularDarkFieldScanningTransmissionElectronMicroscopy
elucidation: An atomic-resolution imaging technique that uses a specialized detector to capture high-angle, incoherent scattered electrons. This method creates images where the brightness of an atomic column is directly related to its atomic number (Z-contrast), allowing for the direct interpretation of atomic-scale chemical composition without needing complex simulations, unlike conventional bright-field imaging.

SPED
type: Class
comment: A specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope. By scanning over the sample and for each pixel rotating a tilted incident electron beam around the central axis of the microscope, a SPED pattern is formed by integration over a collection of diffraction conditions.
subclass of: TransmissionElectronMicroscopy
alternative label: ScanningPrecissionElectronDiffraction
elucidation: A specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope. By scanning over the sample and for each pixel rotating a tilted incident electron beam around the central axis of the microscope, a SPED pattern is formed by integration over a collection of diffraction conditions.

ScanningElectronMicroscope
type: Class
comment: A type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition.
subclass of: CharacterisationSystem
subclass of: Instrument
elucidation: A type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition.

T8T9Treatment
type: Class
comment: Thermomechanical treatment for T8 and T9 temper. Treatment steps: - 100°C @ 1h - 15% deformation - 150°C @ 2h
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: T8T9Aging1
elucidation: Thermomechanical treatment for T8 and T9 temper. Treatment steps: - 100°C @ 1h - 15% deformation - 150°C @ 2h

TransmissionElectronMicroscope
type: Class
comment: A high-resolution characterisation system that uses a beam of electrons transmitted through the sample. It provides detailed information about a sample's internal structure, morphology, and chemical composition down to the atomic level by detecting the electrons that pass through.
subclass of: CharacterisationSystem
subclass of: Instrument
elucidation: A high-resolution characterisation system that uses a beam of electrons transmitted through the sample. It provides detailed information about a sample's internal structure, morphology, and chemical composition down to the atomic level by detecting the electrons that pass through.

accelerationVoltage
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Electron acceleration voltage
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Electron acceleration voltage
unit: V

apertureDiameterObjective
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Diameter of objective aperture
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Diameter of objective aperture
unit: m

beamCurrent
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Current of the electron beam
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Current of the electron beam
unit: A
relatedTechnique: ScanningElectronMicroscopy

dateOfReceival
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The date an object is received.
range: date
sub property of: topDataProperty
alternative label: receivedDate
elucidation: The date an object is received.

detectorMode
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Detecor's mode, e.g., SE
domain: Instrument
range: string
elucidation: Detecor's mode, e.g., SE

detectorName
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Detecor's name, e.g., ETD
domain: Instrument
range: string
elucidation: Detecor's name, e.g., ETD

dwellTime
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Beam dwell time on each pixel during scan.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Beam dwell time on each pixel during scan.
unit: s
relatedTechnique: ScanningElectronMicroscopy
relatedTechnique: STEM

electronSource
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Electron source, e.g., FEG
domain: Instrument
range: string
elucidation: Electron source, e.g., FEG

instrument
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reference to the instrument
domain: Resource
range: Instrument
elucidation: Reference to the instrument

lineIntegration
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Number of times each line was scanned for intensity integration.
domain: Instrument
range: integer
elucidation: Number of times each line was scanned for intensity integration.
relatedTechnique: ScanningElectronMicroscopy
relatedTechnique: STEM

magnification
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Magnification
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Magnification

relatedTechnique
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Relates a property to a characterisation technique that this property is relevant for.
domain: Property
range: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Relates a property to a characterisation technique that this property is relevant for.

sampleHolder
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reference to sample holder.
domain: Instrument
range: SampleHolder
elucidation: Reference to sample holder.
relatedTechnique: TransmissionElectronMicroscopy

PositionX
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: X position of the stage/specimen relative to origin
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: X position of the stage/specimen relative to origin
unit: m

PositionY
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Y position of the stage/specimen relative to origin
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Y position of the stage/specimen relative to origin
unit: m

PositionZ
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Z position of the stage/specimen relative to origin
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Z position of the stage/specimen relative to origin
unit: m

stageRotation
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: In-plane rotation of the SEM sample stage about the beam relative to the chamber X-axis. Positive rotation is clockwise.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: In-plane rotation of the SEM sample stage about the beam relative to the chamber X-axis. Positive rotation is clockwise.
unit: degree
relatedTechnique: ScanningElectronMicroscopy

stageRotationMax
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Maximum in-plane rotation of the SEM sample stage about the beam relative to the chamber X-axis. Positive rotation is clockwise.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Maximum in-plane rotation of the SEM sample stage about the beam relative to the chamber X-axis. Positive rotation is clockwise.
unit: degree
relatedTechnique: ScanningElectronMicroscopy

stageRotationMin
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Minimum in-plane rotation of the SEM sample stage about the beam relative to the chamber X-axis. Positive rotation is clockwise.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Minimum in-plane rotation of the SEM sample stage about the beam relative to the chamber X-axis. Positive rotation is clockwise.
unit: degree
relatedTechnique: ScanningElectronMicroscopy

TiltX
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Tilt of the stage (SEM) or specimen holder (TEM) about the X-axis. For SEM, the X-axis is defined in the chamber coordinate system (left-right). For TEM, this corresponds to ?-tilt (perpendicular to the holder's longitudinal axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Tilt of the stage (SEM) or specimen holder (TEM) about the X-axis. For SEM, the X-axis is defined in the chamber coordinate system (left-right). For TEM, this corresponds to ?-tilt (perpendicular to the holder's longitudinal axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
unit: degree

TiltXMax
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Maximum tilt of the stage (SEM) or specimen holder (TEM) about the X-axis. For SEM, the X-axis is defined in the chamber coordinate system (left-right). For TEM, this corresponds to ?-tilt (perpendicular to the holder's longitudinal axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Maximum tilt of the stage (SEM) or specimen holder (TEM) about the X-axis. For SEM, the X-axis is defined in the chamber coordinate system (left-right). For TEM, this corresponds to ?-tilt (perpendicular to the holder's longitudinal axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
unit: degree

TiltXMin
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Minimum tilt of the stage (SEM) or specimen holder (TEM) about the X-axis. For SEM, the X-axis is defined in the chamber coordinate system (left-right). For TEM, this corresponds to ?-tilt (perpendicular to the holder's longitudinal axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Minimum tilt of the stage (SEM) or specimen holder (TEM) about the X-axis. For SEM, the X-axis is defined in the chamber coordinate system (left-right). For TEM, this corresponds to ?-tilt (perpendicular to the holder's longitudinal axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
unit: degree

TiltY
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Tilt of the TEM specimen holder about the ? axis (orthogonal to ? axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Tilt of the TEM specimen holder about the ? axis (orthogonal to ? axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
unit: degree
relatedTechnique: TransmissionElectronMicroscopy

TiltYMax
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Maximum tilt of the TEM specimen holder about the ? axis (orthogonal to ? axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Maximum tilt of the TEM specimen holder about the ? axis (orthogonal to ? axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
unit: degree
relatedTechnique: TransmissionElectronMicroscopy

TiltYMin
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Minimum tilt of the TEM specimen holder about the ? axis (orthogonal to ? axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Minimum tilt of the TEM specimen holder about the ? axis (orthogonal to ? axis). Positive tilt is clockwise.
unit: degree
relatedTechnique: TransmissionElectronMicroscopy

studiedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The Agent who studied the documented object.
elucidation: The Agent who studied the documented object.

studiedFor
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Description about what the documented object is studied for.
range: string
elucidation: Description about what the documented object is studied for.

workingDistance
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Distance between the sample and the electron polepiece.
domain: Instrument
range: double
elucidation: Distance between the sample and the electron polepiece.
unit: m
relatedTechnique: ScanningElectronMicroscopy

Elisabeth Thronsen
type: Person
alternative label: ElisabethThronsen
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

ElisabethThronsen
type: Person
name: Elisabeth Thronsen
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

Jesper Friis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
preferred label: JesperFriis
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

Tor Strømsem Haugland
type: Person
preferred label: TorHaugland
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

Sigurd Wenner
type: Person
preferred label: SigurdWenner
workplace homepage: https://www.sintef.no/en

hasMultipleMembers
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A sub collection relation where the proper part is fully encompasses some of the members of the collection.
elucidation: A sub collection relation where the proper part is fully encompasses some of the members of the collection.

isObjectOutputOf
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

GyromagneticRatio
type: Class
comment: Ratio of magnetic dipole moment to total angular momentum.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: GyromagneticCoefficient
alternative label: MagnetogyricRatio
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/GyromagneticRatio
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634552
ISO80000Reference: 10-12.1
elucidation: Ratio of magnetic dipole moment to total angular momentum.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03693

AmountFraction
type: Class
comment: The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
alternative label: MoleFraction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MoleFraction
elucidation: The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00296

ElectricInductance
type: Class
comment: A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Inductance
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Inductance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177897
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-41.1
elucidation: A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076

Density
type: Class
comment: Quantity representing the spatial distribution of mass in a continuous material.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MassConcentration
alternative label: MassDensity
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Density
ISO80000Reference: 4-2
ISO80000Reference: 9-10
ISO80000Reference: Mass per volume.
elucidation: Quantity representing the spatial distribution of mass in a continuous material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01590

DerivedUnit
type: Class
comment: A measurement unit for a derived quantity. -- VIM
comment: Derived units are defined as a numerical factor times the products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
elucidation: Derived units are defined as a numerical factor times the products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
VIMTerm: derived unit
comment: When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units.

Permeability
type: Class
comment: Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ElectromagneticPermeability
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectromagneticPermeability
ISO80000Reference: 6-26.2
elucidation: Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04503

ZeroManifold
type: Class
comment: A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 0-dimensional Euclidean space.
alternative label: 0-manifold
elucidation: A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 0-dimensional Euclidean space.

PhaseHomogeneousMixture
type: Class
comment: A single phase mixture.
elucidation: A single phase mixture.

Permittivity
type: Class
comment: Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Permittivity
ISO80000Reference: 6-14.1
ISO80000Reference: 6-14.2
elucidation: Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04507

ParticlesSystem
type: Class
comment: A particle system is a combination of elementary particles that may include also decays and/or annihilations, without any space-like interaction between elementary particles.
comment: A particles system is a system made of causal paths that are not interacting between each others, or possibly merge and fork.
alternative label: NonInteractingSystem
example: A W boson that travels through time and space and decays in a quark and anti-quark, and their evolution after their generation.
elucidation: A particles system is a system made of causal paths that are not interacting between each others, or possibly merge and fork.

ActivityOfSolute
type: Class
comment: For a solute X in a solution; quantity proportional to the absolute activity.
alternative label: RelativeActivityOfSolute
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89408862
ISO80000Reference: 9-24
elucidation: For a solute X in a solution; quantity proportional to the absolute activity.

Heat
type: Class
comment: Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
alternative label: AmountOfHeat
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Heat
ISO80000Reference: 5-6.1
elucidation: Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02752

AbsorbedDoseRate
type: Class
comment: Differential quotient of the absorbed dose with respect to time.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AbsorbedDoseRate
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69428958
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 10-84
elucidation: Differential quotient of the absorbed dose with respect to time.

ModellingLanguage
type: Class
comment: An artificial computer language used to express information or knowledge, often for use in computer system design.
example: Architecture description language – used as a language (or a conceptual model) to describe and represent system architectures.
example: Hardware description language – used to model integrated circuits. Architecture description language – used as a language (or a conceptual model) to describe and represent system architectures. Algebraic Modeling Language which is a high-level programming languages for describing and solving high complexity problems like large-scale optimisation.
elucidation: An artificial computer language used to express information or knowledge, often for use in computer system design.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_language

hasSpeciesPart
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a chemical composition to one its species.
comment: This property is typically used to relate a SingleComponentComposition to its chemical species.
elucidation: Relates a chemical composition to one its species.

Observed
type: Class
comment: A coded that has been observed by an interpreter.
example: The biography of a person met by the author.
elucidation: A coded that has been observed by an interpreter.

CompositeBoson
type: Class
comment: A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental bosonic type (integer spin).
equivalent class: Class
example: Examples of composite particles with integer spin: spin 0: H1 and He4 in ground state, pion spin 1: H1 and He4 in first excited state, meson spin 2: O15 in ground state.
elucidation: A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental bosonic type (integer spin).

Array3D
type: Class
comment: 3-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are matrices.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: 3DArray
elucidation: 3-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are matrices.

Behaviour
type: Class
comment: A process which is a temporal part of an object.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Accelerating is a behaviour of a car.
elucidation: A process which is a temporal part of an object.

Experiment
type: Class
comment: An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
elucidation: An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.

UndefinedEdgeCutting
type: Class
alternative label: Spanen mit geometrisch unbestimmten Schneiden

hasModel
type: ObjectProperty

SubObject
type: Class
comment: An object which is a temporal part of another object.
comment: Here we consider a temporal interval that is lower than the characteristic time of the physical process that provides the causality connection between the object parts.
subclass of: Restriction
example: If an inhabited house is considered as an house that is occupied by some people in its majority of time, then an interval of inhabited house in which occasionally nobody is in there is no more an inhabited house, but an unhinabited house, since this temporal part does not satisfy the criteria of the whole.
elucidation: An object which is a temporal part of another object.

ChemicalName
type: Class
comment: Name of a chemical according to a standard.
elucidation: Name of a chemical according to a standard.

SerialTask
type: Class
comment: A task that is a temporal tile of a workflow when there are no other activities taking place concurrently (i.e., no parallelism).
elucidation: A task that is a temporal tile of a workflow when there are no other activities taking place concurrently (i.e., no parallelism).

isObjectInputOf
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

DefiningEquation
type: Class
comment: An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
example: The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt. The definition of density as mass/volume. y = f(x)
elucidation: An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.

FormingFromIonised
type: Class

isNotCausedBy
type: ObjectProperty

ActivityCoefficient
type: Class
comment: A coefficient in thermodynamics used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ActivityCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745224
ISO80000Reference: 9-25
elucidation: A coefficient in thermodynamics used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00116

Arrangement
type: Class
comment: A causal object which is tessellated with only spatial direct parts.
comment: The definition of an arrangement implies that its spatial direct parts are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in an arrangement is constant. This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the arrangement direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself.
alternative label: MereologicalState
example: e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
elucidation: A causal object which is tessellated with only spatial direct parts.
comment: The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that an arrangement cannot overlap in space another arrangement that is direct part of the same whole.

LinearExpansionCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Relative change of length per change of temperature.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LinearExpansionCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74760821
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-3.1
elucidation: Relative change of length per change of temperature.

MagneticFlux
type: Class
comment: Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFlux
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177831
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux
ISO80000Reference: 6-22.1
elucidation: Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03684

PerQuarticLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with physical dimensionality per length to the power of four.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with physical dimensionality per length to the power of four.

influences
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non overlapping part of P is cause of O.
elucidation: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non overlapping part of P is cause of O.

RestMass
type: Class
comment: For particle X, mass of that particle at rest in an inertial frame.
alternative label: InvariantMass
alternative label: ProperMass
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RestMass
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96941619
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_in_special_relativity
ISO80000Reference: 10-2
elucidation: For particle X, mass of that particle at rest in an inertial frame.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_mass

AtomicPhysicsCrossSection
type: Class
comment: Measure of probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Cross-Section.html
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17128025
ISO80000Reference: 10-38.1
elucidation: Measure of probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles.

Thickness
type: Class
comment: Shortest distance between two surfaces limiting a layer, when this distance can be considered to be constant over a region of a finite size.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3589038
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.4
elucidation: Shortest distance between two surfaces limiting a layer, when this distance can be considered to be constant over a region of a finite size.

CoefficientOfHeatTransfer
type: Class
comment: At a point on the surface separating two media with different thermodynamic temperatures, magnitude of the density of heat flow rate φ divided by the absolute value of temperature difference ΔT.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ThermalTransmittance
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CoefficientOfHeatTransfer
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634340
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-10.1
elucidation: At a point on the surface separating two media with different thermodynamic temperatures, magnitude of the density of heat flow rate φ divided by the absolute value of temperature difference ΔT.

isFragmentOf
type: ObjectProperty

MolecularConcentration
type: Class
comment: Number of molecules of a substance in a mixture per volume.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MolecularConcentration
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88865973
ISO80000Reference: 9-9.2
elucidation: Number of molecules of a substance in a mixture per volume.

GranularMaterial
type: Class
comment: A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles that are large enough to avoid thermal motion fluctuations, and characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact.
elucidation: A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles that are large enough to avoid thermal motion fluctuations, and characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact.

SubProcess
type: Class
comment: A process which is a spatial part of another process.
comment: In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Breathing is a subprocess of living for a human being.
elucidation: A process which is a spatial part of another process.

precedes
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A temporal relation between two entities occurs when the two entities are in a one directional causality relation. The idea is that a temporal relation always implies a one-directional causality between two entities, leading to a asymmetric relation. This means that the causing entity can be in direct and optionally indirect causality relation with the effect entity. On the contrary, the effect entity cannot be in any causal relation (direct or indirect) with the causing entity.
comment: A time contact occurs when x isDirectCause y and not(y isCauseOf x).
comment: Each pair of entities in direct causality relation is either in hasNext or hasTwoWayCauseWith relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
alternative label: foregoes
alternative label: hasNext
alternative label: isBefore
example: My life between 18-24 years has next my life between 24-32 years.
example: The raw sample has next the treated sampled, which has next the examined sample. In this sense the whole sample is made of three states, connected by the has next relation, following its evolution in time.
conceptualisation: A temporal relation between two entities occurs when the two entities are in a one directional causality relation. The idea is that a temporal relation always implies a one-directional causality between two entities, leading to a asymmetric relation. This means that the causing entity can be in direct and optionally indirect causality relation with the effect entity. On the contrary, the effect entity cannot be in any causal relation (direct or indirect) with the causing entity.
elucidation: A time contact occurs when x isDirectCause y and not(y isCauseOf x).
comment: This relation is asymmetric and irreflexive.

Auditory
type: Class
comment: 'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, an ear.
comment: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
alternative label: Sound
example: When we use the term 'sound' what are we referring to? The EMMO identifies a sound as the physical object that can be heard by the observer (more exactly, by the sensor of the observer). In this sense, a sound (which is an acoustical object) is to be identified as the air region that manifests the sound wave and is able to be perceived by an observer. In case the wave is travelling through water or steel, then these other media regions are the sounds. If the waveform is travelling through a cable as electronic signal (analog or digital) it is no more a sound, since it cannot be perceived by an observer as an acoustical object. This electrical waveform (or digital packet) is another physical that may stand for a sound if interpreted by a device (e.g. an amplifier, a DA converter).
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.

LiquidSolution
type: Class
comment: A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
elucidation: A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.

MathematicalFunction
type: Class
comment: A function defined using functional notation.
comment: A mathematical relation that relates each element in the domain (X) to exactly one element in the range (Y).
alternative label: FunctionDefinition
example: y = f(x)
elucidation: A function defined using functional notation.

MetallicMaterial
type: Class

FormingFromGas
type: Class

TemperaturePerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerTime'.

Datum
type: Class
comment: A self-consistent encoded data entity.
example: A character, a bit, a song in a CD.
elucidation: A self-consistent encoded data entity.

Wavelength
type: Class
comment: Length of the repetition interval of a wave.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Wavelength
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Wavelength
ISO80000Reference: 3-19
elucidation: Length of the repetition interval of a wave.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06659

SerialWorkflow
type: Class
comment: A workflow whose tasks are tiles of a sequence.
elucidation: A workflow whose tasks are tiles of a sequence.

CompositePhysicalObject
type: Class
comment: The class of physical objects possessing a structure that is larger than a single composite particle, for which its bosonic or fermionic nature is undetermined.
comment: A composite physical object is made of bonded objects (i.e. characterised by their quantum states using a Schrodinger equation approach) that are connected together by elementary particles travelling between them. These elemenentary particles are real particles, describing the existance of a classical field (e.g. Coulomb potential between charged particles).
conceptualisation: A composite physical object is made of bonded objects (i.e. characterised by their quantum states using a Schrodinger equation approach) that are connected together by elementary particles travelling between them. These elemenentary particles are real particles, describing the existance of a classical field (e.g. Coulomb potential between charged particles).
elucidation: The class of physical objects possessing a structure that is larger than a single composite particle, for which its bosonic or fermionic nature is undetermined.

ParallelWorkflow
type: Class
comment: A workflow can be seen as a direct acyclic graph, whose nodes are tasks and edges are asymmetric causal relations. A parallel graph occurs when the topological order of such graph if not unique, meaning that there is at least one portion of the workflow in which at least two tasks are running concurrently. Concurrent tasks may or may not communicate. Communication is represented as a symmetric causality relation, superimposing the direct acyclic graph structure of the workflow.
comment: A workflow with some tasks running concurrently.
conceptualisation: A workflow can be seen as a direct acyclic graph, whose nodes are tasks and edges are asymmetric causal relations. A parallel graph occurs when the topological order of such graph if not unique, meaning that there is at least one portion of the workflow in which at least two tasks are running concurrently. Concurrent tasks may or may not communicate. Communication is represented as a symmetric causality relation, superimposing the direct acyclic graph structure of the workflow.
elucidation: A workflow with some tasks running concurrently.

ProcessEngineeringProcess
type: Class
comment: Deals with entities that have a undefined shape. Undefined means that the actual shape of the entity that is produced is not relevant for the definition of the process. In fact, everything has a shape, but in process engineering this is not relevant. e.g. the fact that steel comes in sheets is not relevant for the definition of steel material generated in a steel-making process.
wikipediaReference: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfahrenstechnik

NonEncodedContrast
type: Class
comment: A non encoded contrast (e.g. a temperature variation) can be represented by data that describes (e.g. the string "today it's warmer than yesterday") or quantifies (e.g. Monday 28 °C, Tuesday 30 °C) it through a semiotic process.
comment: Contrast that occurs naturally without an encoding agent producing it.
alternative label: EnvironmentalData
example: A cloud in the sky. The radiative spectrum of a star.
elucidation: Contrast that occurs naturally without an encoding agent producing it.
comment: This is a really broad class that gathers all physical phenomena in which a contrast occurs naturally, such as cloud patterns, tree rings, stains. It doesn't mean that such contrasts cannot be used to deduce something: in fact they can be seen as indexes (in semiotic sense) of a causally connected phenomena. Simply, there is no agent behind that contrast with the intention to transmit data.

releases
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O1 that proper overlaps an object O2, where the non-overlapping part of O2 is caused by O1.
elucidation: The relation between an object O1 that proper overlaps an object O2, where the non-overlapping part of O2 is caused by O1.

PhysicalPhenomenon
type: Class
comment: A physical phenomenon is intended as a physical process that starts or ends with an unbonded state, or that includes incoming or aoutgoing particles.
comment: The class of individuals standing for causally non-convex interacting systems.
example: A molecule, including a photon emitted (or captured) as result of a de-excitation (or excitation) process.
example: The formation of an hydrogen atom from a proton and electron.
conceptualisation: A physical phenomenon is intended as a physical process that starts or ends with an unbonded state, or that includes incoming or aoutgoing particles.
elucidation: The class of individuals standing for causally non-convex interacting systems.

PhysicsMathematicalComputation
type: Class
comment: A functional icon that imitates the behaviour of the object through mathematical evaluations of some mathematical construct.
comment: The equation that describes the velocity of a uniform accelerated body v = v0 + a*t is a functional icon. In general every analitical solution of a mathematical model can be considered an icon. A functional icon expresses its similarity with the object when is part of a process the makes it imitate the behavior of the object. In the case of v = v0 + a*t, plotting the velocity over time or listing their values at certain instants is when the icon expresses it functionality.
elucidation: A functional icon that imitates the behaviour of the object through mathematical evaluations of some mathematical construct.

SolidSolution
type: Class
comment: A solid solution made of two or more component substances.
elucidation: A solid solution made of two or more component substances.

ReciprocalDuration
type: Class
comment: A quantity defined as the inverse of time.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: InverseDuration
alternative label: InverseTime
alternative label: ReciprocalTime
example: Frequency or rate.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InverseTime
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98690850
elucidation: A quantity defined as the inverse of time.

follows
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: isNextOf
alternative label: succeeds

GapEnergy
type: Class
comment: Smallest energy difference between the lowest level of conduction band and the highest level of valence band at zero thermodynamic temperature.
alternative label: BandgapEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103982939
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12-27.2
elucidation: Smallest energy difference between the lowest level of conduction band and the highest level of valence band at zero thermodynamic temperature.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00593

UpperCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
type: Class
comment: For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for disappearance of bulk superconductivity.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/UpperCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106127634
ISO80000Reference: 12-36.3
elucidation: For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for disappearance of bulk superconductivity.

SecondAxialMomentOfArea
type: Class
comment: A geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SecondAxialMomentOfArea
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91405496
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-21.1
elucidation: A geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.

OrganicCompound
type: Class
source: https://goldbook.iupac.org
comment: A chemical compound containing carbon atoms. -- IUPAC
comment: The definition of organic compound is based on the IUPAC Gold Book. However, sometimes an organic compound is defined as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond. Also, some carbon-containing compounds are typically not classified as organic, like carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.
elucidation: A chemical compound containing carbon atoms. -- IUPAC

ProductionEngineering
type: Class

DerivedQuantity
type: Class
comment: "Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
elucidation: "Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
VIMTerm: derived quantity

processedFrom
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

hasUnitNonPrefixPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a prefixed unit to its non-prefixed part.
example: For example the unit CentiNewtonMetre has prefix "Centi" and non-prefix part "NewtonMetre".
elucidation: Relates a prefixed unit to its non-prefixed part.

PH
type: Class
comment: At about 25 °C aqueous solutions with: pH < 7 are acidic; pH = 7 are neutral; pH > 7 are alkaline. At temperatures far from 25 °C the pH of a neutral solution differs significantly from 7.
comment: Number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aH+ of the hydrogen cation H+ pH = −10 log(a_H+).
comment: Written as pH
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: For more details, see ISO 80000-9:2009, Annex C
elucidation: Number quantifying the acidic or the alkaline character of a solution, equal to the negative of the decimal logarithm of ion activity aH+ of the hydrogen cation H+ pH = −10 log(a_H+).
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04524

MetrologicalUncertainty
type: Class
comment: In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.
comment: Metrological uncertainty in EMMO is a slight generalisation of the VIM term 'measurement uncertainty', which is defined as "a non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity being measured".
comment: Metrological uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated.
comment: The uncertainty of a quantity obtained through a well-defined procedure, characterising of the dispersion of the quantity.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: A metrological uncertainty can be assigned to any objective property via the 'hasMetrologicalUncertainty' relation.
example: - Standard deviation - Half-width of an interval with a stated coverage probability
elucidation: The uncertainty of a quantity obtained through a well-defined procedure, characterising of the dispersion of the quantity.

NonPrefixedUnit
type: Class
comment: A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: DerivedUnit or UnitSymbol
elucidation: A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.

contacts
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: A spatial contact between two entities occurs when the two entities are in an interaction relation whose causal structure is a representation of the fundamental interactions between elementary particles (Feynman diagrams). It means that if two entities are in contact, then there is at least a couple of elementary particles, one part of the first and one part of the second, interacting according to one of the fundamental interactions through virtual particles. This kind of connection is space-like (i.e. interconnecting force carrier particle is offshelf). Contacts between two entities exclude the possibility of other causal relations that are not included in a fundamental space-like interaction.
comment: An interaction that is the sum of direct causality relations between two entities that are interpretable as fundamental physical interactions.
comment: Spatial contact is symmetric and irreflexive.
alternative label: adjacentWith
alternative label: hasSpatialnteractionWith
alternative label: touches
example: An elementary electron is in contact with another elementary electron in a scattering process.
example: The laptop is in contact with the desk, since there is a double-directional causality.
conceptualisation: A spatial contact between two entities occurs when the two entities are in an interaction relation whose causal structure is a representation of the fundamental interactions between elementary particles (Feynman diagrams). It means that if two entities are in contact, then there is at least a couple of elementary particles, one part of the first and one part of the second, interacting according to one of the fundamental interactions through virtual particles. This kind of connection is space-like (i.e. interconnecting force carrier particle is offshelf). Contacts between two entities exclude the possibility of other causal relations that are not included in a fundamental space-like interaction.
elucidation: An interaction that is the sum of direct causality relations between two entities that are interpretable as fundamental physical interactions.
comment: The contact relation is not an ordering relation since is symmetric.

DensityOfVibrationalStates
type: Class
comment: quotient of the number of vibrational modes in an infinitesimal interval of angular frequency, and the product of the width of that interval and volume
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DensityOfStates
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105637294
ISO80000Reference: 12-12
elucidation: quotient of the number of vibrational modes in an infinitesimal interval of angular frequency, and the product of the width of that interval and volume

isInterpretantFor
type: ObjectProperty

SpatialTiling
type: Class
comment: A well formed tessellation with tiles that all spatial.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A well formed tessellation with tiles that all spatial.

EndTask
type: Class
comment: The final task of a workflow.
comment: There may be more than one end task, if they run in parallel leading to more than one output.
elucidation: The final task of a workflow.

Somatosensory
type: Class
comment: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sensation (such as a pressure, pain or temperature).
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sensation (such as a pressure, pain or temperature).

PartialComposition
type: Class
comment: A language construct that represents fraction or amount of some (but not all) constituents of a substance.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A language construct that represents fraction or amount of some (but not all) constituents of a substance.

hasEndTask
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation identifying the tasks of a workflow that are not a temporal cause of other parts of the workflow.
elucidation: The relation identifying the tasks of a workflow that are not a temporal cause of other parts of the workflow.

TemporalSequence
type: Class
comment: A tessellation of temporal slices.
alternative label: Sequence
elucidation: A tessellation of temporal slices.

isDirectPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

ScientificTheory
type: Class
comment: A scientific theory is a description, objective and observed, produced with scientific methodology.
elucidation: A scientific theory is a description, objective and observed, produced with scientific methodology.

LiquidAerosol
type: Class
comment: An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
elucidation: An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.

hasQuantityPart
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a symbolic construct to one of its quantity parts.

SolidAerosol
type: Class
comment: An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
elucidation: An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.

isCogniserFor
type: ObjectProperty

IterativeTask
type: Class
comment: An iterative workflow which is a task of a larger workflow.
example: A Jacobi method, involving the iterative multiplication between a matrix A and a vector x, which is part of larger workflow for the solution of a partial differential equation using finite differences.
elucidation: An iterative workflow which is a task of a larger workflow.

Entropy
type: Class
comment: Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
comment: May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Entropy
ISO80000Reference: 5-18
elucidation: Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02149

isRedundantPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

StandardizedPhysicalQuantity
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to a standard (e.g. ISQ).
elucidation: The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to a standard (e.g. ISQ).

isDistinctPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

PolyatomicEntity
type: Class
comment: An entity made of two or more bonded atoms.
elucidation: An entity made of two or more bonded atoms.

PathLength
type: Class
comment: Length of a rectifiable curve between two of its points.
alternative label: ArcLength
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144654
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Arc_length
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.7
elucidation: Length of a rectifiable curve between two of its points.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_length

JouleThomsonCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Change of thermodynamic temperature with respect to pressure in a Joule-Thomson process at constant enthalpy.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93946998
ISO80000Reference: 5-24
elucidation: Change of thermodynamic temperature with respect to pressure in a Joule-Thomson process at constant enthalpy.

PressureCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Change of pressure per change of temperature at constant volume.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PressureCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74762732
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-4
elucidation: Change of pressure per change of temperature at constant volume.

SpecificEnergyImparted
type: Class
comment: In nuclear physics, energy imparted per mass.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificEnergyImparted
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99566195
ISO80000Reference: 10-81.2
elucidation: In nuclear physics, energy imparted per mass.

Stage
type: Class
comment: A process which is a temporal part of another process.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Moving a leg is a stage of the process of running.
elucidation: A process which is a temporal part of another process.

VolumeFraction
type: Class
comment: Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/VolumeFraction
ISO80000Reference: 9-14
elucidation: Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06643

hasQualifiedRole
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: hasQualifiedPart

Strain
type: Class
comment: Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Strain
ISO80000Reference: 4-17.1
elucidation: Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.

Maximal
type: Class
comment: A maximal class M (subclass of Maximal) is defined by choosing a reference type φ so that M is subclass of φ, all parts of x are needed to keep φ(x) and if you add something to x, then x is no more a φ.
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole are not proper part of an entity of that type.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole are not proper part of an entity of that type.

SpecificHeatCapacity
type: Class
comment: Heat capacity divided by mass.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificHeatCapacity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487756
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Specific_heat_capacity
ISO80000Reference: 5-16.1
elucidation: Heat capacity divided by mass.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05800

ChemicalSymbolicConstruct
type: Class
comment: A symbolic construct that stands for a chemical.
equivalent class: Class
example: H2O
elucidation: A symbolic construct that stands for a chemical.

isReferredBy
type: ObjectProperty

isDeducedBy
type: ObjectProperty

RelativeMassConcentrationOfWaterVapour
type: Class
comment: For normal cases, the relative humidity may be assumed to be equal to relative mass concentration of vapour.
comment: Ratio of the mass concentration of water vapour v to its mass concentration at saturation vsat, at the same temperature, thus ψ = v/vsat.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RelativeMassConcentrationOfVapour
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76379357
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: Ratio of the mass concentration of water vapour v to its mass concentration at saturation vsat, at the same temperature, thus ψ = v/vsat.

Diameter
type: Class
comment: The diameter of a circle or a sphere is twice its radius.
comment: maximal distance of two points of an object, in a given direction or along a straight line passing through the centre.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Diameter
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Diameter
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.5
elucidation: maximal distance of two points of an object, in a given direction or along a straight line passing through the centre.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter

IsIndexFor
type: ObjectProperty

isSignifiedBy
type: ObjectProperty

CommandLanguage
type: Class
comment: An interpreted computer language for job control in computing.
example: Unix shell. Batch programming languages.
elucidation: An interpreted computer language for job control in computing.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_language

ProcedureUnit
type: Class
comment: A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
comment: Procedure units and measurement units are disjoint.
alternative label: MeasurementProcedure
example: Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)
elucidation: A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.

IntermidiateTile
type: Class
comment: A tile that has next and is next of other tiles within the same tessellation.
elucidation: A tile that has next and is next of other tiles within the same tessellation.

Document
type: Class
comment: A heterogeneous object made of different graphical object parts.
elucidation: A heterogeneous object made of different graphical object parts.

LengthFractionUnit
type: Class
comment: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
example: Unit for plane angle.
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.

ElectricConductivity
type: Class
comment: Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
comment: Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Conductivity
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricConductivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4593291
ISO80000Reference: 6-43
elucidation: Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01245

ModelledProperty
type: Class
comment: A quantity obtained from a well-defined modelling procedure.
elucidation: A quantity obtained from a well-defined modelling procedure.

hasProcessOutput
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non-overlapping part of P2 is caused by P1.
elucidation: The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non-overlapping part of P2 is caused by P1.

Stress
type: Class
comment: Force per unit oriented surface area .
comment: Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Stress
ISO80000Reference: 4-15
elucidation: Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.

ChemicalSymbol
type: Class
comment: A symbol that stands for a chemical element.
equivalent class: Class
example: "H" "He" "Li" ...
elucidation: A symbol that stands for a chemical element.

isAffectedBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

AmountConcentration
type: Class
comment: The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Concentration
alternative label: MolarConcentration
alternative label: Molarity
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AmountOfSubstanceConcentrationOfB
elucidation: The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00295

RadialDistance
type: Class
comment: Distance, where one point is located on an axis or within a closed non self-intersecting curve or surface.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RadialDistance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1578234
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.9
elucidation: Distance, where one point is located on an axis or within a closed non self-intersecting curve or surface.

Status
type: Class
comment: An object which is a temporal part of a process.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: State
example: A semi-naked man is a status in the process of a man's dressing.
elucidation: An object which is a temporal part of a process.

IonAtom
type: Class
comment: A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
comment: The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
elucidation: A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.

isDeducerFor
type: ObjectProperty

BaseUnit
type: Class
comment: A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
VIMTerm: base unit

ChargeNumber
type: Class
comment: For a particle, electric charge q divided by elementary charge e.
comment: The charge number of a particle may be presented as a superscript to the symbol of that particle, e.g. H+, He++, Al3+, Cl−, S=, N3−.
comment: The charge number of an electrically charged particle can be positive or negative. The charge number of an electrically neutral particle is zero.
alternative label: IonizationNumber
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ChargeNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1800063
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Charge_number
ISO80000Reference: 10-5.2
elucidation: For a particle, electric charge q divided by elementary charge e.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_number
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00993

Gustatory
type: Class
comment: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a taste.
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a taste.

Neutron
type: Class
comment: An uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
elucidation: An uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

Homonuclear
type: Class
comment: A molecule composed of only one element type.
alternative label: ElementalMolecule
example: Hydrogen molecule (H₂).
elucidation: A molecule composed of only one element type.

Wavenumber
type: Class
comment: Reciprocal of the wavelength.
comment: The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.
alternative label: Repetency
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Wavenumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192510
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Wavenumber
ISO80000Reference: 3-18
elucidation: Reciprocal of the wavelength.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06664

Olfactory
type: Class
comment: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a smell.
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a smell.

ElectricResistivity
type: Class
comment: Electric field strength divided by the current density.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Resistivity
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Resistivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108193
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-44
elucidation: Electric field strength divided by the current density.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05316

participatesTo
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O that through overlaps a process P.
elucidation: The relation between an object O that through overlaps a process P.

hasObjectOutput
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non-overlapping part of O is caused by P.
elucidation: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O, where the non-overlapping part of O is caused by P.

ParticleNumberDensity
type: Class
comment: Mean number of particles per volume.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ParticleNumberDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98601569
ISO80000Reference: 10-62.1
elucidation: Mean number of particles per volume.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04262

partakesIn
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O1 that through overlaps an object O2.
elucidation: The relation between an object O1 that through overlaps an object O2.

RollingResistanceFactor
type: Class
comment: Quotient of tangential and normal component of the force applied to a body which is rolling at constant speed over a surface.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91738044
ISO80000Reference: 4-23.3
elucidation: Quotient of tangential and normal component of the force applied to a body which is rolling at constant speed over a surface.

isAddedTo
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O1 and a object O2 that proper overlap, and the overlapping part of O1 is: a) next of the non overlapping part and b) a constituent of O2.
elucidation: The relation between an object O1 and a object O2 that proper overlap, and the overlapping part of O1 is: a) next of the non overlapping part and b) a constituent of O2.

hasProcessInput
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non-overlapping part of P2 causes P1.
elucidation: The relation between a process P1 that proper overlaps a process P2, where the non-overlapping part of P2 causes P1.

QualifiedWhole
type: Class
comment: Al QWhole subclasses shuld have an axiom to express the part requirements, in the form of: MyQWholeClass SubClassOf: hasProperPart some AnotherClass This is a necessary but not sufficient condition.
comment: The qualified whole concept express the requirement for an entity of a type, say A, to have a part of another type, say B, with A and B belonging to different taxonomical branches. The concept of whole is then defined as something that needs a part of a specific type to exist. For example, an atom always requires a nucleus part to exist (but not viceversa)
comment: The superclass for all classes of individuals that requires to have a part of another specific class of entity of different type with a specific relation with it.
alternative label: QWhole
conceptualisation: The qualified whole concept express the requirement for an entity of a type, say A, to have a part of another type, say B, with A and B belonging to different taxonomical branches. The concept of whole is then defined as something that needs a part of a specific type to exist. For example, an atom always requires a nucleus part to exist (but not viceversa)
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of individuals that requires to have a part of another specific class of entity of different type with a specific relation with it.

Representation
type: Class
comment: A graphical object aimed to represent schematically the conceptual, temporal or spatial structure of another object, that may or may not exist.
elucidation: A graphical object aimed to represent schematically the conceptual, temporal or spatial structure of another object, that may or may not exist.

LightAndRadiationQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-7.
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-7.

ManufacturedMaterial
type: Class
comment: A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.
subclass of: Restriction
equivalent class: Class
alternative label: EngineeredMaterial
alternative label: ProcessedMaterial
elucidation: A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.

ChemicalRepresentation
type: Class
comment: A representation of objects belonging to the chemistry field.
elucidation: A representation of objects belonging to the chemistry field.

isGeneratedBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O , where the non overapping part of P is caused by O.
elucidation: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an object O , where the non overapping part of P is caused by O.

isReferentFor
type: ObjectProperty

DensityOfHeatFlowRate
type: Class
comment: At a fixed point in a medium, the direction of propagation of heat is opposite to the temperature gradient. At a point on the surface separating two media with different temperatures, the direction of propagation of heat is normal to the surface, from higher to lower temperatures.
comment: Vector quantity with magnitude equal to the heat flow rate dΦ through a surface element divided by the area dA of the element, and direction eφ in the direction of propagation of heat.
alternative label: AreicHeatFlowRate
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478382
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 5-8
elucidation: Vector quantity with magnitude equal to the heat flow rate dΦ through a surface element divided by the area dA of the element, and direction eφ in the direction of propagation of heat.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02755

isIconFor
type: ObjectProperty

contributesTo
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P1 that through overlaps a process P2.
elucidation: The relation between a process P1 that through overlaps a process P2.

isSpatialPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

SpecificGasConstant
type: Class
comment: Quotient of the Boltzmann constant and the mass m.
subclass of: Restriction
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94372268
ISO80000Reference: 5-26
elucidation: Quotient of the Boltzmann constant and the mass m.

CompositeMaterial
type: Class
comment: A material that contains two or more constituent materials.
subclass of: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 2
subclass of: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 2
subclass of: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 2
alternative label: Composite
elucidation: A material that contains two or more constituent materials.

ConstitutiveProcess
type: Class
comment: A constitutive process is a process that is holistically relevant for the definition of the whole.
comment: A process which is a spatial part of an object.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Blood circulation in a human body.
elucidation: A process which is a spatial part of an object.

isDescriptionFor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation that connects a description to a declared semiotic objec in a declaration process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation that connects a description to a declared semiotic objec in a declaration process.

LatentHeat
type: Class
comment: Heat released or absorbed energy during a constant-temperature process.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207721
ISO80000Reference: 5-6.2
elucidation: Heat released or absorbed energy during a constant-temperature process.

FromWorkPIecetoWorkPiece
type: Class

LowerCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
type: Class
comment: For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for magnetic flux entering the superconductor.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LowerCriticalMagneticFluxDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106127355
ISO80000Reference: 12-36.2
elucidation: For type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density for magnetic flux entering the superconductor.

hasMeasuredProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined measurement procedure.
elucidation: Assigns a quantity to an object via a well-defined measurement procedure.

Intensity
type: Class
comment: Power transferred per unit area.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Power transferred per unit area.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity_(physics)

AccessConditions
type: Class
comment: Describes what is needed to repeat the experiment.
elucidation: Describes what is needed to repeat the experiment.

Amperometry
type: Class
comment: Amperometry can be distinguished from voltammetry by the parameter being controlled (electrode potential E) and the parameter being measured (electrode current I which is usually a function of time – see chronoamperometry). In a non-stirred solution, a diffusion-limited current is usually measured, which is propor-tional to the concentration of an electroactive analyte. The current is usually faradaic and the applied potential is usually constant. The integral of current with time is the electric charge, which may be related to the amount of substance reacted by Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. The amperometric method provides the ability to distinguish selectively between a number of electroactive species in solution by judicious selection of the applied potential and/or choice of electrode material.
subclass of: ElectrochemicalTesting
elucidation: Amperometry can be distinguished from voltammetry by the parameter being controlled (electrode potential E) and the parameter being measured (electrode current I which is usually a function of time – see chronoamperometry). In a non-stirred solution, a diffusion-limited current is usually measured, which is propor-tional to the concentration of an electroactive analyte. The current is usually faradaic and the applied potential is usually constant. The integral of current with time is the electric charge, which may be related to the amount of substance reacted by Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. The amperometric method provides the ability to distinguish selectively between a number of electroactive species in solution by judicious selection of the applied potential and/or choice of electrode material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

BPMNDiagram
type: Class

HardwareModel
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationHardwareSpecification

CharacterisationProperty
type: Class
comment: The characterisation property is the investigate property or behaviour of a sample. It is derived from the secondary data, usually after classification or quantification (manually or by a model).
elucidation: The characterisation property is the investigate property or behaviour of a sample. It is derived from the secondary data, usually after classification or quantification (manually or by a model).

CharacterisationSoftware
type: Class
comment: A software application to process characterisation data.
comment: A software application to process characterisation data. In Nanoindentation post-processing the software used to apply the Oliver-Pharr to calculate the characterisation properties (i.e. elastic modulus, hardness) from load and depth data.
example: In Nanoindentation post-processing the software used to apply the Oliver-Pharr to calculate the characterisation properties (i.e. elastic modulus, hardness) from load and depth data.
elucidation: A software application to process characterisation data.

Conductometry
type: Class
comment: Measurement principle in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured. The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration and nature of ions present.
comment: Measurement principle in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured. The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration and nature of ions present. An example is monitoring of the purity of deionized water.
subclass of: ElectrochemicalTesting
example: Monitoring of the purity of deionized water.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901180
elucidation: Measurement principle in which the electric conductivity of a solution is measured. The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration and nature of ions present.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductometry
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

DCPolarography
type: Class
comment: Linear scan voltammetry with slow scan rate in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. If the whole scan is performed on a single growing drop, the technique should be called single drop scan voltammetry. The term polarography in this context is discouraged. This is the oldest variant of polarographic techniques, introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890 – 1967). Usually the drop time is between 1 and 5 s and the pseudo-steady-state wave-shaped dependence on potential is called a polarogram. If the limiting current is controlled by diffusion, it is expressed by the Ilkovich equation.
subclass of: Voltammetry
elucidation: Linear scan voltammetry with slow scan rate in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. If the whole scan is performed on a single growing drop, the technique should be called single drop scan voltammetry. The term polarography in this context is discouraged. This is the oldest variant of polarographic techniques, introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890 – 1967). Usually the drop time is between 1 and 5 s and the pseudo-steady-state wave-shaped dependence on potential is called a polarogram. If the limiting current is controlled by diffusion, it is expressed by the Ilkovich equation.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

DataAcquisitionRate
type: Class
comment: Quantifies the raw data acquisition rate, if applicable.
elucidation: Quantifies the raw data acquisition rate, if applicable.

DataFiltering
type: Class
comment: Data filtering is the process of examining a dataset to exclude, rearrange, or apportion data according to certain criteria.
subclass of: DataPreparation
elucidation: Data filtering is the process of examining a dataset to exclude, rearrange, or apportion data according to certain criteria.

DataQuality
type: Class
comment: Evaluation of quality indicators to determine how well suited a data set is to be used for the characterisation of a material.
comment: Evaluation of quality indicators to determine how well suited a data set is to be used for the characterisation of a material. An example is the evaluation of S/N ratio, or other quality indicators (limits of detection/quantification, statistical analysis of data, data robustness analysis).
example: An example is the evaluation of S/N ratio, or other quality indicators (limits of detection/quantification, statistical analysis of data, data robustness analysis).
elucidation: Evaluation of quality indicators to determine how well suited a data set is to be used for the characterisation of a material.

EnergyDispersiveXraySpectroscopy
type: Class
comment: An analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample.
subclass of: Spectroscopy
alternative label: EDS
alternative label: EDX
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386334
elucidation: An analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy

GasAdsorptionPorosimetry
type: Class
comment: Gas Adsorption Porosimetry is a method used for analyzing the surface area and porosity of materials. In this method, a gas, typically nitrogen or argon, is adsorbed onto the surface of the material at various pressures and temperatures.
subclass of: Porosimetry
elucidation: Gas Adsorption Porosimetry is a method used for analyzing the surface area and porosity of materials. In this method, a gas, typically nitrogen or argon, is adsorbed onto the surface of the material at various pressures and temperatures.

Hazard
type: Class
comment: Set of inherent properties of a substance, mixture of substances, or a process involving substances that, under production, usage, or disposal conditions, make it capable of causing adverse effects to organisms or the environment, depending on the degree of exposure; in other words, it is a source of danger.
elucidation: Set of inherent properties of a substance, mixture of substances, or a process involving substances that, under production, usage, or disposal conditions, make it capable of causing adverse effects to organisms or the environment, depending on the degree of exposure; in other words, it is a source of danger.

HydrodynamicVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Voltammetry with forced flow of the solution towards the electrode surface. A linear potential scan, at sufficiently slow scan rates so as to ensure a steady state response, is usually applied. Mass transport of a redox species enhanced by convection in this way results in a greater electric current. Convective mass transfer occurs up to the diffusion-limiting layer, within which the mass transfer is controlled by diffusion. Electroactive substance depletion outside the diffusion layer is annulled by convective mass transfer, which results in steady- state sigmoidal wave-shaped current-potential curves. The forced flow can be accomplished by movement either of the solution (solution stirring, or channel flow), or of the electrode (electrode rotation or vibration).
subclass of: Voltammetry
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17028237
elucidation: Voltammetry with forced flow of the solution towards the electrode surface. A linear potential scan, at sufficiently slow scan rates so as to ensure a steady state response, is usually applied. Mass transport of a redox species enhanced by convection in this way results in a greater electric current. Convective mass transfer occurs up to the diffusion-limiting layer, within which the mass transfer is controlled by diffusion. Electroactive substance depletion outside the diffusion layer is annulled by convective mass transfer, which results in steady- state sigmoidal wave-shaped current-potential curves. The forced flow can be accomplished by movement either of the solution (solution stirring, or channel flow), or of the electrode (electrode rotation or vibration).
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamic_voltammetry
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

Impedimetry
type: Class
comment: Measurement principle in which the complex electric impedance of a system is measured, usually as a function of a small amplitude sinusoidal electrode potential.
subclass of: ElectrochemicalTesting
elucidation: Measurement principle in which the complex electric impedance of a system is measured, usually as a function of a small amplitude sinusoidal electrode potential.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

InteractionVolume
type: Class
comment: The volume of material, and the surrounding environment, that interacts with the probe and generate a detectable (measurable) signal (information). In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the incident electron beam, is usually much smaller than the entire specimen’s volume, and can be computed by using proper models. The interaction between the scanning probe and the sample generates a series of detectable signals (back scattered electrons, secondary electrons, x-rays, specimen current, etc.) which contain information on sample morphology, microstructure, composition, etc. In x-ray diffraction, the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the x-ray beam and is usually smaller than the volume of the entire specimen. Depending on sample’s structure and microstructure, the interaction between the sample and the x-ray incident beam generates a secondary (reflected) beam that is measured by a detector and contains information on certain sample’s properties (e.g., crystallographic structure, phase composition, grain size, residual stress...). In some cases, (like tribological characterisations) the “sample” can also be the “probe”. When analysing a system of samples that interact each other, finding a clear definition can become a complex problem. It is important to note that, in some cases, the volume of interaction could be different from the volume of detectable signal emission. Example: in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the volume of interaction between the electron probe and the material is different from the volumes that generate the captured signal.
comment: In some cases, (like tribological characterisations) the “sample” can also be the “probe”. When analysing a system of samples that interact each other, finding a clear definition can become a complex problem. It is important to note that, in some cases, the volume of interaction could be different from the volume of detectable signal emission. Example: in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the volume of interaction between the electron probe and the material is different from the volumes that generate the captured signal.
comment: The volume of material, and the surrounding environment, that interacts with the probe and generate a detectable (measurable) signal (information).
example: In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the incident electron beam, is usually much smaller than the entire specimen’s volume, and can be computed by using proper models. The interaction between the scanning probe and the sample generates a series of detectable signals (back scattered electrons, secondary electrons, x-rays, specimen current, etc.) which contain information on sample morphology, microstructure, composition, etc. In x-ray diffraction, the interaction volume is the volume of material that interacts directly with the x-ray beam and is usually smaller than the volume of the entire specimen. Depending on sample’s structure and microstructure, the interaction between the sample and the x-ray incident beam generates a secondary (reflected) beam that is measured by a detector and contains information on certain sample’s properties (e.g., crystallographic structure, phase composition, grain size, residual stress...).
elucidation: The volume of material, and the surrounding environment, that interacts with the probe and generate a detectable (measurable) signal (information).

Laboratory
type: Class
comment: The laboratory where the whole characterisation process or some of its stages take place.
elucidation: The laboratory where the whole characterisation process or some of its stages take place.

LevelOfAutomation
type: Class
comment: Describes the level of automation of the test.
elucidation: Describes the level of automation of the test.

LevelOfExpertise
type: Class
comment: Describes the level of expertise required to carry out a process (the entire test or the data processing).
elucidation: Describes the level of expertise required to carry out a process (the entire test or the data processing).

MeasurementTime
type: Class
comment: The overall time needed to acquire the measurement data.
elucidation: The overall time needed to acquire the measurement data.

Polishing
type: Class
comment: Polishing is a machining process to achieve a smooth surface of the Sample, which uses abrasive compounds with smal particles that are embedded in a pad or wheel.
subclass of: SamplePreparation
elucidation: Polishing is a machining process to achieve a smooth surface of the Sample, which uses abrasive compounds with smal particles that are embedded in a pad or wheel.

PostProcessingModel
type: Class
comment: Mathematical model used to process data.
comment: Mathematical model used to process data. The PostProcessingModel use is mainly intended to get secondary data from primary data.
comment: The PostProcessingModel use is mainly intended to get secondary data from primary data.
elucidation: Mathematical model used to process data.

RawData
type: Class
comment: Direct output of the equipment with the manufacturer’s software including automatic pre-processing that is not modified by the user once the acquisition method is defined and the equipment calibrated. The raw data is a set of (unprocessed) data that is given directly as output from the detector, usually expressed as a function of time or position, or photon energy.
comment: Direct output of the equipment with the manufacturer’s software including automatic pre-processing that is not modified by the user once the acquisition method is defined and the equipment calibrated. The raw data is a set of (unprocessed) data that is given directly as output from the detector, usually expressed as a function of time or position, or photon energy. In mechanical testing, examples of raw data are raw-force, raw-displacement, coordinates as function of time. In spectroscopic testing, the raw data are light intensity, or refractive index, or optical absorption as a function of the energy (or wavelength) of the incident light beam. In some cases, raw data can be considered to have already some level of data processing, e.g., in electron microscopy a “raw image” that is formed on the screen is already result from multiple processing after the signal is acquired by the detector.
comment: In some cases, raw data can be considered to have already some level of data processing, e.g., in electron microscopy a “raw image” that is formed on the screen is already result from multiple processing after the signal is acquired by the detector.
subclass of: CharacterisationData
example: In mechanical testing, examples of raw data are raw-force, raw-displacement, coordinates as function of time. In spectroscopic testing, the raw data are light intensity, or refractive index, or optical absorption as a function of the energy (or wavelength) of the incident light beam.
elucidation: Direct output of the equipment with the manufacturer’s software including automatic pre-processing that is not modified by the user once the acquisition method is defined and the equipment calibrated. The raw data is a set of (unprocessed) data that is given directly as output from the detector, usually expressed as a function of time or position, or photon energy.

Tomography
type: Class
comment: Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning that uses any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, cosmochemistry, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science. The word tomography is derived from Ancient Greek τόμος tomos, "slice, section" and γράφω graphō, "to write" or, in this context as well, "to describe." A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning that uses any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, cosmochemistry, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science. The word tomography is derived from Ancient Greek τόμος tomos, "slice, section" and γράφω graphō, "to write" or, in this context as well, "to describe." A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram.

UserCase
type: Class
comment: High level description of the user case. It can include the properties of the material, the conditions of the environment and possibly mentioning which are the industrial sectors of reference.
elucidation: High level description of the user case. It can include the properties of the material, the conditions of the environment and possibly mentioning which are the industrial sectors of reference.

XrayDiffraction
type: Class
comment: A technique used to analyze the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline materials by observing the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with the regular array of atoms in the crystal lattice.
subclass of: ScatteringAndDiffraction
alternative label: XRD
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12101244
elucidation: A technique used to analyze the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline materials by observing the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with the regular array of atoms in the crystal lattice.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

Electrolyte
type: Class

EELSSpectrum
type: Class
comment: A spectrum procuded by EELS.
elucidation: A spectrum procuded by EELS.

HAADFImage
type: Class
comment: An image produced by HAADF-STEM.
elucidation: An image produced by HAADF-STEM.

SpectroscopyProcess
type: Class
comment: Characterisation process that studies the absorption and emission of radiation from the sample.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Spectrometry
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
elucidation: Characterisation process that studies the absorption and emission of radiation from the sample.

SEMImage
type: Class
comment: An image produced by SEM.
elucidation: An image produced by SEM.

EDSMap
type: Class
comment: The characterisation result of an ECS process.
subclass of: CharacterisationData
elucidation: The characterisation result of an ECS process.

Electropolishing
type: Class
comment: An electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece, reducing the surface roughness by levelling micro-peaks and valleys, improving the surface finish.
comment: Commonly used for preparing metal TEM samples.
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: SamplePreparation
elucidation: An electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece, reducing the surface roughness by levelling micro-peaks and valleys, improving the surface finish.

TEMSample
type: Class
comment: A sample prepared for TEM.
subclass of: PreparedSample
elucidation: A sample prepared for TEM.

SPEDImage
type: Class
comment: An image produced by SPED.
elucidation: An image produced by SPED.

BrightFieldImage
type: Class
comment: Image produced from bright field imaging.
alternative label: BFImage
elucidation: Image produced from bright field imaging.

DarkFieldImage
type: Class
comment: Image produced from dark field imaging.
alternative label: DFImage
elucidation: Image produced from dark field imaging.

LightImaging
type: Class
comment: A subclass of imaging where the image is produced by photons.
elucidation: A subclass of imaging where the image is produced by photons.

ElectropolishedSample
type: Class
comment: A sample after electropolishing.
subclass of: Sample
elucidation: A sample after electropolishing.

ThermomechanicalTreatedSample
type: Class
comment: A sample after thermomechanical treatment.
subclass of: Sample
elucidation: A sample after thermomechanical treatment.

DiffractionProcess
type: Class
comment: Characterisation process that evaluation of the intensity variation of one or several diffraction peaks of a given phase along a single or multiple sample orientations.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
elucidation: Characterisation process that evaluation of the intensity variation of one or several diffraction peaks of a given phase along a single or multiple sample orientations.

SelectedAreaPattern
type: Class
comment: A diffraction pattern produced by selected area diffraction.
elucidation: A diffraction pattern produced by selected area diffraction.

CuttingAndPolishing
type: Class
comment: Sample preparation step combining cutting and polishing.
comment: This class helps increasing the granularity and simplify the documentation of the sample preparation.
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: SamplePreparation
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Polishing
  union of: SamplePreparationByCutting
elucidation: Sample preparation step combining cutting and polishing.

CuttedAndPolishedSample
type: Class
comment: A sample after cutting and polishing.
subclass of: Sample
elucidation: A sample after cutting and polishing.

TEMCharacterisaion
type: Class
comment: A characterisation process performed by transmission electron microscopy.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: TransmissionElectronMicroscopy
subclass of: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
elucidation: A characterisation process performed by transmission electron microscopy.

SEMSample
type: Class
comment: A sample prepared for SEM.
subclass of: PreparedSample
elucidation: A sample prepared for SEM.

SurfaceDensity
type: Class
comment: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of area.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of area.

Orientation
type: Class
comment: The orientation of a real world object relative to a main reference frame. It can be expressed as the transformation from the main reference frame to a local reference frame.
comment: Three independent values are needed to describe the orientation of the local reference frame.
example: For texture is the local reference frame typically connected to the crystal directions and the main reference frame to the rolling, transverse and normal directions.
elucidation: The orientation of a real world object relative to a main reference frame. It can be expressed as the transformation from the main reference frame to a local reference frame.

SharpBoundary
type: Class
comment: A boundary related to a discontinous change in a physical property.
elucidation: A boundary related to a discontinous change in a physical property.

Microstructure
type: Class
comment: A composite material, who's components are in general so small that they require a microscope to be observed.
comment: A microstructure is also a holistic system (a complex whole with interconnected parts). However, since its parts (collectively called microstructure components) are of a different type than the microstructure itself, it also a fundamental whole.
comment: Being nominalistic, the microstructure is the material itself, not just a description of its structure.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A composite material, who's components are in general so small that they require a microscope to be observed.
comment: This is consistent with the definition of a microstructure in Oxford Languages: "The fine structure (in a metal or other material) which can be made visible and examined with a microscope".

AreaFraction
type: Class
comment: Area of parts divided by the total area of the whole (domain under consideration).
elucidation: Area of parts divided by the total area of the whole (domain under consideration).

CoolingRate
type: Class
comment: Rate of cooling.
elucidation: Rate of cooling.

Solute
type: Class
comment: The minor component in a solution, dissolved in a solvent.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The minor component in a solution, dissolved in a solvent.

PhaseBoundary
type: Class
comment: Boundary between two (or more) phases.
elucidation: Boundary between two (or more) phases.

ParticleSizeDistribution
type: Class
comment: A distribution of the Sizes of multiple particles.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A distribution of the Sizes of multiple particles.

Defect
type: Class
comment: Local deviation from a regular pattern.
elucidation: Local deviation from a regular pattern.

PixelSize
type: Class
comment: A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image. In the common case where the pixels are 2D squares, the pixel size is length of one of the sides.
comment: Length of a pixel.
elucidation: Length of a pixel.

CrystallinePhase
type: Class
comment: Phase with uniform crystalline structure with a defined composition range (or stoichiometry)
elucidation: Phase with uniform crystalline structure with a defined composition range (or stoichiometry)

Solvent
type: Class
comment: A solvent can be in many state of matter.
comment: A substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.

AlloyDesignation
type: Class
comment: Alphanumeric code that identify the chemical composition and temper (heat treatment) of a metal alloy.
comment: The four-digit numerical portion represents the alloy chemistry, while the temper designation, added after the four-digit code, indicates the specific heat treatment applied.
example: For example, "6061-T6" indicates a 6061 alloy that has been solution heat treated and then artificially aged.
elucidation: Alphanumeric code that identify the chemical composition and temper (heat treatment) of a metal alloy.

Mesh
type: Class
comment: A mesh does not put any restructiction on the type of vomume elements that are used.
comment: Generic discretisation of a volume. It covers completely (an approximation of) the volume with no overlapping elements.
elucidation: Generic discretisation of a volume. It covers completely (an approximation of) the volume with no overlapping elements.

DiffuseBoundary
type: Class
comment: Smooth and continuation change in a physical property.
elucidation: Smooth and continuation change in a physical property.

Precipitate
type: Class
comment: A precipitate can not live without its sourounding microstructure
comment: Finely dispersed particles containing one PhaseOfMatter forming from solid phaseOfMatter by precipitation.
elucidation: Finely dispersed particles containing one PhaseOfMatter forming from solid phaseOfMatter by precipitation.

Pore
type: Class
comment: A small openings in a solid substance.
comment: Pores are typically filled with other material, like air or water.
elucidation: A small openings in a solid substance.

PointDefect
type: Class
comment: Point defects are lattice defects of zero dimensionality, i.e., they do not possess lattice structure in any dimension.
example: vacancy, interstitial atom, substitutional atom
elucidation: Point defects are lattice defects of zero dimensionality, i.e., they do not possess lattice structure in any dimension.

VoxelSize
type: Class
comment: Length of a voxel.
elucidation: Length of a voxel.

materialName
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A name identifying a material.
range: string
sub property of: identifier
elucidation: A name identifying a material.

EquivalentSphericalDiameter
type: Class
comment: Diameter of an equivalent sphere with the same volume as the object
alternative label: EquivalentSphericalGrainDiameter
elucidation: Diameter of an equivalent sphere with the same volume as the object

SampleHolder
type: Class
comment: Holder for samples in a characterisation system.
subclass of: CharacterisationComponent
elucidation: Holder for samples in a characterisation system.

T8T9Aging1
type: Class
comment: First aging step of the T8T9 treatment.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: t8t9aging1 duration
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: T8T9Deformation
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: t8t9aging1 temp
subclass of: T8T9TreatmentTask
elucidation: First aging step of the T8T9 treatment.

T8T9Aging2
type: Class
comment: Second aging step of the T8T9 treatment.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: t8t9aging2 temp
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: t8t9aging2 duration
subclass of: T8T9TreatmentTask
elucidation: Second aging step of the T8T9 treatment.

T8T9Deformation
type: Class
comment: Deformation step of the T8T9 treatment.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: t8t9deformation strain
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: T8T9Aging2
subclass of: T8T9TreatmentTask
elucidation: Deformation step of the T8T9 treatment.

t8t9aging1 duration
type: NamedIndividual
hasNumberValue: 1h

t8t9aging1 temp
type: NamedIndividual
hasNumberValue: 100°C

t8t9aging2 duration
type: NamedIndividual
hasNumberValue: 2h

t8t9aging2 temp
type: NamedIndividual
hasNumberValue: 150°C

t8t9deformation strain
type: NamedIndividual
hasNumberValue: 15%

Inga D. Konow
type: Person
preferred label: IngaKonow
workplace homepage: https://www.ntnu.edu

Coupled
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

Velocity
type: Class
comment: The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description. -- IEC, note 2
comment: The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave. -- IEC, note 1
comment: Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector. -- ISO 80000-3
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Velocity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11465
ISO80000Reference: 3-8.1
elucidation: Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector. -- ISO 80000-3

isPortionPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

InteractingSystem
type: Class
comment: A causally bonded system is a system in which there are at least two causal paths that are interacting.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: PhysicalObject, PhysicalPhenomenon
elucidation: A causally bonded system is a system in which there are at least two causal paths that are interacting.

Probability
type: Class
comment: Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
comment: The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.
elucidation: Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04855

hasDeclared
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation connecting a declaring interpreter to the "declared" semiotic object in a declaration process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation connecting a declaring interpreter to the "declared" semiotic object in a declaration process.

Compressibility
type: Class
comment: Measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure change.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Compressibility
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8067817
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 4-20
elucidation: Measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure change.

PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
type: Class
comment: A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
comment: Phase heterogeneous mixture may share the same state of matter. For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.

hasProductOutput
type: ObjectProperty

PhysicalObjectByBond
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of physical objects by how they are bonded.
elucidation: Categorisation of physical objects by how they are bonded.

SymbolicByStructure
type: Class
comment: Symbolic caterorised by its internal structure.
elucidation: Symbolic caterorised by its internal structure.

directlyCausedBy
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: hasDirectCause

IonActivity
type: Class
comment: Normally a standard solution is a solution of the ion at a molality of 1 mol/kg (exactly). Standardized conditions are normally 1013,25 hPa and 25 °C.
comment: The correction factor is called activity coefficient and it is determined experimentally. See ActivityCoefficient
comment: ratio of the product of ion molality b and a correction factor γ to the molality b° of the same ion in a standard solution under standardized conditions: a = bγ / b°.
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: ratio of the product of ion molality b and a correction factor γ to the molality b° of the same ion in a standard solution under standardized conditions: a = bγ / b°.

ElectricCharge
type: Class
comment: The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Charge
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCharge
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111
ISO80000Reference: 6-2
elucidation: The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01923

ManufacturingSystem
type: Class
comment: A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.
elucidation: A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.

Voltage
type: Class
comment: Correspond to the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between two points in a static electric field.
comment: The difference in electric potential between two points.
alternative label: ElectricPotentialDifference
alternative label: ElectricTension
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Voltage
ISO80000Reference: 6-11.3
elucidation: The difference in electric potential between two points.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00424
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06635

Dataset
type: Class
comment: Encoded data made of more than one datum.
elucidation: Encoded data made of more than one datum.

DataByStructure
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of data by its structure.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Dataset or Datum
elucidation: Categorisation of data by its structure.

TaskByFlow
type: Class
comment: A task in a workflow, categorised by how it is connected to other tasks.
elucidation: A task in a workflow, categorised by how it is connected to other tasks.

Database
type: Class
comment: A structured collection of data held in a computer system that has a well-defined interface.
example: - A database covering nine million chemical compositions. - A thermodynamic database.
elucidation: A structured collection of data held in a computer system that has a well-defined interface.

isIncomingOverlappedBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an item I1 that proper overlaps an item I2, where the non-overlapping part of I2 causes I1.
elucidation: The relation between an item I1 that proper overlaps an item I2, where the non-overlapping part of I2 causes I1.

BinaryData
type: Class
comment: Symbolic data that can be represented as a sequence of zeros and ones.
elucidation: Symbolic data that can be represented as a sequence of zeros and ones.

DataByNature
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of data by its nature.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: ClassicalData or QuantumData
elucidation: Categorisation of data by its nature.

Foam
type: Class
comment: A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
elucidation: A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.

isNonTemporalPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

Baryon
type: Class
comment: Subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks, at least 3.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks, at least 3.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon

Subjective
type: Class
comment: A coded conventional that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
comment: The word subjective applies to property intrisically subjective or non-well defined. In general, when an black-box-like procedure is used for the definition of the property. This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s. e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
example: The beauty of that girl. The style of your clothing.
elucidation: A coded conventional that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.

CompositeFermion
type: Class
comment: A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental fermionic type (half-integer spin).
equivalent class: Class
example: Examples of composite particles with half-integer spin: spin 1/2: He3 in ground state, proton, neutron spin 3/2: He5 in ground state, Delta baryons (excitations of the proton and neutron)
elucidation: A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental fermionic type (half-integer spin).

isAfter
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: isTemporallyAfter

PhysicalParticleBySpin
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of physical particles by whether they have integer or half-odd-integer spin.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: Boson, Fermion
elucidation: Categorisation of physical particles by whether they have integer or half-odd-integer spin.

StandaloneAtom
type: Class
comment: A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
comment: An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: NeutralAtom, IonAtom
elucidation: An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.

Sol
type: Class
comment: A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.
elucidation: A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.

Structural
type: Class
comment: A perspective that categorises causal structures according to the merelogical relations between the whole and the parts, taking into account their types.
elucidation: A perspective that categorises causal structures according to the merelogical relations between the whole and the parts, taking into account their types.

Molecule
type: Class
comment: An atom-based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
comment: An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. An entity is called redundant if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ChemicalSubstance
example: H₂0, C₆H₁₂O₆, CH₄
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: Heteronuclear, Homonuclear
elucidation: An atom-based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
comment: This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. e.g. you cannot remove H from H₂0 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).

CodedByStructure
type: Class
comment: A coded classified by its structure.
elucidation: A coded classified by its structure.

MaterialByClassicalMaterialsScience
type: Class
OWLRL2DLAxioms: Equivalent To: AmorphousMaterial or CrystallineMaterial
OWLRL2DLAxioms: Equivalent To: MetallicMaterial or CeramicMaterial or CompositeMaterial or PolymericMaterial

AlgebraicOperator
type: Class

CodedByObservation
type: Class
comment: A coded classified by observation.
elucidation: A coded classified by observation.

SemiosisByStructure
type: Class
comment: Semiosis classified as complete or partial representation of the semiotic triangle (interpretant, sign, referent).
elucidation: Semiosis classified as complete or partial representation of the semiotic triangle (interpretant, sign, referent).

MatterByStructure
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of matter by its structure.
elucidation: Categorisation of matter by its structure.

CodedBySubjectivity
type: Class
comment: A coded classified by whether it is determined subjectively or objectively.
elucidation: A coded classified by whether it is determined subjectively or objectively.

ThreeManifold
type: Class
comment: A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 3-dimensional Euclidean space.
alternative label: 3-manifold
elucidation: A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 3-dimensional Euclidean space.

hasBeginTask
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation identifying the tasks of a workflow that are not causally temporally dependent by other parts of the workflow.
elucidation: The relation identifying the tasks of a workflow that are not causally temporally dependent by other parts of the workflow.

MeasurementUnitByPrefix
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of measurement units by whether they are prefixed or not.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: PrefixedUnit or NonPrefixedUnit
elucidation: Categorisation of measurement units by whether they are prefixed or not.

ElectricFluxDensity
type: Class
comment: Vector quantity obtained at a given point by adding the electric polarization P to the product of the electric field strength E and the electric constant ε0.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ElectricDisplacement
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricDisplacementField
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371907
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-12
elucidation: Vector quantity obtained at a given point by adding the electric polarization P to the product of the electric field strength E and the electric constant ε0.

ElectricPotential
type: Class
comment: Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
comment: The electric potential is not unique, since any constant scalar field quantity can be added to it without changing its gradient.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ElectroStaticPotential
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricPotential
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_potential
ISO80000Reference: 6-11.1
elucidation: Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01935

coexistsWith
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: A relation jointly covered by Contact and InteractWith relations, which are mutually exclusive.
comment: Spatial relations between entities are represented in the EMMO as bidirectional causality, meaning that both entities are at the beginning and at the end of causal paths connecting them. This type of relation represent the coexistence of two entities in the a spatial arrangement. The symmetric characteristic of this relation implies that it is not possible to order them and is related to the arbitrary choice of reference frames. Subclasses of spatial relations may be defined as asymmetric and introduce a spatial order, for example est to west, or internal to external layer..
comment: The relation between entities that express a mutual causation.
alternative label: isSpatiallyRelatedWith
conceptualisation: Spatial relations between entities are represented in the EMMO as bidirectional causality, meaning that both entities are at the beginning and at the end of causal paths connecting them. This type of relation represent the coexistence of two entities in the a spatial arrangement. The symmetric characteristic of this relation implies that it is not possible to order them and is related to the arbitrary choice of reference frames. Subclasses of spatial relations may be defined as asymmetric and introduce a spatial order, for example est to west, or internal to external layer..
definition: A relation jointly covered by Contact and InteractWith relations, which are mutually exclusive.
elucidation: The relation between entities that express a mutual causation.

Aerosol
type: Class
comment: A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
elucidation: A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.

indirectlyCausedBy
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: hasIndirectCause

MeasurementUnitByDimensionality
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of measurement units by their physical dimensionality.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: DimensionalUnit or DimensionlessUnit
elucidation: Categorisation of measurement units by their physical dimensionality.

hasTemporalTile
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in temporal parts forming the tessellation.
alternative label: hasTemporalDirectPart
elucidation: A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in temporal parts forming the tessellation.

MaterialsProcessing
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing process aimed to modify the precursor objects through a physical process (involving other materials, energy, manipulation) to change its material properties.
comment: A material process requires the output to be classified as an individual of a material subclass.
alternative label: ContinuumManufacturing
example: Synthesis of materials, quenching, the preparation of a cake, tempering of a steel beam.
elucidation: A manufacturing process aimed to modify the precursor objects through a physical process (involving other materials, energy, manipulation) to change its material properties.

Hadron
type: Class
comment: Particles composed of two or more quarks.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Baryon or Meson
elucidation: Particles composed of two or more quarks.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

ElectricCurrentDensity
type: Class
comment: Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: AreicElectricCurrent
alternative label: CurrentDensity
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCurrentDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234072
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-8
elucidation: Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_density
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01928

MultiSimulation
type: Class
comment: A physics based simulation with multiple physics based models.
elucidation: A physics based simulation with multiple physics based models.

joins
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

isCognisedBy
type: ObjectProperty

BondedObject
type: Class
comment: "... in the 'classical' picture ordinary matter is made of atoms, in which electrons are held in orbit around a nucleus of protons and neutrons by the electrical attraction of opposite charges. We can now give this model a more sophisticated formulation by attributing the binding force to the exchange of photons between the electrons and the protons in the nucleus. However, for the purposes of atomic physics this is overkill, for in this context quantization of the electromagnetic field produces only minute effects (notably the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron). To excellent approximation we can pretend that the forces are given by Coulomb's law (together with various magnetic dipole couplings). The point is that in a bound state enormous numbers of photons are continually streaming back and forth, so that the "lumpiness" of the field is effectively smoothed out, and classical electrodynamics is a suitable approximation to the truth. But in most elementary particle processes, such as the photoelectric effect or Compton scattering, individual photons are involved, and quantization can no longer be ignored." D. Griffiths, "Introduction to elementary Particles", Wiley-VCH, 2004, pp.16-17
comment: A bonded object is a sequence of fundamental interactions that can be described approximatively by Schrodinger formulation. A bonded object is typically characterised by having quantum states (e.g. electron states in an atom, energy levels of a molecule). Furthermore, a bonded object is made of elementary particles that travels from the beginning to the end of the entity (i.e. a bonded object doesn't change its components).
conceptualisation: A bonded object is a sequence of fundamental interactions that can be described approximatively by Schrodinger formulation. A bonded object is typically characterised by having quantum states (e.g. electron states in an atom, energy levels of a molecule). Furthermore, a bonded object is made of elementary particles that travels from the beginning to the end of the entity (i.e. a bonded object doesn't change its components).

HeatCapacity
type: Class
comment: Examples of condition might be constant volume or constant pressure for a gas.
comment: Quantity C = dQ/dT, when the thermodynamic temperature of a system is increased by dT as a result of the addition of a amount of heat dQ, under given condition.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/HeatCapacity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179388
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Heat_capacity
ISO80000Reference: 5-15
elucidation: Quantity C = dQ/dT, when the thermodynamic temperature of a system is increased by dT as a result of the addition of a amount of heat dQ, under given condition.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02753

CoefficientOfThermalExpansion
type: Class
comment: Material property which describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ThermalExpansionCoefficient
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45760
elucidation: Material property which describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature.

MeasuredProperty
type: Class
comment: A quantity that is the result of a well-defined measurement procedure.
comment: The specification of a measurand requires knowledge of the kind of quantity, description of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance carrying the quantity, including any relevant component, and the chemical entities involved. -- VIM
elucidation: A quantity that is the result of a well-defined measurement procedure.

MathematicalFormula
type: Class
comment: A mathematical string that express a relation between the elements in one set X to elements in another set Y.
comment: The set X is called domain and the set Y range or codomain.
elucidation: A mathematical string that express a relation between the elements in one set X to elements in another set Y.

TimeConstant
type: Class
comment: parameter characterizing the response to a step input of a first‑order, linear time‑invariant system
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335249
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-15
elucidation: parameter characterizing the response to a step input of a first‑order, linear time‑invariant system

FloatingPointData
type: Class
comment: A symbolic data representing a numerical floating point value.
elucidation: A symbolic data representing a numerical floating point value.

ExactConstant
type: Class
comment: Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.
elucidation: Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.

Constant
type: Class
comment: A variable that stand for a numerical constant, even if it is unknown.
elucidation: A variable that stand for a numerical constant, even if it is unknown.

Nuclear
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type of the whole that is part of all the other proper parts of the same type.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type of the whole that is part of all the other proper parts of the same type.

VolumetricNumberDensity
type: Class
comment: Count per volume.
elucidation: Count per volume.

PhysicalQuantiyByDefinition
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of physical quantities by how they are defined.
elucidation: Categorisation of physical quantities by how they are defined.

IUPACNomenclature
type: Class
comment: Chemical nomenclauture following the IUPAC standard.
elucidation: Chemical nomenclauture following the IUPAC standard.

DiffusionCoefficient
type: Class
comment: Proportionality constant in some physical laws.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Proportionality constant in some physical laws.

Simulation
type: Class
comment: A estimation of a property using a functional icon.
alternative label: Modelling
example: I calculate the electrical conductivity of an Ar-He plasma with the Chapman-Enskog method and use the value as property for it.
elucidation: A estimation of a property using a functional icon.

QualifiedRole
type: Class
comment: Al QRole subclasses shuld have an axiom to express the role requirements, in the form of: MyQRoleClass SubClassOf: isProperPartOf some AnotherClass This is a necessary but not sufficient condition.
comment: The qualified role concept express the requirement for an entity of a type, say A, to be part of a larger entity of another type, say B, with A and B belonging to different taxonomical branches. The concept of role is then defined as something that needs a wider and specific environment to exist. For example, the car radio type requires all instances to be a part of a car, while the opposite (the car having a radio) is not mandatory for qualified roles. The same applies for airplane winglets that are by definition an optional part of an airplane. Food preservatives are anothe optional part of foods.
comment: The superclass for all classes of individuals that requires their individuals to be part of another specific class of entity of different type with a specific role with respect to it.
alternative label: QRole
conceptualisation: The qualified role concept express the requirement for an entity of a type, say A, to be part of a larger entity of another type, say B, with A and B belonging to different taxonomical branches. The concept of role is then defined as something that needs a wider and specific environment to exist. For example, the car radio type requires all instances to be a part of a car, while the opposite (the car having a radio) is not mandatory for qualified roles. The same applies for airplane winglets that are by definition an optional part of an airplane. Food preservatives are anothe optional part of foods.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of individuals that requires their individuals to be part of another specific class of entity of different type with a specific role with respect to it.
comment: We usually have the same word to identify both the role and the name of a device. for example, under the term hammer we can identify both a product and generic entity used for hammering a nail. The concept of role helps to distinguish between these two concepts. Ideally ther shuld be an HammerRole and an HammerProduct types. The product may or may not be used as HammerRole, but only expresses the fact that it has been designed as an optimal hammering device. The hammering role can be played by any hard-enough object, even if it is not an hammer product.

hasTaskTile
type: ObjectProperty

Measurer
type: Class
comment: An observer that makes use of a measurement tool and provides a quantitative property.
elucidation: An observer that makes use of a measurement tool and provides a quantitative property.

ArrayData
type: Class
comment: An array is a datatype representing an ordered collection of elements (or values) that can be accessed by indexes. Arrays have an analog mathematical counterpart in vectors and matrixes, but are separate concepts. Arrays may be multidimensional.
comment: In the EMMO we use the following JSON based syntax to represent arrays: - mono-dimensional array [v1,v2,...,vn] (vector) - bi-dimensional array [[v1,v2,...,vn],[w1,w2,...,2n]] (matrix) This notation can be extended to multidimensional arrays.
conceptualisation: An array is a datatype representing an ordered collection of elements (or values) that can be accessed by indexes. Arrays have an analog mathematical counterpart in vectors and matrixes, but are separate concepts. Arrays may be multidimensional.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: SubClassOf: hasScalarData some ScalarData
OWLRL2DLAxioms: SubClassOf: hasSpatialTile some SymbolicData
comment: The structure of an array is expressed mereologically. It consists of a set of equally sized tiles. The tiles of an n-dimensional array are (n-1) dimensional arrays. The tiles of an (n-1)-dimensional array are (n-2) dimensional arrays, and so forth down to 1-dimensional arrays (vectors), whos tiles are scalar data.

MaterialByCompactness
type: Class

CoefficientOfFriction
type: Class
comment: Dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together; depends on the materials used, ranges from near zero to greater than one.
alternative label: FrictionCoefficient
alternative label: FrictionFactor
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1932524
elucidation: Dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together; depends on the materials used, ranges from near zero to greater than one.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02530

FormingFromPulp
type: Class

MeanFreePath
type: Class
comment: The mean free path may thus be specified either for all interactions, i.e. total mean free path, or for particular types of interaction such as scattering, capture, or ionization.
comment: in a given medium, average distance that particles of a specified type travel between successive interactions of a specified type.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MeanFreePath
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756307
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 9-38
elucidation: in a given medium, average distance that particles of a specified type travel between successive interactions of a specified type.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03778

isOutgoingOverlappedBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an item I1 that proper overlaps an item I2, where the non-overlapping part of I2 is caused by I1.
elucidation: The relation between an item I1 that proper overlaps an item I2, where the non-overlapping part of I2 is caused by I1.

PhysicalParticleByBond
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of physical particles by whether they are bonded.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: BondedParticle, ElementaryParticle
elucidation: Categorisation of physical particles by whether they are bonded.

hasURIValue
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URI data entity.
range: anyURI
elucidation: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO URI data entity.

StateOfMatter
type: Class
comment: A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
comment: In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: Disjoint Union Of: Gas, Plasma, Liquid, Solid
elucidation: A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

AngularWavenumber
type: Class
comment: The wave phase divided by time.
alternative label: AngularRepetency
hidden label: AngularWaveNumber
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularWavenumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30338487
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 12.9.1
elucidation: The wave phase divided by time.

isLeftBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I is caused by O.
elucidation: The relation between an object O that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I is caused by O.

Visual
type: Class
comment: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer through an optical perception employing the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
example: A cloud. A picture. A colour gradient on a wall. A stain. A mail.
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer through an optical perception employing the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

DataByDiscretness
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of data by whether it is descrete or not.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: AnalogData or DiscreteData
elucidation: Categorisation of data by whether it is descrete or not.

DimensionalUnit
type: Class
comment: A subclass of measurement unit focusing on the physical dimensionality that is carried by the unit.
comment: The current version of EMMO does not provide explicit classes for physical dimensions. Rather it embraces the fact that the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity is carried by its measurement unit. The role of dimensional unit and its subclasses is to express the physical dimensionality that is carried by the unit. Since the dimensionality of a physical quantity can be written as the product of powers of the physical dimensions of the base quantities in the selected system of quantities, the physical dimensionality of a measurement unit is uniquely determined by the exponents. For a dimensional unit, at least one of these exponents must be non-zero (making it disjoint from dimensionless units).
elucidation: A subclass of measurement unit focusing on the physical dimensionality that is carried by the unit.

hasDeclarer
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation connecting a conventional sign to the interpreter (declarer) in a declaration process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation connecting a conventional sign to the interpreter (declarer) in a declaration process.

GFactor
type: Class
comment: Relation between observed magnetic moment of a particle and the related unit of magnetic moment.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1951266
elucidation: Relation between observed magnetic moment of a particle and the related unit of magnetic moment.

Constituent
type: Class
comment: An object which is a spatial part of another object.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ObjectPart
example: A tire is a constituent of a car.
elucidation: An object which is a spatial part of another object.

ParticipantByAgency
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of participant in terms of being an agent or not an agent.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Agent or NonAgent
elucidation: Categorisation of participant in terms of being an agent or not an agent.

ConventionalProperty
type: Class
comment: A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
comment: A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
example: The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
elucidation: A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.

QuantityBySubjectivity
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of quantities by whether they can be obtained fully objectively or not.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: ObjectiveProperty or SubjectiveProperty
elucidation: Categorisation of quantities by whether they can be obtained fully objectively or not.

NaturalLaw
type: Class
comment: A scientific theory that focuses on a specific phenomena, for which a single statement (not necessariliy in mathematical form) can be expressed.
elucidation: A scientific theory that focuses on a specific phenomena, for which a single statement (not necessariliy in mathematical form) can be expressed.

QuantityByPhysicalNature
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of quantities by their physical nature.
hidden label: QuantityByPhysical
elucidation: Categorisation of quantities by their physical nature.

WorkpieceForming
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing in which it is formed a solid body with its shape from shapeless original material parts, whose cohesion is created during the process.
alternative label: ArchetypeForming
alternative label: PrimitiveForming

MaterialByOrigin
type: Class

IterativeWorkflow
type: Class
comment: A workflow whose steps are the repetition of the same task type.
elucidation: A workflow whose steps are the repetition of the same task type.

Persistence
type: Class
comment: The persistence perspective classifies entities according to the persistence of temporal parts of specifc type, introducing the distiction between objects (when a type is conserved through all its time parts) or processes (where a type is not conserved through all its time parts). This perspective provides classes aimed to represent concepts similar to the ones of endurant and perdurant (a.k.a. continuant and occurrent). However, in the EMMO case, an entity is defined as an object or a process according to a specific type, and not per-se. For this reason an entity in the EMMO can be classified both object or a process depending on the reference type, due to the underlying 4D framework (e.g. an individual may belong both to the class of runners and the class of running process), and the distinction is purely representational. This categorisation has been introduced due to the large use of object/process commonsensical concepts, and the fact that our language distinguish between nouns and verbs to address things, forcing the separation between things that happens and things that persist.
comment: The union of the object or process classes.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Process or Object
elucidation: The union of the object or process classes.

ChemicalCompound
type: Class
comment: A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf InorganicCompound, OrganicCompound
elucidation: A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound

MaterialBySize
type: Class

ThermalDiffusionRatio
type: Class
comment: In a steady-state of a binary mixture in which thermal diffusion occurs; proportionality factor between gradient of the amount-of-subsstance fraction of the heavier substance B, and negative gradient of the local thermodynamic temperature divided by that temperature.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermalDiffusionRatio
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96249433
ISO80000Reference: 9-40.1
elucidation: In a steady-state of a binary mixture in which thermal diffusion occurs; proportionality factor between gradient of the amount-of-subsstance fraction of the heavier substance B, and negative gradient of the local thermodynamic temperature divided by that temperature.

Multiplex
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type of the whole that overlaps all the oter proper parts of the same type.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have a proper parts of the same type of the whole that overlaps all the oter proper parts of the same type.

FullSemiosis
type: Class
comment: A semiosis where the triangle of relations is completely developed.
elucidation: A semiosis where the triangle of relations is completely developed.

MergingManufacturing
type: Class
alternative label: AddingManufacturing

RoleBySpatiotemporal
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all classes that categorise roles according to that fact that they are temporal or non-temporal parts of the whole.
elucidation: The superclass for all classes that categorise roles according to that fact that they are temporal or non-temporal parts of the whole.

EndTile
type: Class
comment: A direct part that only is the target, but not the source of temporal relations.
elucidation: A direct part that only is the target, but not the source of temporal relations.

MaterialByStructure
type: Class

DataByNumerical
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of data by whether it is numerical or not.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: NumericalData or NonNumericalData
elucidation: Categorisation of data by whether it is numerical or not.

Volume
type: Class
comment: Extent of an object in space.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Volume
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39297
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Volume
ISO80000Reference: 3-4
elucidation: Extent of an object in space.

InternationalSystemOfQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.
elucidation: Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities

isJunctionPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

ProcessByAgency
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of processes by whether they are driven by an agent or not.
elucidation: Categorisation of processes by whether they are driven by an agent or not.

isTemporalPartOf
type: ObjectProperty

DifferentialOperator
type: Class

Network
type: Class
comment: A system whose is mainly characterised by the way in which elements are interconnected.
elucidation: A system whose is mainly characterised by the way in which elements are interconnected.

isPieceOf
type: ObjectProperty

CharacterisationProcedureValidation
type: Class
comment: Describes why the characterization procedure was chosen and deemed to be the most useful for the sample.
elucidation: Describes why the characterization procedure was chosen and deemed to be the most useful for the sample.

CharacterisationSystem
type: Class
comment: Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values ('MeasuredQuantityProperty') within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds.
comment: Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values ('MeasuredQuantityProperty') within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. NOTE 1 The components mentioned in the definition may be devices, reagents, and supplies. NOTE 2 A measuring system is sometimes referred to as “measuring equipment” or “device”, for example in ISO 10012, Measurement management systems – Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment and ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. NOTE 3 Although the terms “measuring system” and “measurement system” are frequently used synonymously, the latter is instead sometimes used to refer to a measuring system plus all other entities involved in a measurement, including the object under measurement and the person(s) performing the measurement. NOTE 4 A measuring system can be used as a measurement standard.
comment: Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. NOTE 1 The components mentioned in the definition may be devices, reagents, and supplies. NOTE 2 A measuring system is sometimes referred to as “measuring equipment” or “device”, for example in ISO 10012, Measurement management systems – Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment and ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. NOTE 3 Although the terms “measuring system” and “measurement system” are frequently used synonymously, the latter is instead sometimes used to refer to a measuring system plus all other entities involved in a measurement, including the object under measurement and the person(s) performing the measurement. NOTE 4 A measuring system can be used as a measurement standard.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationComponent
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationComponent
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationComponent
definition: Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values ('MeasuredQuantityProperty') within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. NOTE 1 The components mentioned in the definition may be devices, reagents, and supplies. NOTE 2 A measuring system is sometimes referred to as “measuring equipment” or “device”, for example in ISO 10012, Measurement management systems – Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment and ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. NOTE 3 Although the terms “measuring system” and “measurement system” are frequently used synonymously, the latter is instead sometimes used to refer to a measuring system plus all other entities involved in a measurement, including the object under measurement and the person(s) performing the measurement. NOTE 4 A measuring system can be used as a measurement standard.
elucidation: Set of one or more measuring instruments ('CharacterisationInstruments') and often other components and devices, including any sample holder, reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured values ('MeasuredQuantityProperty') within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds.
VIMTerm: Measuring system

ChargeDistribution
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique

Chromatography
type: Class
comment: In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography

DifferentialPulseVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Voltammetry in which small potential pulses (constant height 10 to 100 mV, constant width 10 to 100 ms) are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential or onto a staircase potential ramp. The current is sampled just before the onset of the pulse (e.g. 10 to 20 ms) and for the same sampling time just before the end of the pulse. The difference between the two sampled currents is plotted versus the potential applied before the pulse. Thus, a differential pulse voltammogram is peak-shaped. Differential pulse polarography is differential pulse voltammetry in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied before the mechani- cally enforced end of the drop and the current is sampled twice: just before the onset of the pulse and just before its end. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop life. The drop dislodgement is synchronized with current sampling, which is carried out as in DPV. The ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated in the same way as in normal pulse voltammetry (NPV). Moreover, subtraction of the charging current sampled before the application of the pulse further decreases its negative influence. Due to the more enhanced signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lower than with NPV. The sensitivity of DPV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
subclass of: Voltammetry
alternative label: DPV
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275361
elucidation: Voltammetry in which small potential pulses (constant height 10 to 100 mV, constant width 10 to 100 ms) are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential or onto a staircase potential ramp. The current is sampled just before the onset of the pulse (e.g. 10 to 20 ms) and for the same sampling time just before the end of the pulse. The difference between the two sampled currents is plotted versus the potential applied before the pulse. Thus, a differential pulse voltammogram is peak-shaped. Differential pulse polarography is differential pulse voltammetry in which a dropping mercury electrode is used as the working electrode. A pulse is applied before the mechani- cally enforced end of the drop and the current is sampled twice: just before the onset of the pulse and just before its end. The pulse width is usually 10 to 20 % of the drop life. The drop dislodgement is synchronized with current sampling, which is carried out as in DPV. The ratio of faradaic current to charging current is enhanced and the negative influence of charging current is partially eliminated in the same way as in normal pulse voltammetry (NPV). Moreover, subtraction of the charging current sampled before the application of the pulse further decreases its negative influence. Due to the more enhanced signal (faradaic current) to noise (charging current) ratio, the limit of detection is lower than with NPV. The sensitivity of DPV depends on the reversibility of the electrode reaction of the analyte.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_pulse_voltammetry
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

Operator
type: Class
comment: The human operator who takes care of the whole characterisation method or sub-processes/stages.
elucidation: The human operator who takes care of the whole characterisation method or sub-processes/stages.

Porosimetry
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique

Potentiometry
type: Class
comment: Method of electroanalytical chemistry based on measurement of an electrode potential. Potentiometric methods are used to measure the electrochemical potentials of a metallic structure in a given environment. For measurements using ion-selective electrodes, the measurement is made under equilibrium conditions what means that the macroscopic electric current is zero and the concentrations of all species are uniform throughout the solution. The indicator electrode is in direct contact with the analyte solution, whereas the reference electrode is usually separated from the analyte solution by a salt bridge. The potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is normally directly proportional to the logarithm of the activity (concentration) of the analyte in the solution (Nernst equation). See also ion selective electrode.
subclass of: ElectrochemicalTesting
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900632
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: Method of electroanalytical chemistry based on measurement of an electrode potential. Potentiometric methods are used to measure the electrochemical potentials of a metallic structure in a given environment. For measurements using ion-selective electrodes, the measurement is made under equilibrium conditions what means that the macroscopic electric current is zero and the concentrations of all species are uniform throughout the solution. The indicator electrode is in direct contact with the analyte solution, whereas the reference electrode is usually separated from the analyte solution by a salt bridge. The potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is normally directly proportional to the logarithm of the activity (concentration) of the analyte in the solution (Nernst equation). See also ion selective electrode.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

PreparedSample
type: Class
comment: The sample after a preparation process.
subclass of: Sample
disjoint with: ReferenceSample
elucidation: The sample after a preparation process.

STEM
type: Class
comment: A TEM characterisation process that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ScanningTransmissionEletronMicroscopyProcess
elucidation: A TEM characterisation process that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.

Spectrum
type: Class
comment: The characterisation result of an spectroscopy process.
elucidation: The characterisation result of an spectroscopy process.

TEMImage
type: Class
comment: An image produced by TEM.
elucidation: An image produced by TEM.

DiffractionPattern
type: Class
comment: The characterisation result of an diffraction process.
subclass of: CharacterisationData
elucidation: The characterisation result of an diffraction process.

DistributionFunction
type: Class
comment: A function that provides the possible values for a variable and how often they occur.
elucidation: A function that provides the possible values for a variable and how often they occur.

Nucleation
type: Class
comment: Nucleation processes are classed as heterogeneous or homogeneous.
comment: The initial process that occurs in the formation of a crystal from a solution, a liquid, or a vapour, in which a small number of ions, atoms, or molecules become arranged in a pattern characteristic of a crystalline solid, forming a site upon which additional particles are deposited as the crystal grows.
elucidation: The initial process that occurs in the formation of a crystal from a solution, a liquid, or a vapour, in which a small number of ions, atoms, or molecules become arranged in a pattern characteristic of a crystalline solid, forming a site upon which additional particles are deposited as the crystal grows.

GrainBoundary
type: Class
comment: A boundary between at least two grains.
elucidation: A boundary between at least two grains.

AspectRatio
type: Class
comment: Ratio between the maximum and minimum length of an object
elucidation: Ratio between the maximum and minimum length of an object

GasPore
type: Class
comment: A pore filled with gas.
elucidation: A pore filled with gas.

MicrostructureModel
type: Class
comment: A model that either predict a microstructure property or the evolution of the microstructure.
elucidation: A model that either predict a microstructure property or the evolution of the microstructure.

VolumeDensity
type: Class
comment: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of volume.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of volume.

PhysicalDiscretisedField
type: Class
comment: A physical field that is only defined on a set of volume elements in space and time.
elucidation: A physical field that is only defined on a set of volume elements in space and time.

TemperatureChangeRate
type: Class
comment: Rate at which the temperature is changed.
comment: Since ISO 80000 does not define a temperature change rate, this quantity should not be included in EMMO. We therefore add it here.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Rate at which the temperature is changed.

Grid
type: Class
comment: Regular mesh with one type of volume elements.
elucidation: Regular mesh with one type of volume elements.

SpatialContrast
type: Class
comment: An entity with a spatial variation of its properties.
alternative label: SpatialPattern
alternative label: SpatialVariation
elucidation: An entity with a spatial variation of its properties.

Hardening
type: Class
comment: Hardening typically involves the alteration of the metal's microstructure through heat treatment, mechanical work, or the addition of alloying elements.
comment: Reduction of dislocation mobility in a material as a response to an external thermomechanical treatment.
elucidation: Reduction of dislocation mobility in a material as a response to an external thermomechanical treatment.
comment: Here are some common hardening techniques: 1. Work Hardening (Cold Working): This process involves deforming the metal at temperatures below its recrystallization point, which introduces defects into the crystal structure. These defects impede the movement of dislocations, making the metal harder and stronger. Common methods include rolling, hammering, and drawing. 2. Heat Treatment: This broad category includes several specific processes: Quenching and Tempering: The metal is heated to a high temperature and then rapidly cooled (quenched) in water or oil. This results in a hard but brittle structure. The metal is then reheated to a lower temperature (tempered) to achieve a balance between hardness and toughness. Precipitation Hardening (Age Hardening): This involves heating the alloy to a high temperature to form a solid solution and then cooling it rapidly. Subsequent aging at lower temperatures allows the formation of fine precipitates within the metal matrix, which hinder dislocation movement and increase hardness 3. Case Hardening: This method is used to harden the surface of a metal while maintaining a softer, ductile core. Techniques include carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding, where the surface of the metal is enriched with carbon or nitrogen through exposure to a reactive gas or liquid at high temperatures 4. Solid Solution Strengthening: Alloying elements are added to the metal to create a solid solution, where the atoms of the alloying element distort the metal’s crystal lattice and hinder dislocation movement, thereby increasing hardness and strength.
comment: In metallurgy, hardening refers to a variety of processes used to increase the hardness and strength of a metal or alloy.

ReferenceFrame
type: Class
comment: An abstract coordinate system with an origin, oritation and scale specified by a set of reference points.
alternative label: FrameOfReference
elucidation: An abstract coordinate system with an origin, oritation and scale specified by a set of reference points.

AverageQuantity
type: Class
comment: A physical quantity that is determined from averinging the value of a set of determinations/observations/measurements of another physical quantity.
example: AverageGrainSize
elucidation: A physical quantity that is determined from averinging the value of a set of determinations/observations/measurements of another physical quantity.

SFI PhysMet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organization
alternative label: SFIPhysMet
logo: https://www.ntnu.edu/image/layout_set_logo
title: Centre for Sustainable and Competitive Metallurgical and Manufacturing Industry

TEM Gemini Centre
type: Organization
alternative label: TEMGeminiCentre

STEM
type: Class
comment: An advanced imaging technique that generates high-resolution images of a sample's internal structure by scanning a focused electron beam across it and collecting transmitted signals. It provides nanoscale to atomic-level details and can acquire spectroscopic data like X-ray and electron energy loss spectra to analyze the composition of materials. STEM is similar to a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) in that the image is formed by electrons passing through a thin specimen, but differs in how the beam is used.
subclass of: TransmissionElectronMicroscopy
alternative label: ScanningTransmissionElectronMicroscopy
elucidation: An advanced imaging technique that generates high-resolution images of a sample's internal structure by scanning a focused electron beam across it and collecting transmitted signals. It provides nanoscale to atomic-level details and can acquire spectroscopic data like X-ray and electron energy loss spectra to analyze the composition of materials. STEM is similar to a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) in that the image is formed by electrons passing through a thin specimen, but differs in how the beam is used.

DrawForming
type: Class
comment: Draw forming by drawing a workpiece through a tool opening that is narrowed in the drawing direction.

IterativeCoupledModelsSimulation
type: Class
comment: A chain of linked physics based model simulations solved iteratively, where equations are segregated.
elucidation: A chain of linked physics based model simulations solved iteratively, where equations are segregated.

isNotCauseOf
type: ObjectProperty
comment: x isNotCauseOf y iff not(x isCauseOf y)
definition: x isNotCauseOf y iff not(x isCauseOf y)

Factory
type: Class
comment: A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.
alternative label: IndustrialPlant
elucidation: A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.

NCNameData
type: Class

TimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Time'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Time'.

LuminousEfficacyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LuminousEfficacy'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LuminousEfficacy'.

EquilibriumConstant
type: Class
comment: The physical dimension can change based on the stoichiometric numbers of the substances involved.
comment: for solutions, product for all substances B of concentration c_B of substance B in power of its stoichiometric number v_B: K_p = \sum_B{c_B^{v_B}}.
alternative label: EquilibriumConstantConcentrationBasis
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/EquilibriumConstant
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857809
elucidation: for solutions, product for all substances B of concentration c_B of substance B in power of its stoichiometric number v_B: K_p = \sum_B{c_B^{v_B}}.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_constant
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02177

Welding
type: Class
comment: Joining process by softening the surfaces to be joined, either by heat or with a solvent (swelling welding, solvent welding), and pressing the softened surfaces together.
alternative label: Schweißen

MagneticReluctanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticReluctance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticReluctance'.

OneManifold
type: Class
comment: A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 1-dimensional Euclidean space.
comment: One-dimensional manifolds include lines and circles, but not self-crossing curves. Two-dimensional manifolds are also called surfaces. Examples include the plane, the sphere, and the torus, and also the Klein bottle and real projective plane.
alternative label: 1-manifold
elucidation: A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 1-dimensional Euclidean space.

SupplyChain
type: Class
comment: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
elucidation: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.

TotalComposition
type: Class
comment: A language construct that represents fraction or amount of all constituents of a substance.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A language construct that represents fraction or amount of all constituents of a substance.

isInterpretationAccordingTo
type: ObjectProperty

ThermalConductivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalConductivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalConductivity'.

DateTimeStampData
type: Class
comment: A data that represents instants of time, marked with a particular time zone offset.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:dateTimeStamp
elucidation: A data that represents instants of time, marked with a particular time zone offset.

AreaPerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerTime'.

ElectricCurrentDensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentDensity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentDensity'.

PressurePerTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PressurePerTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PressurePerTemperature'.

Participant
type: Class
comment: An object which is a spatial part of a process.
subclass of: Restriction
example: A student during an examination.
elucidation: An object which is a spatial part of a process.

AmountConductivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountConductivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L0 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L0 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L0 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountConductivity'.

hasStatus
type: ObjectProperty

MassConcentration
type: Class
comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassConcentration
elucidation: Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03713

SingleComponentComposition
type: Class
comment: A language construct that represents the fraction or amount of a single constituent of a substance.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A language construct that represents the fraction or amount of a single constituent of a substance.

TaskByPosition
type: Class
comment: A task in a workflow, categorised by its position in the workflow.
elucidation: A task in a workflow, categorised by its position in the workflow.

LorenzNumberUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LorenzNumber'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-6 L+4 M+2 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-6 L+4 M+2 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-6 L+4 M+2 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LorenzNumber'.

NMTOKENData
type: Class

DensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Density'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Density'.

Collapse
type: Class
comment: A collapse is a fundamental interaction between m colliding particles that results in a single outgoing particle (inverse decay) that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,1) with m>1.
comment: The class of fundamental systems where the number of input particles is reduced to one.
example: The Higgs boson production from two gluons, or a bottom and an anti-bottom quark.
conceptualisation: A collapse is a fundamental interaction between m colliding particles that results in a single outgoing particle (inverse decay) that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,1) with m>1.
elucidation: The class of fundamental systems where the number of input particles is reduced to one.

HexBinaryData
type: Class
comment: Hexadecimal encoding of binary data, using the alphabet [0-9a-f].
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:hexBinary
elucidation: Hexadecimal encoding of binary data, using the alphabet [0-9a-f].

Grinding
type: Class
comment: Removal of material by means of rigid or flexible discs or belts containing abrasives.
alternative label: Schleifen

Widening
type: Class
comment: Widening is tensile forming to increase the circumference of a hollow body. A distinction is made between: Widening, bulging.
alternative label: Weiten

ThermalConductanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalConductance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalConductance'.

Number
type: Class
comment: A number individual provides the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
comment: A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object, without decomposit it in digits (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
comment: A numerical data value.
comment: In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it. More than one numeral stands for the same number. In the EMMO abstract entities do not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number). Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system). The fact that you can't give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used. For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
alternative label: Numeral
elucidation: A numerical data value.

Base64Binary
type: Class
comment: Base-64 encoding of binary data.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:base64Binary
elucidation: Base-64 encoding of binary data.

ArchetypeJoin
type: Class
comment: Archetype join attaches two workpiece with geometrically defined shape together, using supplementary workpiece made of amorphous material (e.g. powder).
elucidation: Archetype join attaches two workpiece with geometrically defined shape together, using supplementary workpiece made of amorphous material (e.g. powder).

ShearForming
type: Class
comment: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by shear stress.
alternative label: Schubumformen

hasSymbolValue
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO symbol data entity.
domain: Class

3DPrinting
type: Class
comment: fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.2) and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
comment: Fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology.
comment: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.
elucidation: Fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology.

PhysicsEquation
type: Class
comment: An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
example: The Newton's equation of motion. The Schrödinger equation. The Navier-Stokes equation.
elucidation: An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.

refersTo
type: ObjectProperty

Array
type: Class
comment: Array subclasses with a specific shape can be constructed with cardinality restrictions. See Shape4x3Matrix as an example.
comment: Arrays are ordered mathematical objects who's elementary spatial parts are numbers. Their dimensionality is constructed with spatial direct parthood, where 1-dimensional arrays have spatial direct parts Number and n-dimensional array have spatial direct parts (n-1)-dimensional arrays.
comment: Arrays are ordered objects, since they are a subclasses of Arrangement.
example: A Vector is a 1-dimensional Array with Number as spatial direct parts, a Matrix is a 2-dimensional Array with Vector as spatial direct parts, an Array3D is a 3-dimensional Array with Matrix as spatial direct parts, and so forth...
elucidation: Arrays are ordered mathematical objects who's elementary spatial parts are numbers. Their dimensionality is constructed with spatial direct parthood, where 1-dimensional arrays have spatial direct parts Number and n-dimensional array have spatial direct parts (n-1)-dimensional arrays.

PerPressureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerPressure'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerPressure'.

AbsoluteActivity
type: Class
comment: The exponential of the ratio of the chemical potential to R*T where R is the gas constant and T the thermodynamic temperature.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AbsoluteActivity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56638155
ISO80000Reference: 9-18
elucidation: The exponential of the ratio of the chemical potential to R*T where R is the gas constant and T the thermodynamic temperature.
iupacReference: https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00019

ReactionSintering
type: Class
see also: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering

MassPerLengthTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerLengthTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerLengthTime'.

AccelerationUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Acceleration'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Acceleration'.

SolidSolidSuspension
type: Class
comment: A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
example: Granite, sand, dried concrete.
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.

SpatioTemporalTile
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all tiles belonging to tessellations in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.
alternative label: WellFormedTile
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: SpatialTile or TemporalTile or JunctionTile
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: ThroughTile or EndTile or BeginTile
elucidation: The superclass for all tiles belonging to tessellations in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.

NewtonianConstantOfGravityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'NewtonianConstantOfGravity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'NewtonianConstantOfGravity'.

ElectricConductanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductance'.

ParticulateMatter
type: Class
comment: Bounded matter.
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: Bounded matter.

InterpreterByReferent
type: Class
comment: Interpreter classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.
elucidation: Interpreter classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.

SolidLiquidSuspension
type: Class
comment: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.

hasVariable
type: ObjectProperty

SourceCode
type: Class
comment: A programming language entity expressing a formal detailed plan of what a software is intended to do.
comment: A source code is the companion of an application, being it the entity used to generate the application list of CPU executable instructions.
elucidation: A programming language entity expressing a formal detailed plan of what a software is intended to do.
comment: Source code (also referred to as source or code) is the version of software as it is originally written (i.e., typed into a computer) by a human in plain text (i.e., human readable alphanumeric characters).

ThermomechanicalTreatment
type: Class

MassAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassArea'.

ElectricResistivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricResistivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricResistivity'.

Description
type: Class
comment: A coded that is not atomic with respect to a code of description.
comment: A description is a collection of properties that depicts an object. It is not atomic since it is made of several properties collected together.
example: A biography.
example: A sentence about some object, depticting its properties.
elucidation: A coded that is not atomic with respect to a code of description.

MentalAgent
type: Class
comment: A biological agent possessing an intentional mental state.
comment: A mental agent is typically attributed to a human but not nessesary.
elucidation: A biological agent possessing an intentional mental state.

PrecipitationHardening
type: Class
comment: hardening of a workpiece caused by the precipitation of one or more compounds from a supersaturated solid solution

ByteData
type: Class
comment: A data representing 8-bit integer number.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:byte
elucidation: A data representing 8-bit integer number.

LiquidPhaseSintering
type: Class
see also: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed

GravitySintering
type: Class
see also: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy loose-powder sintering, gravity sintering: sintering of uncompacted powder
alternative label: Loose-powderSintering
alternative label: PressurelessSintering

MassPerLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerLength'.

Displacement
type: Class
comment: vector quantity between any two points in space
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Displacement
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190291
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Displacement_(geometry)
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.11
elucidation: vector quantity between any two points in space
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(geometry)

Screwing
type: Class
comment: Screwing (screwing on, screwing in, screwing tight) is joining by pressing on by means of a self-locking thread (from: DIN 8593 Part 3/09.85).
alternative label: Schrauben

SpatioTemporalTileByConnection
type: Class
comment: The superclass for tiles categorized accordingly to their topological role within a tessellation.
elucidation: The superclass for tiles categorized accordingly to their topological role within a tessellation.

Namer
type: Class
comment: An interpreter who assigns a name to an object without any motivations related to the object characters.
elucidation: An interpreter who assigns a name to an object without any motivations related to the object characters.

LiquidGasSuspension
type: Class
comment: A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
example: Sparkling water
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.

PositionVector
type: Class
comment: In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length. -- IEC
comment: Vector quantity from the origin of a coordinate system to a point in space.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Position
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PositionVector
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192388
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Position_(geometry)
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.10
elucidation: Vector quantity from the origin of a coordinate system to a point in space.
comment: Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used. -- ISO 80000-3
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(geometry)

FundamentalPhysicalSystem
type: Class
comment: A causal system that is the representation of a Feynman diagram, where quantum represents the real particles entering and exiting the system.
comment: A fundamental physical process is made of one or more standard particles as input, and one or more standard particles as output, where each input is direct cause of each output. Each fundamental physical phenomena refers to a Feynman diagram, hence is made at least of three standard model particles. This requirement implies that a physical phenomena is either a decay, annihilation, interaction, collapse or creation phenomena (fundamental) or a composition of them (non-fundamental).
comment: A fundamental system is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n) of quantums, m being the number of originating quantums, and n being the receiving quantums.
conceptualisation: A fundamental physical process is made of one or more standard particles as input, and one or more standard particles as output, where each input is direct cause of each output. Each fundamental physical phenomena refers to a Feynman diagram, hence is made at least of three standard model particles. This requirement implies that a physical phenomena is either a decay, annihilation, interaction, collapse or creation phenomena (fundamental) or a composition of them (non-fundamental).
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: Collapse, Interaction, Decay
elucidation: A causal system that is the representation of a Feynman diagram, where quantum represents the real particles entering and exiting the system.

MatterByType
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of matter by its type.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: AntiMatter, HybridMatter, OrdinaryMatter
elucidation: Categorisation of matter by its type.

Milling
type: Class
comment: Machining with a circular cutting movement, usually associated with a multi-toothed tool, and with a feed movement perpendicular or oblique to the axis of rotation of the tool, to produce any workpiece surface.
alternative label: Fräsen

successorOf
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: isAncestorOf

FormingBlasting
type: Class
comment: Shot peening is shot peening for shaping or straightening workpieces by introducing residual compressive stresses (from: DIN 8200/10.82).
alternative label: Umformstrahlen

LiquidLiquidSuspension
type: Class
comment: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.

SignByReferent
type: Class
comment: Sign classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.
elucidation: Sign classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.

Suspension
type: Class
comment: An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
comment: Suspensions show no significant effect on light.
elucidation: An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.

ThermalTransmittanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalTransmittance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalTransmittance'.

hasMetricPrefix
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a prefixed unit to its metric prefix part.

MagneticFluxUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFlux'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFlux'.

SemiosisByReferent
type: Class
comment: Semiosis classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.
elucidation: Semiosis classified by how the sign stands for its reference object.

Nailing
type: Class
comment: Nailing is joining by hammering or pressing nails (wire pins) as auxiliary parts into the solid material. Several parts are joined by pressing them together (from: DIN 8593 part 3/09.85).
alternative label: Nageln

Pressure
type: Class
comment: The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Pressure
ISO80000Reference: 4-14.1
elucidation: The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04819

Interaction
type: Class
comment: A causal interaction is a fundamental causal system that can be represented as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m,n>1. This concept covers fundamental particles interactions with 2 or more particles as input and as output.
comment: The class of fundamental systems where two or more input particles interacts, providing an output of other two or more particles.
example: Electron-electron scattering. Electron-positron annihilation.
conceptualisation: A causal interaction is a fundamental causal system that can be represented as a complete bipartite directed graph K(m,n), when m,n>1. This concept covers fundamental particles interactions with 2 or more particles as input and as output.
elucidation: The class of fundamental systems where two or more input particles interacts, providing an output of other two or more particles.

LuminousIntensity
type: Class
comment: A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LuminousIntensity
ISO80000Reference: 7-14
elucidation: A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.

String
type: Class
comment: A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
comment: A string is made of concatenated symbols whos arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
example: The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat.
elucidation: A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
comment: A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.

PerTimeMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTimeMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTimeMass'.

DoubleData
type: Class
comment: A symbolic data representing a 64-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:double
elucidation: A symbolic data representing a 64-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN.

MesoscopicModel
type: Class
comment: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.

ElectricCurrentPerEnergyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerEnergy'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerEnergy'.

BooleanData
type: Class
comment: A data representing a boolean number.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:boolean
elucidation: A data representing a boolean number.

isConventionFor
type: ObjectProperty

processedTo
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An indirect causal relation that relates the input of a process to its output.
alternative label: isProcessedTo
elucidation: An indirect causal relation that relates the input of a process to its output.

ReciprocalElectricChargeDensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalElectricChargeDensity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+3 M0 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+3 M0 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+3 M0 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalElectricChargeDensity'.

SystemProgram
type: Class
comment: System program refers to operating systems and utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level enabling a computer to function.
example: An operating system. A graphic driver.
elucidation: System program refers to operating systems and utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level enabling a computer to function.

PositiveIntegerData
type: Class
comment: A data representing an integer number > 0.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:positiveInteger
elucidation: A data representing an integer number > 0.

Tool
type: Class
comment: An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.
elucidation: An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.

hasQuantityValuePart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a measurement result to one of its quantity value parts.
elucidation: Relates a measurement result to one of its quantity value parts.

SpatioTemporalTileByPosition
type: Class
comment: The superclass for tiles categorized accordingly to their location within a tessellation in terms of causal source, sink or intermediary.
elucidation: The superclass for tiles categorized accordingly to their location within a tessellation in terms of causal source, sink or intermediary.

FormingFromChip
type: Class

PermittivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Permittivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Permittivity'.

HardeningByRolling
type: Class
comment: Strengthening by rolling is the strengthening of component surfaces by mechanically generating compressive stresses in the component surface and consolidating the material.
alternative label: VerfestigendurchWalzen

DeepFreezing
type: Class
comment: Treatment carried out after hardening or case hardening consisting of cooling to a temperature below room temperature to complete the transformation of austenite to martensite
alternative label: Cryogenic treatment, Deep-freeze
alternative label: Tieftemperaturbehandeln

NegativeIntegerData
type: Class
comment: A data representing an integer number < 0.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:negativeInteger
elucidation: A data representing an integer number < 0.

incomingOverlaps
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

Program
type: Class
comment: A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.
comment: A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
equivalent class: Class
alternative label: Executable
elucidation: A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.

hasMetrologicalUncertainty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Assigns a quantifiable uncertainty to an objective property through a well-defined procecure.
comment: Since measurement uncertainty is a subclass of objective property, this relation can also describe the uncertainty of an measurement uncertainty.
elucidation: Assigns a quantifiable uncertainty to an objective property through a well-defined procecure.

hasJunctionTile
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is both spatially and temporally connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.
elucidation: A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is both spatially and temporally connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.

AngularMomentum
type: Class
comment: Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularMomentum
ISO80000Reference: 4-11
elucidation: Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00353

Moulding
type: Class
comment: Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other (from: DIN 8583 Part 3/05.70).
alternative label: Gesenkformen

equalsTo
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: Equality is here defined following a mereological approach.
comment: The relation between two individuals representing the same entity.
elucidation: The relation between two individuals representing the same entity.

Bending
type: Class
comment: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress

hasSingleMember
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a collection and one of its item members.
alternative label: hasMember
elucidation: The relation between a collection and one of its item members.

ElectricDisplacementFieldUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricDisplacementField'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricDisplacementField'.

OrdinaryMatter
type: Class
comment: Matter composed of only matter particles, excluding anti-matter particles.
elucidation: Matter composed of only matter particles, excluding anti-matter particles.

ElectronicModel
type: Class
comment: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
example: Density functional theory. Hartree-Fock.
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.

TimePerVolumeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TimePerVolume'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TimePerVolume'.

etymology
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.
comment: The etymology annotation explains the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning.
sub property of: comment
elucidation: The etymology annotation explains the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning.
comment: The etymology annotation is usually applied to rdfs:label entities, to better understand the connection between a label and the concept it concisely represents.

Coded
type: Class
comment: A conventional referring to an object according to a specific code that reflects the results of a specific interaction mechanism and is shared between other interpreters. A coded is always a partial representation of an object since it reflects the object capability to be part of a specific determination. A coded is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an determiner in the same specific way. For example, "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source. The code is made of terms such as "hot", "warm", "cold", that commonly refer to the perception of heat.
comment: A conventional that stands for an object according to a code of interpretation to which the interpreter refers.
subclass of: Restriction
example: A biography that makes use of a code that is provided by the meaning of the element of the language used by the author.
example: The name "red" that stands for the color of an object.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Description or Property
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Observed or Estimated
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Subjective or Objective
elucidation: A conventional that stands for an object according to a code of interpretation to which the interpreter refers.
comment: Let's define the class Colour as the subclass of the coded signs that involve photon emission and electromagnetic radiation sensible observers. An individual C of this class Colour can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) Stating that an entity E hasCoded C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). This definition can be specialised for human eye perception, so that the observer can be a generic human, or to camera perception so that the observer can be a device. This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.

hasSubObject
type: ObjectProperty

ElectricCurrentPerMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentPerMass'.

FreeForming
type: Class
comment: Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other.
comment: Non la metterei
comment: Printing forms with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other. The workpiece shape is created by free or fixed relative movement between the tool and the workpiece (kinematic shape generation).

RichardsonConstantUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'RichardsonConstant'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ-2 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ-2 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ-2 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'RichardsonConstant'.

ElectricResistanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricResistance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricResistance'.

AngularFrequencyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AngularFrequency'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AngularFrequency'.

SIQuantityDatatype
type: Datatype
example: "3 cm"
example: A more complete example showing how to specify the value of a physical quantity in turtle using this datatype: height1 a emmo:Height ; hasSIQuantityValue "3 cm"^^emmo:SIQuantityDatatype .
elucidation: A datatype for a specifying a physcial quantity as a string consisting of a numerical, a separator and an SI unit.
comment: The unit should be a valid, possible prefixed, derived SI unit.

MassFraction
type: Class
comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassFraction
ISO80000Reference: 9-11
elucidation: Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722

ArtificialIntelligence
type: Class
comment: An agent that is a machine-learning or symbolic reasoning system (not biological-based).
alternative label: ArtificialAgent
elucidation: An agent that is a machine-learning or symbolic reasoning system (not biological-based).

Hardening
type: Class
comment: Heat treatment process that generally produces martensite in the matrix.

hasDeterminedProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a semiotic determination process to the determined property.
elucidation: Relates a semiotic determination process to the determined property.

Speed
type: Class
comment: Length per unit time.
comment: Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Speed
ISO80000Reference: 3-8.2
elucidation: Length per unit time.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05852

hasDirectPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Direct parthood is the non transitive version of parthood enabling the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several granularity levels of parthood.
comment: The non-transitive version of proper parthood property.
alternative label: hasImmediatePart
conceptualisation: Direct parthood is the non transitive version of parthood enabling the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several granularity levels of parthood.
elucidation: The non-transitive version of proper parthood property.

AmountOfSubstance
type: Class
comment: "In the name “amount of substance”, the word “substance” will typically be replaced by words to specify the substance concerned in any particular application, for example “amount of hydrogen chloride, HCl”, or “amount of benzene, C6H6 ”. It is important to give a precise definition of the entity involved (as emphasized in the definition of the mole); this should preferably be done by specifying the molecular chemical formula of the material involved. Although the word “amount” has a more general dictionary definition, the abbreviation of the full name “amount of substance” to “amount” may be used for brevity." -- SI Brochure
comment: The number of elementary entities present.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AmountOfSubstance
ISO80000Reference: 9-2
elucidation: The number of elementary entities present.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00297

ElementaryFermion
type: Class
comment: An elementary particle of a fundamental fermionic type.
elucidation: An elementary particle of a fundamental fermionic type.

CriticalTemperature
type: Class
comment: Temperature below which quantum effects dominate.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450516
elucidation: Temperature below which quantum effects dominate.

AtomisticModel
type: Class
comment: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.

isJoinedBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object O that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I causes O.
elucidation: The relation between an object O that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I causes O.

PerThermalTransmittanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerThermalTransmittance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L0 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L0 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L0 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerThermalTransmittance'.

ElectricConductivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricConductivity'.

Fluid
type: Class
comment: A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
example: Gas, liquid, plasma,
elucidation: A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.

MassPerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerTime'.

OWLRL2DLAxioms
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Axioms to add to the OWL 2 RL version of the ontology to reach DL expressivity.
sub property of: comment
elucidation: Axioms to add to the OWL 2 RL version of the ontology to reach DL expressivity.

VolumePerMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerMass'.

NumericData
type: Class
comment: A symbolic data representing a numerical value.
elucidation: A symbolic data representing a numerical value.

SimulationSoftware
type: Class
comment: An application program aimed to functionally reproduce an object.
alternative label: SimulationApplication
example: An application program that predicts the pressure drop of a fluid in a pipe segment is aimed to functionally reproduce the outcome of a measurement of pressure before and after the segment.
elucidation: An application program aimed to functionally reproduce an object.

MagneticPotentialUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticPotential'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticPotential'.

ProceduralAgent
type: Class
comment: An intentional agent that drives a process according to some existing formalised operative rules.
elucidation: An intentional agent that drives a process according to some existing formalised operative rules.

hasNumericalPart
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a quantity to its numerical value through spatial direct parthood.

ElectricChargeDensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargeDensity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-3 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-3 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-3 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargeDensity'.

Assemblying
type: Class
comment: No loss or adds of parts by the components, nor merging. In assemblying parts are losing some of theirs movement degrees of freedom.
comment: The act of connecting together the parts of something
elucidation: The act of connecting together the parts of something

Rolling
type: Class
comment: Continuous or stepwise pressure forming with one or more rotating tools (rollers), without or with additional tools, e.g. plugs or mandrels, rods, guide tools
alternative label: Walzen

Cleaning
type: Class
comment: Process for removing unwanted residual or waste material from a given product or material

CollectiveAgent
type: Class
comment: An intentional agent that takes part in driving a process as part of a group.
example: A catalyst that together with another catalyst drives a chemical process that needs both catalysts to occur.
elucidation: An intentional agent that takes part in driving a process as part of a group.

hasDeterminedValue
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a determination to a determined quantity value.
elucidation: Relates a determination to a determined quantity value.

Area
type: Class
comment: Extent of a surface.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Area
ISO80000Reference: 3-3
elucidation: Extent of a surface.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00429

EnergyDensityOfStatesUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyDensityOfStates'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-5 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-5 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L-5 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyDensityOfStates'.

AreaPerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerAmount'.

ElectricChargePerLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerLength'.

Annealing
type: Class
comment: heat treatment consisting of heating and soaking at a suitable temperature, followed by cooling under conditions such that, after return to ambient temperature, the metal will be in a structural state closer to that of equilibrium

Tile
type: Class
comment: A causal object that is direct part of a tessellation.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A causal object that is direct part of a tessellation.

SharedAgent
type: Class
comment: An intentional agent that takes part in driving a process without being a group.
example: Singing a song together with others. Carrying a piece of furniture together with others.
elucidation: An intentional agent that takes part in driving a process without being a group.

Estimated
type: Class
comment: A coded that is assigned from an estimation.
example: The biography of a person that the author have not met.
elucidation: A coded that is assigned from an estimation.

MassPerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassPerAmount'.

NumericalVariable
type: Class
comment: A variable standing for a numerical defined mathematical object like e.g. a number, a vector of numbers, a matrix of numbers.
elucidation: A variable standing for a numerical defined mathematical object like e.g. a number, a vector of numbers, a matrix of numbers.

LanguageData
type: Class

TaskTile
type: Class
comment: A task that is a well formed tile of a workflow, according to a reductionistic description.
comment: A task tile is part of a specific granularity level for the workflow description, as composition of tasks.
comment: While a task is only an holistic part of a workflow, a task tile provide a more precise context about the placement of a task in the topological structure of a workflow by using a reductionistic categorization. A workflow is now seen as a tiling and the task is on of its tiles.
alternative label: Step
conceptualisation: While a task is only an holistic part of a workflow, a task tile provide a more precise context about the placement of a task in the topological structure of a workflow by using a reductionistic categorization. A workflow is now seen as a tiling and the task is on of its tiles.
elucidation: A task that is a well formed tile of a workflow, according to a reductionistic description.

ProgrammingLanguage
type: Class
comment: A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.
comment: A programming language object can also be a fragment (e.g. a C function) not suitable for exectution.
alternative label: Code
alternative label: SoftwareCode
elucidation: A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.
comment: Entities are not necessarily digital data, but can be code fragments printed on paper.

Agency
type: Class
comment: A process that occurs because of the exercise of the capacity to act of an agent.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: AgentDrivenProcess
elucidation: A process that occurs because of the exercise of the capacity to act of an agent.

TemperaturePerPressureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerPressure'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+1 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+1 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L+1 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'TemperaturePerPressure'.

isQuantityValueFor
type: ObjectProperty

Decay
type: Class
comment: A decay is a fundamental process occurring to one particle that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(1,n) with n>1, being n the number of outgoing particles.
comment: The class of fundamental systems where a particle generates two or more other particles.
example: The W boson decays, where a single W boson decays in two particles such as electron and electron antineutrino, or quark and antiquark.
conceptualisation: A decay is a fundamental process occurring to one particle that is expressed as a complete bipartite directed graph K(1,n) with n>1, being n the number of outgoing particles.
elucidation: The class of fundamental systems where a particle generates two or more other particles.

VolumePerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerAmount'.

FloatData
type: Class
comment: A symbolic data representing a 32-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:float
elucidation: A symbolic data representing a 32-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN.

hasMeasuredObject
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a measurement to the measured object (referent).
elucidation: Relates a measurement to the measured object (referent).

PerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerAmount'.

CapacitanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Capacitance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Capacitance'.

manufacturedWith
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a manufactured product to the manufacturing process that it was manufactured with.
alternative label: isManufacturedOutputOf
elucidation: Relates a manufactured product to the manufacturing process that it was manufactured with.

manufacturedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a manufactured product to its manufacturer.
elucidation: Relates a manufactured product to its manufacturer.

GenericPhysicalSystem
type: Class
comment: A causal system possessing bonding that can not be represented by a simple Feynman diagram.
comment: A generic physical system is everything which is more complex than a scattering interaction, or a decay/annihilation event, which are represented by a single Feynman diagram.
conceptualisation: A generic physical system is everything which is more complex than a scattering interaction, or a decay/annihilation event, which are represented by a single Feynman diagram.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: InteractingSystem, ParticlesSystem
elucidation: A causal system possessing bonding that can not be represented by a simple Feynman diagram.

ArtificialMaterial
type: Class

SparkErosion
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing process in which metallic material is anodically dissolved under the influence of an electric current and an electrolyte solution. The current flow can be caused either by connection to an external current source or due to local element formation on the workpiece (etching).
alternative label: elektrochemisches Abtragen

isSignificationFor
type: ObjectProperty

HolisticArrangement
type: Class
comment: A system which is mainly characterised by the spatial configuration of its elements.
elucidation: A system which is mainly characterised by the spatial configuration of its elements.

PhysicalConstant
type: Class
comment: Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: MeasuredConstant, ExactConstant
elucidation: Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants

VIMTerm
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The term in the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) (JCGM 200:2008) that corresponds to the annotated term in EMMO.
sub property of: isDefinedBy
example: quantity value (term in VIM that corresponds to Quantity in EMMO)

MassStoppingPowerUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassStoppingPower'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassStoppingPower'.

Organisation
type: Class
comment: An holistic system of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives.
see also: ISO 55000:2014 organization: person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives
elucidation: An holistic system of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives.

ElectricCurrentAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrentArea'.

Drilling
type: Class
comment: machining with a circular cutting movement in which the axis of rotation of the tool and the axis of the internal surface to be produced are identical and the feed movement is in the direction of this axis. The axis of rotation of the cutting movement maintains its position relative to the workpiece independently of the feed movement (axis of rotation workpiece-bound).
alternative label: Bohren

SolidGasSuspension
type: Class
comment: A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.

outgoingOverlaps
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

OWL2DLRestrictedAxiom
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.
sub property of: comment
elucidation: Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.

Dismantling
type: Class
comment: action to disassemble a product or a component by removing all or some of its constituent parts with the intent to salvage
alternative label: Demontage

Soldering
type: Class
comment: Method of joining metallic materials with the aid of a molten filler metal (solder), optionally with the use of flow agents
alternative label: Löten

Sawing
type: Class
comment: Cutting with circular or straight cutting motion, using a multi-toothed tool of small cutting width, the cutting motion being performed by the tool
comment: Process of cutting a workpiece into smaller parts that are either doughter parts, samples (e.g. for testing) or scrap.
alternative label: Sägen
elucidation: Process of cutting a workpiece into smaller parts that are either doughter parts, samples (e.g. for testing) or scrap.

PowerUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Power'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Power'.

ReciprocalVolume
type: Class
comment: Physical quantity for measuring per volume.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Physical quantity for measuring per volume.

ElectricMobilityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricMobility'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricMobility'.

ElectricDipoleMomentUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricDipoleMoment'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricDipoleMoment'.

ElementaryBoson
type: Class
comment: An elementary particle of a fundamental bosonic type.
elucidation: An elementary particle of a fundamental bosonic type.

ChemicalSpecies
type: Class
comment: Following nominalistic approach a species is simply a name that can point to an element name, a chemical formula or a chemical compound. So everything addressed by these classes of names can be calleded a chemical species.
comment: N2 Methane CH4 Fe Sodium Chloride
comment: Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure. Chemical species is the macroscopic equivalent of molecular entity and refers to sets or ensembles of molecular entities.
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure. Chemical species is the macroscopic equivalent of molecular entity and refers to sets or ensembles of molecular entities.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.CT06859

DataProcessingSoftware
type: Class
comment: An application program aimed for data processing.
alternative label: DataProcessingApplication
elucidation: An application program aimed for data processing.

CatalyticActivityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'CatalyticActivity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'CatalyticActivity'.

ThermalResistanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalResistance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ThermalResistance'.

Parameter
type: Class
comment: A variable whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
example: Viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation

hasSubProcess
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process and one of its process parts.
elucidation: The relation between a process and one of its process parts.

hasUnitSymbol
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a prefixed unit to its unit symbol part.
elucidation: Relates a prefixed unit to its unit symbol part.

Peening
type: Class
comment: (according to DIN 8200) Shot peening to generate residual compressive stresses in layers of the blasting material close to the surface in order to improve certain component properties, e.g. fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance (from: DIN 8200:1982)
alternative label: ShotPeening
alternative label: Verfestigungsstrahlen

Rate
type: Class
comment: Quotient of a quantity by a duration.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Activity Specific absorption rate (SAR) Rate of rise Sampling rate Modulation rate Fading rate Rain rate
IEVReference: 112-03-18
elucidation: Quotient of a quantity by a duration.

ChemicalSubstance
type: Class
comment: A substance is always composed of more than one molecular entity. It lays in the continuum or mesoscopic domain.
comment: Matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of.
elucidation: Matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01039

MassFluxUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassFlux'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MassFlux'.

hasConstitutiveProcess
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an object to one of its constitutive process parts that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.
elucidation: Relates an object to one of its constitutive process parts that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.

MaterialRelation
type: Class
comment: A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
comment: An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
example: The Lennard-Jones potential. A force field. An Hamiltonian.
elucidation: An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).

ComputerSystem
type: Class
comment: Electronic device capable of processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
alternative label: Computer
elucidation: Electronic device capable of processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

Naming
type: Class
comment: A declaration that provides a sign for an object that is independent from any assignment rule.
subclass of: Restriction
example: A unique id attached to an entity.
elucidation: A declaration that provides a sign for an object that is independent from any assignment rule.

UnsignedByteData
type: Class
comment: A data representing 8-bit non-negative integer number, 0...255.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedByte
elucidation: A data representing 8-bit non-negative integer number, 0...255.

LiquidSolidSuspension
type: Class
comment: A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
example: Mud
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.

ProceduralData
type: Class
comment: Data that is encoded and/or decoded by a procedural agent following a procedure.
elucidation: Data that is encoded and/or decoded by a procedural agent following a procedure.

leaves
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

hasBehaviour
type: ObjectProperty

ElectricFieldStrengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricFieldStrength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+1 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricFieldStrength'.

EMMORelation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The superclass for all relations used by the EMMO.
sub property of: topObjectProperty
elucidation: The superclass for all relations used by the EMMO.

MagneticFluxDensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFluxDensity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFluxDensity'.

MomentumUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Momentum'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Momentum'.

Gluing
type: Class
comment: Process for joining two (base) materials by means of an adhesive polymer material
alternative label: Kleben

DeepDrawing
type: Class
comment: Forming of vessel parts from a flat mould into a three-dimensional shape by means of a press and tools, whereby material is neither removed nor added
alternative label: Tiefziehen

hasReferencePart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.
elucidation: Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.

CrystallineMaterial
type: Class
comment: Suggestion of Rickard Armiento

AntiMatter
type: Class
comment: Antimatter is matter that is composed only of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter.
comment: This branch is not expanded due to the limited use of such entities.
elucidation: Antimatter is matter that is composed only of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter.

hasStage
type: ObjectProperty

SquareTimePerMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTimePerMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+2 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'SquareTimePerMass'.

Planing
type: Class
comment: Type of scratching behaviour where the scratching force and the (displacement) deflection of the scratching tip are constant over the scratching distance during the test.
alternative label: Hobeln

MathematicalOperator
type: Class
comment: A mapping that acts on elements of one space and produces elements of another space.
example: The algebraic operator '+' that acts on two real numbers and produces one real number.
example: The differential operator that acts on a C1 real function and produces another real function.
elucidation: A mapping that acts on elements of one space and produces elements of another space.

MathematicalModel
type: Class
comment: A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour. Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968
comment: An analogical icon expressed in mathematical language.
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: An analogical icon expressed in mathematical language.

TemporalTiling
type: Class
comment: A well formed tessellation with tiles that are all temporal.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A well formed tessellation with tiles that are all temporal.

FormingFromPowder
type: Class

BeginTile
type: Class
comment: A direct part that only is the source, but not the target of temporal relations.
elucidation: A direct part that only is the source, but not the target of temporal relations.

PermeabilityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Permeability'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Permeability'.

TightlyCoupledModelsSimulation
type: Class
comment: A simulation in which more than one model are solved together with a coupled method.
example: Solving within the same linear system the discretised form of the pressure and momentum equation for a fluid, using the ideal gas law as material relation for connecting pressure to density.
elucidation: A simulation in which more than one model are solved together with a coupled method.

UnintentionalAgent
type: Class
comment: An agent that is driven by the law of physics rather than the intention to reach a defined objective.
example: A catalyst.
elucidation: An agent that is driven by the law of physics rather than the intention to reach a defined objective.

AbrasiveStrippingVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Electrochemical method where traces of solid particles are abrasively transferred onto the surface of an electrode, followed by an electrochemical dissolution (anodic or cathodic dissolution) that is recorded as a current–voltage curve.
subclass of: Voltammetry
elucidation: Electrochemical method where traces of solid particles are abrasively transferred onto the surface of an electrode, followed by an electrochemical dissolution (anodic or cathodic dissolution) that is recorded as a current–voltage curve.

CalibrationData
type: Class
comment: Calibration data are used to provide correction of measured data or perform uncertainty calculations. They are generally the result of a measuerement on a reference specimen.
subclass of: CharacterisationData
elucidation: Calibration data are used to provide correction of measured data or perform uncertainty calculations. They are generally the result of a measuerement on a reference specimen.

CharacterisationDataValidation
type: Class
comment: Procedure to validate the characterisation data.
elucidation: Procedure to validate the characterisation data.

CharacterisationHardwareSpecification
type: Class

CompressionTesting
type: Class
comment: Compression tests characterize material and product strength and stiffness under applied crushing loads. These tests are typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen using platens or specialized fixtures with a testing machine that produces compressive loads.
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
elucidation: Compression tests characterize material and product strength and stiffness under applied crushing loads. These tests are typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen using platens or specialized fixtures with a testing machine that produces compressive loads.

CreepTesting
type: Class
comment: The creep test is a destructive materials testing method for determination of the long-term strength and heat resistance of a material. When running a creep test, the specimen is subjected to increased temperature conditions for an extended period of time and loaded with a constant tensile force or tensile stress.
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
elucidation: The creep test is a destructive materials testing method for determination of the long-term strength and heat resistance of a material. When running a creep test, the specimen is subjected to increased temperature conditions for an extended period of time and loaded with a constant tensile force or tensile stress.

CyclicChronopotentiometry
type: Class
comment: Chronopotentiometry where the change in applied current undergoes a cyclic current reversal.
subclass of: Chronopotentiometry
elucidation: Chronopotentiometry where the change in applied current undergoes a cyclic current reversal.

DataAnalysis
type: Class
comment: Data processing activities performed on the secondary data to determine the characterisation property (e.g. classification, quantification), which can be performed manually or exploiting a model.
elucidation: Data processing activities performed on the secondary data to determine the characterisation property (e.g. classification, quantification), which can be performed manually or exploiting a model.

DifferentialLinearPulseVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential.
subclass of: DifferentialPulseVoltammetry
elucidation: Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential.

DifferentialStaircasePulseVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a staircase potential ramp.
subclass of: DifferentialPulseVoltammetry
elucidation: Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a staircase potential ramp.

DynamicMechanicalAnalysis
type: Class
comment: Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA) is a characterisation technique where a sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured, allowing one to determine the complex modulus. The temperature of the sample or the frequency of the stress are often varied, leading to variations in the complex modulus; this approach can be used to locate the glass transition temperature[1] of the material, as well as to identify transitions corresponding to other molecular motions.
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
elucidation: Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA) is a characterisation technique where a sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured, allowing one to determine the complex modulus. The temperature of the sample or the frequency of the stress are often varied, leading to variations in the complex modulus; this approach can be used to locate the glass transition temperature[1] of the material, as well as to identify transitions corresponding to other molecular motions.

FatigueTesting
type: Class
comment: Fatigue testing is a specialised form of mechanical testing that is performed by applying cyclic loading to a coupon or structure. These tests are used either to generate fatigue life and crack growth data, identify critical locations or demonstrate the safety of a structure that may be susceptible to fatigue.
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
elucidation: Fatigue testing is a specialised form of mechanical testing that is performed by applying cyclic loading to a coupon or structure. These tests are used either to generate fatigue life and crack growth data, identify critical locations or demonstrate the safety of a structure that may be susceptible to fatigue.

FibDic
type: Class
comment: The FIB-DIC (Focused Ion Beam - Digital Image Correlation) ring-core technique is a powerful method for measuring residual stresses in materials. It is based on milling a ring-shaped sample, or core, from the material of interest using a focused ion beam (FIB).
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
alternative label: FIBDICResidualStressAnalysis
elucidation: The FIB-DIC (Focused Ion Beam - Digital Image Correlation) ring-core technique is a powerful method for measuring residual stresses in materials. It is based on milling a ring-shaped sample, or core, from the material of interest using a focused ion beam (FIB).

HardnessTesting
type: Class
comment: A test to determine the resistance a material exhibits to permanent deformation by penetration of another harder material.
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
elucidation: A test to determine the resistance a material exhibits to permanent deformation by penetration of another harder material.

LinearChronopotentiometry
type: Class
comment: Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed linearly.
subclass of: Chronopotentiometry
elucidation: Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed linearly.
elucidation: chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed linearly

Nanoindentation
type: Class
comment: Nanoindentation (known also as nanoindentation test) is a method for testing the hardness and related mechanical properties of materials, facilitated by high-precision instrumentation in the nanometer scale, as well as analytical and computational algorithms for result evaluation. By definition, when someone performs nanoindentation, it refers to either quasistatic or continuous stiffness measurement. However, in reality with a nanoindenter it is also possible to perform scratch testing, scanning probe microscopy, and apply non-contact surface energy mapping, which can also be called nanoindentation, because they are measurements conducted using an nanoindenter.
comment: Nanoindentation (known also as nanoindentation test) is a method for testing the hardness and related mechanical properties of materials, facilitated by high-precision instrumentation in the nanometer scale, as well as analytical and computational algorithms for result evaluation.
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
example: By definition, when someone performs nanoindentation, it refers to either quasistatic or continuous stiffness measurement. However, in reality with a nanoindenter it is also possible to perform scratch testing, scanning probe microscopy, and apply non-contact surface energy mapping, which can also be called nanoindentation, because they are measurements conducted using an nanoindenter.
elucidation: Nanoindentation (known also as nanoindentation test) is a method for testing the hardness and related mechanical properties of materials, facilitated by high-precision instrumentation in the nanometer scale, as well as analytical and computational algorithms for result evaluation.

Osmometry
type: Class
comment: Osmometry is an advanced analytical method for determining the osmotic concentration of solutions. The osmotic – or solute – concentration of a colloidal system is expressed in osmoles (Osm) per unit of volume (Osm/L) or weight (Osm/kg).
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Osmometry is an advanced analytical method for determining the osmotic concentration of solutions. The osmotic – or solute – concentration of a colloidal system is expressed in osmoles (Osm) per unit of volume (Osm/L) or weight (Osm/kg).

PotentiometricStrippingAnalysis
type: Class
comment: Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the material is removed by chemical reaction or electrochemically at constant current with measurement of electrode potential. Historically for the analysis of metal ions, mercury ions were added to the test solution to form a mercury amalgam when reduced. Alternatively, an HMDE or MFE was used and the oxidizing agent added after amalgam formation. However, the toxicity of mercury and its compounds have all but precluded the present-day use of mercury. The accumulation is similar to that used in stripping voltammetry. The stripping potentiogram shows staircase curves of potential as a function of time. Frequently, the first derivative is displayed (dE/dt=f(t)), as this produces peak-shaped signals. The time between transitions (peaks) is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the test solution. The time between changes in potential in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution.
subclass of: Voltammetry
alternative label: PSA
elucidation: Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the material is removed by chemical reaction or electrochemically at constant current with measurement of electrode potential. Historically for the analysis of metal ions, mercury ions were added to the test solution to form a mercury amalgam when reduced. Alternatively, an HMDE or MFE was used and the oxidizing agent added after amalgam formation. However, the toxicity of mercury and its compounds have all but precluded the present-day use of mercury. The accumulation is similar to that used in stripping voltammetry. The stripping potentiogram shows staircase curves of potential as a function of time. Frequently, the first derivative is displayed (dE/dt=f(t)), as this produces peak-shaped signals. The time between transitions (peaks) is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the test solution. The time between changes in potential in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution.

Rationale
type: Class
comment: A set of reasons or a logical basis for a decision or belief.
elucidation: A set of reasons or a logical basis for a decision or belief.

SampleInspectionInstrument
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationHardware

ShearOrTorsionTesting
type: Class
subclass of: MechanicalTesting

Signal
type: Class
comment: According to UPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, a “signal” is “A representation of a quantity within an analytical instrument” (https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05661).
comment: Result (effect) of the interaction between the sample and the probe, which usually is a measurable and quantifiable quantity.
comment: Result (effect) of the interaction between the sample and the probe, which usually is a measurable and quantifiable quantity. According to UPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, a “signal” is “A representation of a quantity within an analytical instrument” (https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05661). Signal is usually emitted from a characteristic “emission” volume, which can be different from the sample/probe “interaction” volume and can be usually quantified using proper physics equations and/or modelling of the interaction mechanisms.
comment: Signal is usually emitted from a characteristic “emission” volume, which can be different from the sample/probe “interaction” volume and can be usually quantified using proper physics equations and/or modelling of the interaction mechanisms.
subclass of: CharacterisationData
definition: According to UPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, a “signal” is “A representation of a quantity within an analytical instrument” (https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05661).
elucidation: Result (effect) of the interaction between the sample and the probe, which usually is a measurable and quantifiable quantity.

StepChronopotentiometry
type: Class
comment: Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed in steps.
subclass of: Chronopotentiometry
elucidation: Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed in steps.

StrippingVoltammetry
type: Class
comment: Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the amount of an accumulated species is measured by voltammetry. The measured electric current in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution by calibration. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was historically used to measure concentrations of metal ions in solution using cathodic accumulation with mercury to form an amalgam. Due to the toxicity of mercury and its compounds, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have frequently replaced ASV at mercury electrodes in the laboratory, often sacrificing the probing of speciation and lability in complex matrices. Mercury has now been replaced by non-toxic bismuth or anti- mony as films on a solid electrode support (such as glassy carbon) with equally good sensi- tivity and detection limits. Because the accumulation (pre-concentration) step can be prolonged, increasing the amount of material at the electrode, stripping voltammetry is able to measure very small concentrations of analyte. Often the product of the electrochemical stripping is identical to the analyte before the accumulation. Stripping voltammetry is a calibrated method to establish the relation between amount accumulated in a given time and the concentration of the analyte in solution. Types of stripping voltammetry refer to the kind of accumulation (e.g. adsorptive stripping voltammetry) or the polarity of the stripping electrochemistry (anodic, cathodic stripping voltammetry).
subclass of: Voltammetry
elucidation: Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the amount of an accumulated species is measured by voltammetry. The measured electric current in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution by calibration. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was historically used to measure concentrations of metal ions in solution using cathodic accumulation with mercury to form an amalgam. Due to the toxicity of mercury and its compounds, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have frequently replaced ASV at mercury electrodes in the laboratory, often sacrificing the probing of speciation and lability in complex matrices. Mercury has now been replaced by non-toxic bismuth or anti- mony as films on a solid electrode support (such as glassy carbon) with equally good sensi- tivity and detection limits. Because the accumulation (pre-concentration) step can be prolonged, increasing the amount of material at the electrode, stripping voltammetry is able to measure very small concentrations of analyte. Often the product of the electrochemical stripping is identical to the analyte before the accumulation. Stripping voltammetry is a calibrated method to establish the relation between amount accumulated in a given time and the concentration of the analyte in solution. Types of stripping voltammetry refer to the kind of accumulation (e.g. adsorptive stripping voltammetry) or the polarity of the stripping electrochemistry (anodic, cathodic stripping voltammetry).
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_stripping_analysis
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

TensileTesting
type: Class
comment: Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials use biaxial tensile testing. The main difference between these testing machines being how load is applied on the materials.
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
alternative label: TensionTest
elucidation: Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials use biaxial tensile testing. The main difference between these testing machines being how load is applied on the materials.

WearTesting
type: Class
comment: A wear test measures the changes in conditions caused by friction, and the result is obtained from deformation, scratches, and indentations on the interacting surfaces. Wear is defined as the progressive removal of the material from a solid surface and manifested by a change in the geometry of the surface.
subclass of: MechanicalTesting
elucidation: A wear test measures the changes in conditions caused by friction, and the result is obtained from deformation, scratches, and indentations on the interacting surfaces. Wear is defined as the progressive removal of the material from a solid surface and manifested by a change in the geometry of the surface.

STEMImage
type: Class
comment: An image produced by STEM.
elucidation: An image produced by STEM.

PhysicalMetallurgy
type: Class
comment: A language entity used in the domain of physical metallurgy.
elucidation: A language entity used in the domain of physical metallurgy.

GeneralisedDensity
type: Class
comment: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length, area or volume
elucidation: the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length, area or volume

StatisticalQuantity
type: Class
comment: A physical quantity that is determined from a statistical analysis the value of a set of determinations/observations/measurements of another physical quantity.
elucidation: A physical quantity that is determined from a statistical analysis the value of a set of determinations/observations/measurements of another physical quantity.

RepresentativeLength
type: Class
comment: A length that represent the size of an object measured according to a given procedure (experimental or theoretical).
elucidation: A length that represent the size of an object measured according to a given procedure (experimental or theoretical).

ParticleSize
type: Class
comment: Common representations of a particle size are the particle volume or the diameter of a (hypothetical) sphere with the same volume as the particle.
comment: Size of a particle measured according to a specified procedure (and/or model).
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Size of a particle measured according to a specified procedure (and/or model).

SolidPhaseBoundary
type: Class
comment: Boundary with at least one solid
elucidation: Boundary with at least one solid

GrainSize
type: Class
comment: A representative length of a grain measured according to a specified procedure (experimentally or theoretically).
comment: Note the asymmetry with the definition of the more general particle size, which can be measured with any quantity (e.g. volume, average cross-section diameter, etc) the grain size is always a length. This is to be consistent with the common jargon in metallurgy where grain size always refer to a length.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A representative length of a grain measured according to a specified procedure (experimentally or theoretically).

SizeDistribution
type: Class
comment: A distribution of the sizes of multiple objects. It is measured in as the number of items of a given size class per volume.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A distribution of the sizes of multiple objects. It is measured in as the number of items of a given size class per volume.

T8T9TreatmentTask
type: Class
comment: The class of workflow tasks for the T8T9 treatment.
elucidation: The class of workflow tasks for the T8T9 treatment.

hasMember
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between individuals representing a collection and one or more of its members.
comment: A maximal part is a proper part that is not connected with the rest of the whole.
comment: A proper part which is not connected with the rest of the whole.
alternative label: hasMaximalPart
definition: A proper part which is not connected with the rest of the whole.
elucidation: The relation between individuals representing a collection and one or more of its members.

hasPiece
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A non-maximal part is a proper part that is connected with the rest of the whole.
comment: The relation between two individuals representing an entity and a non-maximal proper part, meaning the the latter is connected with the rest of the whole.
alternative label: hasNotMaximalPart
elucidation: The relation between two individuals representing an entity and a non-maximal proper part, meaning the the latter is connected with the rest of the whole.

hasObjectiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an object to a quantity describing a quantifiable property of the object obtained via a well-defined procedure.

DateTimeData
type: Class
comment: A data that represents instants of time, optionally marked with a particular time zone offset.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:dateTime
elucidation: A data that represents instants of time, optionally marked with a particular time zone offset.

PerAreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerArea'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerArea'.

Service
type: Class
alternative label: IntangibleProduct

PartialSemiosis
type: Class
comment: A semiosis where the triangle of relation is not completely developed.
elucidation: A semiosis where the triangle of relation is not completely developed.

RealData
type: Class
comment: A data representing a real number.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some owl:real
elucidation: A data representing a real number.

HybridMatter
type: Class
comment: Matter composed of both matter and antimatter fundamental particles.
elucidation: Matter composed of both matter and antimatter fundamental particles.

DataProcessing
type: Class
comment: A computation that provides a data output following the elaboration of some input data, using a data processing application.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A computation that provides a data output following the elaboration of some input data, using a data processing application.

MolecularEntity
type: Class
comment: Molecular entity is used as a general term for singular entities, irrespective of their nature, while chemical species stands for sets or ensembles of molecular entities. Note that the name of a compound may refer to the respective molecular entity or to the chemical species,
comment: Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity that can undergo a chemical reaction.
alternative label: ChemicalEntity
example: Hydrogen molecule is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule.
example: Methane, may mean a single molecule of CH4 (molecular entity) or a molar amount, specified or not (chemical species), participating in a reaction. The degree of precision necessary to describe a molecular entity depends on the context.
elucidation: Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity that can undergo a chemical reaction.
comment: This concept is strictly related to chemistry. For this reason an atom can be considered the smallest entity that can be considered "molecular", including nucleus when they are seen as ions (e.g. H⁺, He⁺⁺).

throughOverlaps
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an item I1 that proper overlaps an Item I2 where I1 has two non-overlapping parts, one that causes I2 and one that is a cause of I2.
elucidation: The relation between an item I1 that proper overlaps an Item I2 where I1 has two non-overlapping parts, one that causes I2 and one that is a cause of I2.

UnsignedIntData
type: Class
comment: A data representing 32-bit non-negative integer number, 0...4294967295.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedInt
elucidation: A data representing 32-bit non-negative integer number, 0...4294967295.

MetricPrefix
type: Class
comment: Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.
elucidation: Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.

ContinuumModel
type: Class
comment: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.

SpatialTile
type: Class
comment: A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in spatial parts.
elucidation: A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in spatial parts.

MaterialByType
type: Class

ChemicalElement
type: Class
comment: The IUPAC Gold Book defines the a chemical element both as: - a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus - a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus This qualifies a chemical element as a name and not a matter obejct that can stand for an atom or a substance.
comment: The symbol for a specific chemical element, that can stand both for an atom or a substance.
elucidation: The symbol for a specific chemical element, that can stand both for an atom or a substance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01022

SystemResource
type: Class
comment: Any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
alternative label: Resource
elucidation: Any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system.

Fermion
type: Class
comment: A physical particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
elucidation: A physical particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

directlyCauses
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A causal relation between the causing and the effected entities occurring without intermediaries.
comment: Direct causality is a concept that captures the idea of direct interaction between two entities, given the fact that there are no causal intermediaries between them. It requires that at least a quantum of the causing entity is direct cause of a quantum of the caused entity. It does not exclude the possibility of other indirect causal routes between some proper parts of the two entities. The direct causality in a 4D ontology covers both time-like causal interaction (when causality is one-way from one entity to another) and space-like causal interaction (when causality is two-way between two entities).
comment: Direct cause is irreflexive.
alternative label: isDirectCauseOf
conceptualisation: Direct causality is a concept that captures the idea of direct interaction between two entities, given the fact that there are no causal intermediaries between them. It requires that at least a quantum of the causing entity is direct cause of a quantum of the caused entity. It does not exclude the possibility of other indirect causal routes between some proper parts of the two entities. The direct causality in a 4D ontology covers both time-like causal interaction (when causality is one-way from one entity to another) and space-like causal interaction (when causality is two-way between two entities).
elucidation: A causal relation between the causing and the effected entities occurring without intermediaries.
comment: Direct cause provides the edges for the transitive restriction of the direct acyclic causal graph whose nodes are the quantum entities.

MathematicalSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
equivalent class: Class

IRI
type: Class
comment: An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. It is similar to URI, but greatly extends the allowed character set from ASCII to the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646)..
comment: IRIs are commonly used as identifiers for ontological entities, although the extended unicode character set is rarely used.
example: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ῥόδος
elucidation: An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. It is similar to URI, but greatly extends the allowed character set from ASCII to the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646)..
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier

ChemicalNomenclature
type: Class
comment: A chemical numenclature should not be confused with the chemical formula.
comment: A language object following a specific nomenclature rules for defining univocal names of chemical compounds.
elucidation: A language object following a specific nomenclature rules for defining univocal names of chemical compounds.

NameData
type: Class

RationalData
type: Class
comment: A symbolic data representing a rational number, that is a number that can be expressed exact by `p/q` where `p` and `q` are integer numbers.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some owl:rational
elucidation: A symbolic data representing a rational number, that is a number that can be expressed exact by `p/q` where `p` and `q` are integer numbers.

Distance
type: Class
comment: Distance is the norm of Displacement.
comment: Shortest path length between two points in a metric space.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Distance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126017
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Distance
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.8
elucidation: Shortest path length between two points in a metric space.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance

Tempering
type: Class
comment: Process consisting of two steps: - first, the steel is heated in a quenching treatment to a temperature above Ac3 and then rapidly cooled in a liquid to produce a process-specific grain structure; - subsequently, the steel is heated to a specific temperature during tempering to set the desired property and cooled in air.
alternative label: QuenchingAndTempering
alternative label: Vergüten

ArithmeticOperator
type: Class

FormingJoin
type: Class

IntentionalAgentByKind
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of intentional agents by their kind.
elucidation: Categorisation of intentional agents by their kind.

MeasuringSystem
type: Class
comment: A set of one or more 'MeasuringInstruments' and often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate 'MeasuredQuantityProperty' within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. -- VIM
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A set of one or more 'MeasuringInstruments' and often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate 'MeasuredQuantityProperty' within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measuring system

NormalizedStringData
type: Class

standsFor
type: ObjectProperty

ProcessByContext
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all classes that categorise projects according to their mereological and persistence context
elucidation: The superclass for all classes that categorise projects according to their mereological and persistence context

Frequency
type: Class
comment: Number of periods per time interval.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Frequency
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11652
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-15.1
elucidation: Number of periods per time interval.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07383

DefinedEdgeCutting
type: Class
alternative label: Machining in which a tool is used whose number of cutting edges, geometry of the cutting wedges and position of the cutting edges in relation to the workpiece are determined
alternative label: Spanen mit geometrisch bestimmten Schneiden

URL
type: Class
comment: The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").
elucidation: The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").

IntentionalAgencyByKind
type: Class
comment: Categorisation of intentional agencies by their kind.
elucidation: Categorisation of intentional agencies by their kind.

Semiotics
type: Class
comment: A perspective based on Pierce semiotics, where an interpreter relates a referent to a sign in through semiotic relations.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Semiosis or SemioticEntity
elucidation: A perspective based on Pierce semiotics, where an interpreter relates a referent to a sign in through semiotic relations.

NominalProperty
type: Class
comment: "Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude." "A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
comment: An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
example: CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered A color is a nominal property. Sex of a human being.
elucidation: An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
VIMTerm: nominal property

JSONData
type: Class

MaterialsModel
type: Class
comment: A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.

CoatingManufacturing
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing in which an adherent layer of amorphous material is applied to a workpiece.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: Beschichten @de
elucidation: A manufacturing in which an adherent layer of amorphous material is applied to a workpiece.

ChemicalFormula
type: Class
comment: A chemical formula may also include other symbols such as parentheses, plus and minus signs, brackets
comment: A symbolic construct that provides informations about the chemical proportions of the elements that constitute a chemical compound or a specific molecule.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A symbolic construct that provides informations about the chemical proportions of the elements that constitute a chemical compound or a specific molecule.

MagneticFluxDensity
type: Class
comment: Often denoted B.
comment: Strength of the magnetic field.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MagneticInduction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFluxDensity
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30204
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-21
elucidation: Strength of the magnetic field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03686

overcrosses
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: OX(x, y) ≡ O(x, y) ∧ ¬P(x,y)
comment: The relation between an entity that overlaps another without being its part.
definition: OX(x, y) ≡ O(x, y) ∧ ¬P(x,y)
elucidation: The relation between an entity that overlaps another without being its part.

ObjectByContext
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all classes that categorise objects according to their mereological and persistence context
elucidation: The superclass for all classes that categorise objects according to their mereological and persistence context

Concentration
type: Class
comment: the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Concentration
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3686031
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Concentration
elucidation: the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration
iupacReference: https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/C01222

hasResourceIdentifier
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a resource to its identifier.
elucidation: Relates a resource to its identifier.

FlexuralForming
type: Class
comment: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress.
alternative label: Biegeumformen

ComputerScience
type: Class
comment: A well-formed formula in computer science may be or not be interpreted by a computer. For example pseudo-code is only intended for human consumption.
comment: A well-formed formula that follows the syntactic rules of computer science.
elucidation: A well-formed formula that follows the syntactic rules of computer science.

Geometrical
type: Class
comment: A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
example: A geometrical object can be expressed in many different forms. For example, a line can be expressed by: a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.
elucidation: A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.

SemioticEntity
type: Class
comment: Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. "Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). The triadic elements: - 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) - 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) - 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object'
comment: The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Interpreter or SemioticObject or Sign
elucidation: The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.

Machining
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing in which material is removed from the workpiece in the form of chips.
alternative label: RemovingChipsFromWorkpiece
elucidation: A manufacturing in which material is removed from the workpiece in the form of chips.

ResourceIdentifier
type: Class
comment: A formal computer-interpretable identifier of a system resource.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A formal computer-interpretable identifier of a system resource.

PrefixedUnit
type: Class
comment: A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
elucidation: A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.

Graphical
type: Class
comment: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration results from an explicit graphical procedure and shows an identifiable pattern.
comment: This concept includes only things that are purposely created by an agent.
example: 'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration results from an explicit graphical procedure and shows an identifiable pattern.

interprets
type: ObjectProperty

NonPositiveIntegerData
type: Class
comment: A data representing an integer number <= 0.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:nonPositiveInteger
elucidation: A data representing an integer number <= 0.

DecimalData
type: Class
comment: A data representing an arbitrary precision decimal number.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:decimal
elucidation: A data representing an arbitrary precision decimal number.

JunctionTile
type: Class
comment: A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole hybridly in spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal parts.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole hybridly in spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal parts.

GasSolidSuspension
type: Class
comment: A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
example: Dust, sand storm.
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.

Time
type: Class
comment: One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
comment: The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
comment: Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as "what clocks read".
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Time
definition: One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
ISO80000Reference: 3-7
elucidation: The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06375

URN
type: Class
comment: The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.
elucidation: The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.

UnsignedShortData
type: Class
comment: A data representing 16-bit non-negative integer number, 0...65535.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedShort
elucidation: A data representing 16-bit non-negative integer number, 0...65535.

GasLiquidSuspension
type: Class
comment: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
example: Rain, spray.
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.

SpatioTemporalTessellation
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all tessellations in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: WellFormedTessellation
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: MixedTiling or SpatialTiling or TemporalTiling
elucidation: The superclass for all tessellations in which all tiles are connected through spatiotemporal relations hasNext or contacts.

Observer
type: Class
comment: A characteriser that declares a property for an object through the specific interaction required by the property definition.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A characteriser that declares a property for an object through the specific interaction required by the property definition.

NumberOfElements
type: Class
comment: Number of direct parts of a Reductionistic.
comment: Using direct parthood EMMO creates a well-defined broadcasting between granularity levels. This also make it possible to count the direct parts of each granularity level.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Number of direct parts of a Reductionistic.

UnsignedLongData
type: Class
comment: A data representing 64-bit non-negative integer number, 0...18446744073709551615.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:unsignedLong
elucidation: A data representing 64-bit non-negative integer number, 0...18446744073709551615.

MeasuringInstrument
type: Class
comment: A measuring instrument that can be used alone is a measuring system.
comment: Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. -- VIM
elucidation: Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measuring instrument

AngularFrequency
type: Class
comment: Rate of change of the phase angle.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularFrequency
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_frequency
ISO80000Reference: 3-18
elucidation: Rate of change of the phase angle.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_frequency
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00352

ScriptingLanguage
type: Class
comment: A programming language that is executed through runtime interpretation.
elucidation: A programming language that is executed through runtime interpretation.

Expression
type: Class
comment: A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.
elucidation: A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.

ElectricConductance
type: Class
comment: Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
comment: Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Conductance
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Conductance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309017
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 6-47
elucidation: Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01925

CharacterisationComponent
type: Class

CharacterisationEnvironmentProperty
type: Class

Coulometry
type: Class
comment: Electrochemical measurement principle in which the electric charge required to carry out a known electrochemical reaction is measured. By Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, the amount of substance is proportional to the charge. Coulometry used to measure the amount of substance is a primary reference measurement procedure [VIM 2.8] not requiring calibration with a standard for a quantity of the same kind (i.e. amount of substance). The coulometric experiment can be carried out at controlled (constant) potential (see direct coulometry at controlled potential) or controlled (constant) current (see direct coulometry at controlled current).
subclass of: ElectrochemicalTesting
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136979
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: Electrochemical measurement principle in which the electric charge required to carry out a known electrochemical reaction is measured. By Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, the amount of substance is proportional to the charge. Coulometry used to measure the amount of substance is a primary reference measurement procedure [VIM 2.8] not requiring calibration with a standard for a quantity of the same kind (i.e. amount of substance). The coulometric experiment can be carried out at controlled (constant) potential (see direct coulometry at controlled potential) or controlled (constant) current (see direct coulometry at controlled current).
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulometry
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

Detector
type: Class
comment: Physical device (or the chain of devices) that is used to measure, quantify and store the signal after its interaction with the sample.
comment: Physical device (or the chain of devices) that is used to measure, quantify and store the signal after its interaction with the sample. Examples include: Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) and Secondary Electrons (SE) detectors for SEM; Displacement and force sensors for mechanical testing.
subclass of: CharacterisationHardware
example: Examples include: Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) and Secondary Electrons (SE) detectors for SEM; Displacement and force sensors for mechanical testing.
elucidation: Physical device (or the chain of devices) that is used to measure, quantify and store the signal after its interaction with the sample.

Electrogravimetry
type: Class
comment: Method of electroanalytical chemistry used to separate by electrolyse ions of a substance and to derive the amount of this substance from the increase in mass of an electrode.
subclass of: ElectrochemicalTesting
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902953
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: Method of electroanalytical chemistry used to separate by electrolyse ions of a substance and to derive the amount of this substance from the increase in mass of an electrode.
elucidation: method of electroanalytical chemistry used to separate by electrolyse ions of a substance and to derive the amount of this substance from the increase in mass of an electrode.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrogravimetry

Holder
type: Class
comment: An object which supports the specimen in the correct position for the characterisation process.
subclass of: CharacterisationHardware
elucidation: An object which supports the specimen in the correct position for the characterisation process.

ProbeSampleInteraction
type: Class
comment: Process representing the interaction between the Probe and the Sample (with a certain Interaction Volume) which generates a Signal.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Probe
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Signal
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Probe
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Signal
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Probe
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Signal
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
elucidation: Process representing the interaction between the Probe and the Sample (with a certain Interaction Volume) which generates a Signal.

SampleExtractionByCutting
type: Class
subclass of: SampleExtraction

SampleInspectionParameter
type: Class
comment: Parameter used for the sample inspection process.
elucidation: Parameter used for the sample inspection process.

SamplePreparationByCutting
type: Class
subclass of: SamplePreparation

SamplePreparationInstrument
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationHardware

SamplePreparationParameter
type: Class
comment: Parameter used for the sample preparation process.
elucidation: Parameter used for the sample preparation process.

ScatteringAndDiffraction
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique

Imaging
type: Class
comment: Characterisation process that produces (often, but not necessary, 2-dimensional) images of the sample.
comment: Imaging is typically contrasted to diffraction and spectroscopy.
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
elucidation: Characterisation process that produces (often, but not necessary, 2-dimensional) images of the sample.

metallurgicalReference
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: seeAlso

CrystallographicDefect
type: Class
comment: Imperfection in the regular geometrical arrangement of the atoms in a crystalline solid.
elucidation: Imperfection in the regular geometrical arrangement of the atoms in a crystalline solid.

PhaseFraction
type: Class
comment: Ratio of the quantity of a phase over the total quantity of all the phases over the domain considered. Quantity is usually mass, mole, area, or volume.
elucidation: Ratio of the quantity of a phase over the total quantity of all the phases over the domain considered. Quantity is usually mass, mole, area, or volume.

AdditiveManufacturing
type: Class
comment: process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing (3.1.29) and formative manufacturing methodologies,
alternative label: GenerativeManufacturing

CompiledLanguage
type: Class

isInputOf
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

Reductionistic
type: Class
comment: A class devoted to categorize causal objects by specifying their granularity levels.
comment: A granularity level is specified by a tiling decomposition of the whole y. A tiling is identified as a set of items {x1, x2, ... xn} called tiles that: - are proper parts of y - covers the entire whole (y = x1 +x2 + ... + xn) - do not overlap - are part of one, and one only, whole (inverse functional)
elucidation: A class devoted to categorize causal objects by specifying their granularity levels.
comment: Direct parthood is the antitransitive parthood relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy) for this perspective.

Ablation
type: Class
comment: Manufacturing by separating particles of material from a solid body by non-mechanical means. Ablation refers both to the removal of layers of material and to the separation of workpiece parts. The production process of ablation is considered in its stationary instantaneous state, independently of the application of auxiliary processes necessary to initiate the process. Ablation is divided into three subgroups according to the order point of view (OGP) "process in the effective zone on the surface of the workpiece": - thermal ablation; - chemical ablation; - electrochemical ablation.
alternative label: Abtragen

AlgebraicExpression
type: Class
comment: An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)
example: 2x+3

Force
type: Class
comment: Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Force
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.1
elucidation: Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02480

CondensedMatter
type: Class
comment: The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.
equivalent class: Class
conceptualisation: The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: Equivalent To: Liquid or Solid

Objective
type: Class
comment: A coded conventional that is determined by each interpeter following a well defined determination procedure through a specific perception channel.
comment: The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
elucidation: A coded conventional that is determined by each interpeter following a well defined determination procedure through a specific perception channel.

MixedTiling
type: Class
comment: A well formed tessellation with at least a junction tile.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A well formed tessellation with at least a junction tile.

isOutputOf
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

Radius
type: Class
comment: Distance from the centre of a circle to the circumference.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Radius
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173817
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Radius
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.6
elucidation: Distance from the centre of a circle to the circumference.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius

Deducer
type: Class
comment: An interpreter who establish the connection between an index sign and an object according to a causal contiguity.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Someone who deduces an emotional status of a persona according to facial expression.
example: Someone who deduces the occurring of a physical phenomenon through other phenomena.
elucidation: An interpreter who establish the connection between an index sign and an object according to a causal contiguity.

ConstructionLanguage
type: Class
comment: A computer language by which a human can specify an executable problem solution to a computer.
elucidation: A computer language by which a human can specify an executable problem solution to a computer.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_construction#Construction_languages

mereological
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The EMMO adheres to Atomistic General Extensional Mereology (AGEM).
comment: The superclass of all mereological EMMO relations.
elucidation: The superclass of all mereological EMMO relations.

NonNegativeIntegerData
type: Class
comment: A data representing an integer number >= 0.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:nonNegativeInteger
elucidation: A data representing an integer number >= 0.

ShortData
type: Class
comment: A data representing 16-bit integer number.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:short
elucidation: A data representing 16-bit integer number.

Measurement
type: Class
comment: A measurement always implies a causal interaction between the object and the observer.
comment: A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.
comment: An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference based on a well defined mesurement procedure.
comment: For convinience, the semiotic shortcuts `hasMeasurementValue` and `hasMeasurementQuantity` allows the user to directly relate a measurement to the measured QuantityValue and Quantity, respectively.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: MeasurementProcedure
elucidation: An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference based on a well defined mesurement procedure.
VIMTerm: measurement
comment: The output of a measurement is in EMMO a measurement result, which in turn is attributed to one or more measurement values.

Estimator
type: Class
comment: A characteriser that declares a property for an object without actually interact with it with the specific interaction required by the property definition (i.e. infer a property from other properties).
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A characteriser that declares a property for an object without actually interact with it with the specific interaction required by the property definition (i.e. infer a property from other properties).

TemporalTile
type: Class
comment: A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in temporal parts.
elucidation: A direct part that is obtained by partitioning a whole purely in temporal parts.

Nucleon
type: Class
comment: Either a proton or a neutron.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: Proton, Neutron
elucidation: Either a proton or a neutron.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon

LongData
type: Class
comment: A data representing 64-bit integer number.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:long
elucidation: A data representing 64-bit integer number.

CausalParticle
type: Class
comment: A causal particle represents the most elementary entity in physics, being it a simple state of an elementary particle, called quantum in the EMMO, or a chain of causally connected quanta.
comment: The class of individuals representing causal particles.
comment: The disjoint union of CausalPath and Quantum classes.
conceptualisation: A causal particle represents the most elementary entity in physics, being it a simple state of an elementary particle, called quantum in the EMMO, or a chain of causally connected quanta.
definition: The disjoint union of CausalPath and Quantum classes.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: CausalPath or Quantum
elucidation: The class of individuals representing causal particles.

isCausedBy
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: causes

CategorizedPhysicalQuantity
type: Class
comment: The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to some domain of interests (e.g. metallurgy, chemistry), property (intensive/extensive) or application.
elucidation: The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to some domain of interests (e.g. metallurgy, chemistry), property (intensive/extensive) or application.

TwoManifold
type: Class
comment: A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 2-dimensional Euclidean space.
alternative label: 2-manifold
elucidation: A topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of 2-dimensional Euclidean space.

IntData
type: Class
comment: A data representing 32-bit integer number.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:int
elucidation: A data representing 32-bit integer number.

BaseQuantity
type: Class
comment: "Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" ISO 80000-1
elucidation: "Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" ISO 80000-1
VIMTerm: base quantity

Casting
type: Class

PhysicsBasedModel
type: Class
comment: A mathematical entity based on a fundamental physics theory which defines the relations between physics quantities of an entity.
is defined by: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A mathematical entity based on a fundamental physics theory which defines the relations between physics quantities of an entity.

Meson
type: Class
comment: Hadronic subatomic particles composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks bound together by strong interactions.
comment: Most mesons are composed of one quark and one antiquark.
subclass of: Restriction
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: PseudoscalarMeson or VectorMeson or ScalarMeson or PseudovectorMeson or TensorMeson
elucidation: Hadronic subatomic particles composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks bound together by strong interactions.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

FormingFromLiquid
type: Class

isThroughOverlappedBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

hasInternalRepresentation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between the interpreter and the interpretant, being its internal representation.
elucidation: The relation between the interpreter and the interpretant, being its internal representation.

semioticOvercrossedBy
type: ObjectProperty

isOvercrossedBy
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The inverse relation for overcrosses.
elucidation: The inverse relation for overcrosses.

Equation
type: Class
comment: An equation with variables can always be represented as: f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.
comment: The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
subclass of: Restriction
example: 2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
elucidation: The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.

ElectricResistance
type: Class
comment: Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
comment: Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Resistance
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Resistance
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25358
ISO80000Reference: 6-46
elucidation: Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01936

PhysicsBasedSimulation
type: Class
comment: A simulation that relies on physics based models, according to the Review of Materials Modelling and CWA 17284:2018.
is defined by: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”
elucidation: A simulation that relies on physics based models, according to the Review of Materials Modelling and CWA 17284:2018.

MolarEnergy
type: Class
comment: Energy per amount of substance.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MolarEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69427512
elucidation: Energy per amount of substance.

CalibrationProcess
type: Class
comment: From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Operation performed on a measuring instrument or a measuring system that, under specified conditions: 1) establishes a relation between the values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and 2) uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. NOTE 1 The objective of calibration is to provide traceability of measurement results obtained when using a calibrated measuring instrument or measuring system. NOTE 2 The outcome of a calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty. NOTE 3 Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “selfcalibration”, nor with verification of calibration. Calibration is sometimes a prerequisite for verification, which provides confirmation that specified requirements (often maximum permissible errors) are met. Calibration is sometimes also a prerequisite for adjustment, which is the set of operations carried out on a measuring system such that the system provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of quantities being measured, typically obtained from measurement standards. NOTE 4 Sometimes the first step alone of the operation mentioned in the definition is intended as being calibration, as it was in previous editions of this Vocabulary. The second step is in fact required to establish instrumental uncertainty for the measurement results obtained when using the calibrated measuring system. The two steps together aim to demonstrate the metrological traceability of measurement results obtained by a calibrated measuring system. In the past the second step was usually …
comment: Sequence of operations/actions that are needed to convert the initial signal (as produced by the detector) into a meaningful and useable raw data.
comment: Sequence of operations/actions that are needed to convert the initial signal (as produced by the detector) into a meaningful and useable raw data. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Operation performed on a measuring instrument or a measuring system that, under specified conditions: 1) establishes a relation between the values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and 2) uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. NOTE 1 The objective of calibration is to provide traceability of measurement results obtained when using a calibrated measuring instrument or measuring system. NOTE 2 The outcome of a calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty. NOTE 3 Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “selfcalibration”, nor with verification of calibration. Calibration is sometimes a prerequisite for verification, which provides confirmation that specified requirements (often maximum permissible errors) are met. Calibration is sometimes also a prerequisite for adjustment, which is the set of operations carried out on a measuring system such that the system provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of quantities being measured, typically obtained from measurement standards. NOTE 4 Sometimes the first step alone of the operation mentioned in the definition is intended as being calibration, as it was in previous editions of this Vocabulary. The second step is in fact required to establish instrumental uncertainty for the measurement results obtained when using the calibrated measuring system. The two steps together aim to d…
comment: Usually the calibration process involve a reference sample (with pre-defined, specific, and stable physical characteristics and known properties), in order to extract calibration data. In this way, the accuracy of the measurement tool and its components (for example the probe) will be evaluated and confirmed.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: MeasurementParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CalibrationData
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: ReferenceSample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: MeasurementParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: MeasurementParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: ReferenceSample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CalibrationData
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: ReferenceSample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CalibrationData
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: CharacterisationProcedure
example: In nanoindentation, the electrical signal coming from capacitive displacement gauge is converted into a real raw-displacement signal after using a proper calibration function (as obtained by the equipment manufacturer). Then, additional calibration procedures are applied to define the point of initial contact and to correct for instrument compliance, thermal drift, and indenter area function to obtain the real useable displacement data.
definition: From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Operation performed on a measuring instrument or a measuring system that, under specified conditions: 1) establishes a relation between the values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and 2) uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. NOTE 1 The objective of calibration is to provide traceability of measurement results obtained when using a calibrated measuring instrument or measuring system. NOTE 2 The outcome of a calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty. NOTE 3 Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “selfcalibration”, nor with verification of calibration. Calibration is sometimes a prerequisite for verification, which provides confirmation that specified requirements (often maximum permissible errors) are met. Calibration is sometimes also a prerequisite for adjustment, which is the set of operations carried out on a measuring system such that the system provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of quantities being measured, typically obtained from measurement standards. NOTE 4 Sometimes the first step alone of the operation mentioned in the definition is intended as being calibration, as it was in previous editions of this Vocabulary. The second step is in fact required to establish instrumental uncertainty for the measurement results obtained when using the calibrated measuring system. The two steps together aim to demonstrate the metrological traceability of measurement results obtained by a calibrated measuring system. In the past the second step was usually …
elucidation: Sequence of operations/actions that are needed to convert the initial signal (as produced by the detector) into a meaningful and useable raw data.

CharacterisationEnvironment
type: Class
comment: Characterisation can either be made in air (ambient conditions, without specific controls on environmental parameters), or at different temperatures, different pressures (or in vacuum), or using different types of working gases (inert or reactive with respect to sample), different levels of humidity, etc.
comment: Medium of the characterisation experiment defined by the set of environmental conditions that are controlled and measured over time during the experiment.
comment: Medium of the characterisation experiment defined by the set of environmental conditions that are controlled and measured over time during the experiment. Characterisation can either be made in air (ambient conditions, without specific controls on environmental parameters), or at different temperatures, different pressures (or in vacuum), or using different types of working gases (inert or reactive with respect to sample), different levels of humidity, etc.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationEnvironmentProperty
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationEnvironmentProperty
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationEnvironmentProperty
elucidation: Medium of the characterisation experiment defined by the set of environmental conditions that are controlled and measured over time during the experiment.

DataPreparation
type: Class
comment: Data preparation is the process of manipulating (or pre-processing) data (which may come from disparate data sources) to improve their quality or reduce bias in subsequent analysis.
elucidation: Data preparation is the process of manipulating (or pre-processing) data (which may come from disparate data sources) to improve their quality or reduce bias in subsequent analysis.

OpticalTesting
type: Class
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique

ReferenceSample
type: Class
comment: Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in measurement or in examination. NOTE 1 Reference materials can be certified reference materials or reference materials without a certified property value. NOTE 2 For a reference material to be used as a measurement standard for calibration purposes it needs to be a certified reference material. NOTE 3 Reference materials can be used for measurement precision evaluation and quality control. EXAMPLE Human serum without an assigned quantity value for the amount-of-substance concentration of the inherent cholesterol, used for quality control. NOTE 4 Properties of reference materials can be quantities or nominal properties. NOTE 5 A reference material is sometimes incorporated into a specially fabricated device. EXAMPLE Spheres of uniform size mounted on a microscope slide. NOTE 6 Some reference materials have assigned values in a unit outside the SI. Such materials include vaccines to which International Units (IU) have been assigned by the World Health Organization. NOTE 7 A given reference material can only be used for one purpose in a measurement, either calibration or quality control, but not both. NOTE 8 ISO/REMCO has an analogous definition but uses the term “measurement process” (ISO Guide 30, Reference materials – Selected terms and definitions, definition 2.1.1) for both measurement and examination. From [ISO 17858:2007]: Quality control sample used to determine accuracy and precision of method.
comment: From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in measurement or in examination. NOTE 1 Reference materials can be certified reference materials or reference materials without a certified property value. NOTE 2 For a reference material to be used as a measurement standard for calibration purposes it needs to be a certified reference material. NOTE 3 Reference materials can be used for measurement precision evaluation and quality control. EXAMPLE Human serum without an assigned quantity value for the amount-of-substance concentration of the inherent cholesterol, used for quality control. NOTE 4 Properties of reference materials can be quantities or nominal properties. NOTE 5 A reference material is sometimes incorporated into a specially fabricated device. EXAMPLE Spheres of uniform size mounted on a microscope slide. NOTE 6 Some reference materials have assigned values in a unit outside the SI. Such materials include vaccines to which International Units (IU) have been assigned by the World Health Organization. NOTE 7 A given reference material can only be used for one purpose in a measurement, either calibration or quality control, but not both. NOTE 8 ISO/REMCO has an analogous definition but uses the term “measurement process” (ISO Guide 30, Reference materials – Selected terms and definitions, definition 2.1.1) for both measurement and examination. From [ISO 17858:2007]: Quality control sample used to determine accuracy and precision of method.
comment: Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process.
subclass of: Sample
alternative label: ReferenceSpecimen
alternative label: Certified Reference Material
alternative label: Reference material
definition: From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in measurement or in examination. NOTE 1 Reference materials can be certified reference materials or reference materials without a certified property value. NOTE 2 For a reference material to be used as a measurement standard for calibration purposes it needs to be a certified reference material. NOTE 3 Reference materials can be used for measurement precision evaluation and quality control. EXAMPLE Human serum without an assigned quantity value for the amount-of-substance concentration of the inherent cholesterol, used for quality control. NOTE 4 Properties of reference materials can be quantities or nominal properties. NOTE 5 A reference material is sometimes incorporated into a specially fabricated device. EXAMPLE Spheres of uniform size mounted on a microscope slide. NOTE 6 Some reference materials have assigned values in a unit outside the SI. Such materials include vaccines to which International Units (IU) have been assigned by the World Health Organization. NOTE 7 A given reference material can only be used for one purpose in a measurement, either calibration or quality control, but not both. NOTE 8 ISO/REMCO has an analogous definition but uses the term “measurement process” (ISO Guide 30, Reference materials – Selected terms and definitions, definition 2.1.1) for both measurement and examination. From [ISO 17858:2007]: Quality control sample used to determine accuracy and precision of method.
elucidation: Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process.
VIMTerm: Reference material

SampleExtraction
type: Class
comment: Act of extracting a portion (amount) of material from a larger quantity of material. This operation results in obtaining a sample representative of the batch with respect to the property or properties being investigated. The term can be used to cover either a unit of supply or a portion for analysis. The portion taken may consist of one or more sub-samples and the batch may be the population from which the sample is taken.
comment: Act of extracting a portion (amount) of material from a larger quantity of material. This operation results in obtaining a sample representative of the batch with respect to the property or properties being investigated.
comment: The term can be used to cover either a unit of supply or a portion for analysis. The portion taken may consist of one or more sub-samples and the batch may be the population from which the sample is taken.
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: CharacterisationProcedure
elucidation: Act of extracting a portion (amount) of material from a larger quantity of material. This operation results in obtaining a sample representative of the batch with respect to the property or properties being investigated.

ThermochemicalTesting
type: Class
comment: Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a technique used in thermal analysis, a branch of materials science which studies the properties of materials as they change with temperature.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
alternative label: TMA
elucidation: Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a technique used in thermal analysis, a branch of materials science which studies the properties of materials as they change with temperature.

Image
type: Class
comment: The characterisation result of an imaging process.
subclass of: CharacterisationData
elucidation: The characterisation result of an imaging process.

Grain
type: Class
comment: A common definition is that grains are separated from their neighbour grains by grain boundaries with a misorientation angle higher than 15 degrees.
comment: A part of a microstructure with (almost) the same crystal orientation.
elucidation: A part of a microstructure with (almost) the same crystal orientation.
comment: Grain, in metallurgy, any of the crystallites (small crystals or grains) of varying, randomly distributed, small sizes that compose a solid metal. Randomly oriented, the grains contact each other at surfaces called grain boundaries. The structure and size of the grains determine important physical properties of the solid metal. Grains of a metal ingot can be elongated and locked together by rolling to improve the mechanical properties in the direction of grain length. Internal stresses at grain boundaries may be relieved by annealing to restore exhausted ductility in certain alloys or to harden other alloys. -- britannica.com (https://www.britannica.com/science/grain-solid)
comment: Grains (and subgrains) are in general not (single) crystals since they may include small particles (e.g. precipitates) with another crystal structure.
comment: Note, since grains are defined as being a (holistic) component of a microstructure, we cannot speak about a single grain without it being a part of a microstucture.
comment: Part of a crystalline material consituted primarily of one crystalline phase.

PhysicalField
type: Class
comment: A physical quantity that has a value in each point in space and time.
elucidation: A physical quantity that has a value in each point in space and time.

PerTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerTemperature'.

PhysicalQuantity
type: Class
comment: A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Numeral' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
comment: In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. ISO 80000-1
comment: Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
comment: Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind. For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind. However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only. For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides. As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
comment: — quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, — quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and — quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. ISO 80000-1
subclass of: Restriction
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: DerivedQuantity, BaseQuantity
elucidation: A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Numeral' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.

Symbolic
type: Class
comment: A discrete data whose elements can be decoded as tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
comment: A symbolic entity is not necessarily graphical (e.g. it doesn't necessarily have the physical shape of a letter), but its elements can be decoded and put in relation with an alphabet. In other words, a sequence of bit "1000010" in a RAM (a non-graphical entity) is a valid symbol since it can be decoded through ASCII rules as the letter "B". The same holds for an entity standing for the sound of a voice saying: "Hello", since it can be decomposed in discrete parts, each of them being associated to a letter of an alphabet.
example: fe780 emmo !5*a cat for(i=0;i<N;++i)
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: SymbolicConstruct or Symbol
elucidation: A discrete data whose elements can be decoded as tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
comment: A symbolic object possesses a reductionistic oriented structure. For example, text is made of words, spaces and punctuations. Words are made of characters (i.e. atomic symbols).

Vector
type: Class
comment: 1-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are numbers.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: LinearArray
alternative label: 1DArray
elucidation: 1-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are numbers.

LuminousIntensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'LuminousIntensity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'LuminousIntensity'.

ComputerLanguage
type: Class
comment: A formal language used to communicate with a computer.
comment: The categorisation of computer languages is based on Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK(R)): Version 3.0, January 2014. Editors Pierre Bourque, Richard E. Fairley. Publisher: IEEE Computer Society PressWashingtonDCUnited States. ISBN:978-0-7695-5166-1. https://www.computer.org/education/bodies-of-knowledge/software-engineering
elucidation: A formal language used to communicate with a computer.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_language

Matrix
type: Class
comment: 2-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are vectors.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: 2DArray
elucidation: 2-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are vectors.

ShearCutting
type: Class
comment: Cutting workpieces between two cutting edges that move past each other (see Figure 1 [see figure in the standard]).
disjoint with: SampleExtractionByCutting
alternative label: Scherschneiden

ElectricPotentialUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotential'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotential'.

PhysicalObject
type: Class
comment: It is natural to define entities made or more than one smaller parts as object according to some unity criteria. One of the most general one applicable to causal interacting systems is to ask that all the quantum parts of the system are part of elementaries whose paths start and end within the entitiy. We call this causal convexity. In other words, causal convexity excludes all quantums that leave the system (no more interacting), or that are not yet part of it (not yet interacting). So, a photon leaving a body is not part of a convex system, while a real photon that is the carrier of clasical electromagnetic interaction between two molecular parts of the body, is part of the convex body. A physical phenomenon is defined as a causally non-convex interacting system, complement of causally convex interacting system.
comment: The class of individuals standing for causally convex interacting systems.
conceptualisation: It is natural to define entities made or more than one smaller parts as object according to some unity criteria. One of the most general one applicable to causal interacting systems is to ask that all the quantum parts of the system are part of elementaries whose paths start and end within the entitiy. We call this causal convexity. In other words, causal convexity excludes all quantums that leave the system (no more interacting), or that are not yet part of it (not yet interacting). So, a photon leaving a body is not part of a convex system, while a real photon that is the carrier of clasical electromagnetic interaction between two molecular parts of the body, is part of the convex body. A physical phenomenon is defined as a causally non-convex interacting system, complement of causally convex interacting system.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: CompositePhysicalObject, BondedObject
elucidation: The class of individuals standing for causally convex interacting systems.

Deduction
type: Class
comment: A semiotic process that assigns a sign by deduction from causal continguity.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: IndexSemiosis
example: The interpreter feels that the plate is hot and assigns the status of the kitchen stove to be on.
elucidation: A semiotic process that assigns a sign by deduction from causal continguity.

hasIcon
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation that connects a recognised semiotic object to an icon in a cognition process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation that connects a recognised semiotic object to an icon in a cognition process.

CompressiveForming
type: Class
comment: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by uniaxial or multiaxial compressive stress.
comment: lasciano tensioni residue di compressione
alternative label: Druckumformen

ApplicationProgram
type: Class
comment: A program aimed to provide a specific high level function to the user, usually hiding lower level procedures.
alternative label: App
alternative label: Application
example: Word processors, graphic image processing programs, database management systems, numerical simulation software and games.
elucidation: A program aimed to provide a specific high level function to the user, usually hiding lower level procedures.

EntropyPerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'EntropyPerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'EntropyPerAmount'.

LuminanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Luminance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Luminance'.

AreaPerMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaPerMass'.

Plasma
type: Class
comment: A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.
elucidation: A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.

DigitalData
type: Class
comment: Discrete data that are decoded as a sequence of 1/0, or true/false, or on/off.
alternative label: BinaryData
elucidation: Discrete data that are decoded as a sequence of 1/0, or true/false, or on/off.

ElectricChargePerMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricChargePerMass'.

AnalogicalIcon
type: Class
comment: An icon that focus on HOW the object works.
comment: An icon that represents the internal logical structure of the object.
example: A physics equation is replicating the mechanisms internal to the object.
example: Electrical diagram is diagrammatic and resemblance
example: MODA and CHADA are diagrammatic representation of a simulation or a characterisation workflow.
elucidation: An icon that represents the internal logical structure of the object.
comment: The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy (with the same logic) the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart).

SpeedUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Speed'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Speed'.

AngularMomentumUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AngularMomentum'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AngularMomentum'.

Fusion
type: Class
comment: A mereological fusion is any entity that is made up of two or more quantum entities, regardless of the fact that they are or not self-connected. It captures the idea of set, but excluding singletons.
comment: The class of individuals representing mereological fusions consisting of two or more quantum entities.
comment: The union of the CausalCluster and CausalStructure classes.
example: An atom, a group of persons, a fluid.
conceptualisation: A mereological fusion is any entity that is made up of two or more quantum entities, regardless of the fact that they are or not self-connected. It captures the idea of set, but excluding singletons.
definition: The union of the CausalCluster and CausalStructure classes.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: CausalCluster or CausalStructure
elucidation: The class of individuals representing mereological fusions consisting of two or more quantum entities.

InductanceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Inductance'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Inductance'.

metrologicalReference
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: seeAlso

Perceptual
type: Class
comment: The class contrast individuals standing for entities that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a retina impression) to a human being and that are categorized accordingly to human perception mechanisms.
comment: This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of contrasts that are perceivable through a specific human-related perception mechanism. This perspective is based on human characterization of perceptions. A 'Perceptual' can stand for another object in an EMMO described semiotic process (acting as sign or as object), just like a word on a paper (the perceptual object) may refer semiotically to another object. However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing). A 'Perceptual' becomes a semiotic object, when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist within the EMMO, and it's done always specifying for which interpreter this relation occurs.
equivalent class: Class
example: A line scratched on a surface. A sound. A smell. The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
example: The meta-semiotic process: I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Perceptual' class, meaning that I recognize the cloud as an object thanks to a specific perceptual channel (e.g. through my eyes). This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world, understandable by others ontologists. The semiotic process within EMMO: My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant". I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical perception individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Perceptual' - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter. So, the Perceptual class is here to categorized real-world objects at meta-level using common perceptual channels, for practical ontology usage. We could have represented the word "elephant" within a physicalistic approach, by identifying it as a pressure wave in the air.
elucidation: The class contrast individuals standing for entities that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a retina impression) to a human being and that are categorized accordingly to human perception mechanisms.

TensileForming
type: Class
comment: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a combined tensile and compressive stress.
alternative label: Zugdruckumformen

Electron
type: Class
comment: An elementary charged fermionic particle that belongs to the first generation of the lepton particle family.
alternative label: ElementaryElectron
elucidation: An elementary charged fermionic particle that belongs to the first generation of the lepton particle family.

CausalCluster
type: Class
comment: The class of individuals representing causal clusters.
comment: The disjoint union of the CausalSystem and Collection classes.
comment: With the causal cluster term we address an heterogeneous group of entities, which possess the common feature of having at least two causally non connected quanta. It comprises collections (non self-connected entities) and causal systems (entities extended in space).
conceptualisation: With the causal cluster term we address an heterogeneous group of entities, which possess the common feature of having at least two causally non connected quanta. It comprises collections (non self-connected entities) and causal systems (entities extended in space).
definition: The disjoint union of the CausalSystem and Collection classes.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Collection or CausalSystem
elucidation: The class of individuals representing causal clusters.

ElementaryParticle
type: Class
comment: A chausal chain whose quantum parts are of the same standard model fundamental type.
comment: An elementary particle is a causal chain of quantum entities of the same type. For example, an elementary electron is a sequence of fundamental electrons only.
alternative label: SingleParticleChain
example: An electron. A quark. A photon.
conceptualisation: An elementary particle is a causal chain of quantum entities of the same type. For example, an elementary electron is a sequence of fundamental electrons only.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: ElementaryFermion, ElementaryBoson
elucidation: A chausal chain whose quantum parts are of the same standard model fundamental type.

Cognition
type: Class
comment: A semiotic process that assigns a sign by recognising an object by how it resemble or imitate what the sign stands for, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: IconSemiosis
elucidation: A semiotic process that assigns a sign by recognising an object by how it resemble or imitate what the sign stands for, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.

AbsorbedDoseRateUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AbsorbedDoseRate'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AbsorbedDoseRate'.

QuarticLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+4 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'QuarticLength'.

ContinuumSubstance
type: Class
comment: A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
comment: A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
elucidation: A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
comment: A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
comment: A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.

ResemblanceIcon
type: Class
comment: An icon that focus on WHERE/WHEN the object is, in the sense of spatial or temporal shape.
comment: An icon that mimics the spatial or temporal shape of the object.
example: A geographical map that imitates the shape of the landscape and its properties at a specific historical time.
elucidation: An icon that mimics the spatial or temporal shape of the object.
comment: The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture).

Theory
type: Class
comment: A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
comment: The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument
elucidation: A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.

hasReferent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a semiotic process and the referent i.e., the object of the semiotic process.
elucidation: The relation between a semiotic process and the referent i.e., the object of the semiotic process.

SeparateManufacturing
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing process in which the shape of a workpiece is changed by breaking the material cohesion at the processing point and thus the material cohesion is reduced overall.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: Trennen @de
alternative label: CuttingManufacturing
elucidation: A manufacturing process in which the shape of a workpiece is changed by breaking the material cohesion at the processing point and thus the material cohesion is reduced overall.

VolumeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Volume'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Volume'.

AmountPerMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M-1 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountPerMass'.

ElectricPotentialPerTemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerTemperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricPotentialPerTemperature'.

PhysicalParticle
type: Class
comment: A well defined physical entity, elementary or composite, usually treated as a singular unit, that is found at scales spanning from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of larger scale substances (as the etymology of "particle" suggests).
comment: The scope of the physical particle definition goes from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of substances.
comment: The union of hadron and lepton, or fermion and bosons.
alternative label: Particle
definition: The union of hadron and lepton, or fermion and bosons.
elucidation: A well defined physical entity, elementary or composite, usually treated as a singular unit, that is found at scales spanning from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of larger scale substances (as the etymology of "particle" suggests).

TemperatureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Temperature'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Temperature'.

VolumePerTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'VolumePerTime'.

notOverlaps
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: Dxy ≡ ¬Oxy.
comment: The relation between individuals representing non-overlapping entities (i.e. that have no parts in common).
alternative label: disjointWith
definition: Dxy ≡ ¬Oxy.
elucidation: The relation between individuals representing non-overlapping entities (i.e. that have no parts in common).

ElectricChargeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCharge'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCharge'.

Chemical
type: Class
comment: A language object that follows the syntactic rules used in the chemical field.
elucidation: A language object that follows the syntactic rules used in the chemical field.

AreicSpeedUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreicSpeed'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreicSpeed'.

properOverlaps
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: The relation between two entities that overlaps and neither of them is a part of the other.
elucidation: The relation between two entities that overlaps and neither of them is a part of the other.

Pressing
type: Class
comment: A collective term for the processes in which, during joining, the parts to be joined and any auxiliary parts are essentially only elastically deformed and unintentional loosening is prevented by frictional connection.
alternative label: Anpressen

Substance
type: Class
comment: A matter entity characterised by the fact that it possesses some homogeneous properties.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: Disjoint Union Of: MesoscopicSubstance, ContinuumSubstance
elucidation: A matter entity characterised by the fact that it possesses some homogeneous properties.

TokenData
type: Class

ThermalCutting
type: Class
comment: Thermal ablation is the separation of material particles in solid, liquid or gaseous state by heat processes as well as the removal of these material particles by mechanical or electromagnetic forces (from: DIN
alternative label: Thermisches Abtragen

Cutting
type: Class
comment: Mechanical separation of workpieces without the formation of shapeless material, i.e. also without chips (chipless).
alternative label: Schneiden

SpecificEnergy
type: Class
comment: Energy per unit mass
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificEnergy
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3023293
dbpediaReference: https://dbpedia.org/page/Specific_energy
ISO80000Reference: 5-21.1
elucidation: Energy per unit mass
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_energy

AmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Amount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Amount'.

AmountConcentrationUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountConcentration'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AmountConcentration'.

Path
type: Class
comment: A path is a string of characters used to uniquely identify a location in a directory structure according to a particular convention.
disjoint with: Rationale
example: /etc/fstab (UNIX-like path) C:\\Users\\John\\Desktop (DOS-like path)
elucidation: A path is a string of characters used to uniquely identify a location in a directory structure according to a particular convention.

isBefore
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation between entities that are only one-directionally causally connected.
comment: A relation jointly covered by hasNext and hasSuccessor relations, which are mutually exclusive.
alternative label: isTemporallyBefore
definition: A relation jointly covered by hasNext and hasSuccessor relations, which are mutually exclusive.
elucidation: A relation between entities that are only one-directionally causally connected.

Computation
type: Class
comment: A procedure that deals with quantitative symbols (i.e. symbols associated with a quantitative oriented language).
example: A mathematician that calculates 2+2. A computation machine that calculate the average value of a dataset.
elucidation: A procedure that deals with quantitative symbols (i.e. symbols associated with a quantitative oriented language).

EnergyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Energy'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Energy'.

Nucleus
type: Class
comment: The small, dense region at the centre of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The small, dense region at the centre of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons.

CharacterisationTask
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationWorkflow
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationWorkflow
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationWorkflow
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: CharacterisationProcedure
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: CharacterisationProcedure
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: CharacterisationProcedure

CharacterisationWorkflow
type: Class
comment: A characterisation procedure that has at least two characterisation tasks as proper parts.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationTask
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationTask
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationTask
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: CharacterisationProcedure
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: CharacterisationProcedure
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: CharacterisationProcedure
elucidation: A characterisation procedure that has at least two characterisation tasks as proper parts.

DataPostProcessing
type: Class
comment: Analysis, that allows one to calculate the final material property from the calibrated primary data.
elucidation: Analysis, that allows one to calculate the final material property from the calibrated primary data.

SampleInspection
type: Class
comment: Analysis of the sample in order to determine information that are relevant for the characterisation method.
comment: Analysis of the sample in order to determine information that are relevant for the characterisation method. In the Nanoindentation method, the Scanning Electron Microscope to determine the indentation area is a SampleInspection.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SampleInspectionParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SampleInspectionInstrument
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SampleInspectionParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationData
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SampleInspectionInstrument
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SampleInspectionParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationData
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SampleInspectionInstrument
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationData
subclass of: CharacterisationProcedure
example: In the Nanoindentation method, the Scanning Electron Microscope to determine the indentation area is a SampleInspection.
elucidation: Analysis of the sample in order to determine information that are relevant for the characterisation method.

Spectrometry
type: Class
comment: Spectroscopic techniques are numerous and varied, but all involve measuring the response of a material to different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the technique used, material characterization may be based on the absorption, emission, impedance, or reflection of incident energy by a sample.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Spectroscopic techniques are numerous and varied, but all involve measuring the response of a material to different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the technique used, material characterization may be based on the absorption, emission, impedance, or reflection of incident energy by a sample.

Boundary
type: Class
comment: The zone of transition of a physical property between two regions of a material.
elucidation: The zone of transition of a physical property between two regions of a material.

PhysicalMetallurgicalProcess
type: Class
comment: A material process that is categorised to be long to the field of physical metallurgy.
elucidation: A material process that is categorised to be long to the field of physical metallurgy.

MicrostructureParticle
type: Class
comment: Everything a metallurgist calls a "particle" in a microstructure.
comment: Small solid self-connected part of a microstructure that is separated from its sourroundings and has a different phase(s) across all its borders.
alternative label: Innoculant
example: Precipates
example: Alpha particles
elucidation: Small solid self-connected part of a microstructure that is separated from its sourroundings and has a different phase(s) across all its borders.

Power
type: Class
comment: Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Power
ISO80000Reference: 4-27
ISO80000Reference: 6-45
elucidation: Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04792

Crystal
type: Class
comment: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)
elucidation: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

ISQBaseQuantity
type: Class
comment: Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: LuminousIntensity, AmountOfSubstance, ThermodynamicTemperature, ElectricCurrent, Length, Time, Mass
elucidation: Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities

Determiner
type: Class
comment: An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
subclass of: Restriction
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Estimator or Observer
elucidation: An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.

Contrast
type: Class
comment: A contrast is a causal object whose variations (non-uniformity) can be recognised and eventually interpreted. A contrast can be of different physical types (e.g., matter, wave, atomic excited states). How the variations are recognised and eventually decoded depends on the interpreting rules that characterise that type of contrast. Variations are pure physical variations and do not necessarily possess semantic meaning.
comment: A perspective in which entities are represented according to the variation of their properties.
see also: Luciano Floridi, "Information - A very Short Introduction", Oxford University Press., (2010) ISBN 978-0199551378
alternative label: Dedomena
alternative label: Pattern
elucidation: A perspective in which entities are represented according to the variation of their properties.
comment: The covering axiom that defines the contrast class discriminates within all the possible causal objects between encoded contrast (data) or non encoded contrast.

UnitSymbol
type: Class
comment: A symbol that stands for a single unit.
equivalent class: Class
example: Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: SpecialUnit, BaseUnit
elucidation: A symbol that stands for a single unit.

QuantumNumber
type: Class
comment: Number describing a particular state of a quantum system.
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/QuantumNumber
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232431
ISO80000Reference: 10-13.1
elucidation: Number describing a particular state of a quantum system.

ReshapeManufacturing
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing in which workpieces are produced from solid raw parts through permanent deformation, provided that neither material is added nor removed.
comment: The mass of the raw part is equal to the mass of the finished part.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: Umformen @de
alternative label: Forming
elucidation: A manufacturing in which workpieces are produced from solid raw parts through permanent deformation, provided that neither material is added nor removed.

Declarer
type: Class
comment: An interpreter who establish the connection between an conventional sign and an object according to a specific convention.
subclass of: Restriction
example: A scientist that assigns a quantity to a physical objects without actually measuring it but taking it for granted due to its previous experience (e.g. considering an electron charge as 1.6027663e-19 C, assigning a molecular mass to a gas only by the fact of a name on the bottle).
example: Someone who assigns a name to an object.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Determiner or Namer
elucidation: An interpreter who establish the connection between an conventional sign and an object according to a specific convention.

Conventional
type: Class
comment: A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
comment: In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.
subclass of: Restriction
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Uncoded or Coded
elucidation: A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.

MeasuredConstant
type: Class
comment: For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.
elucidation: For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.

HardeningByForming
type: Class
alternative label: Verfestigen durch Umformen

hasPortionPart
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A part of an item is always non-maximal, meaning that is causally connected with the rest.
comment: A proper part relation with domain restricted to items.
definition: A proper part relation with domain restricted to items.

ChemicalComposition
type: Class
comment: A language construct that provides information about the consitutents of a substance and their fractions or amounts.
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A language construct that provides information about the consitutents of a substance and their fractions or amounts.

hasInterpretant
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation that connects a semiotic object to the interpretant in a semiotic process.
elucidation: A relation that connects a semiotic object to the interpretant in a semiotic process.

Product
type: Class
comment: The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
comment: This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
subclass of: Restriction
equivalent class: Class
alternative label: Output
elucidation: The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.

ChemicalCompositionQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities that are expressing chemical compositions.
elucidation: Quantities that are expressing chemical compositions.

isPartOf
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reflexivity: Pxx Transitivity: (Pxy ∧ Pyz) → Pxz Antisymmetry: (Pxy ∧ Pyx) → x=y.
comment: The inverse relation of hasPart.
definition: Reflexivity: Pxx Transitivity: (Pxy ∧ Pyz) → Pxz Antisymmetry: (Pxy ∧ Pyx) → x=y.
elucidation: The inverse relation of hasPart.

causal
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Causality in the EMMO is intended as physical causation and not counter-factual. Meaning that causality is an expression of actual physical interactions, and not of a counterfactual depence such as “I didn't water the flowers, hence, I'm the cause of their death”.
comment: Causality is the fundamental concept describing how entities affect each other, and conceptually precedes time and space relations. In the EMMO causality is the foundation for space and time relations. Embracing a strong reductionistic view, causality originates at quantum entities level, meaning that causal relations between macroscopic entities is simply the sum of quantum level causality relations.
comment: The superclass of all causal EMMO relations.
conceptualisation: Causality is the fundamental concept describing how entities affect each other, and conceptually precedes time and space relations. In the EMMO causality is the foundation for space and time relations. Embracing a strong reductionistic view, causality originates at quantum entities level, meaning that causal relations between macroscopic entities is simply the sum of quantum level causality relations.
elucidation: The superclass of all causal EMMO relations.
comment: Each pair of entities is either in isCauseOf or isNotCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.

Manufacturer
type: Class
comment: A fundamental object overcrossing a manufacturing process, the intersection being the agent that participates and drives the manufacturing process.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A fundamental object overcrossing a manufacturing process, the intersection being the agent that participates and drives the manufacturing process.

ElectricCurrent
type: Class
comment: A flow of electric charge.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCurrent
ISO80000Reference: 6-1
elucidation: A flow of electric charge.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01927

ObjectiveProperty
type: Class
comment: A quantity that is obtained from a well-defined procedure.
comment: Subclasses of 'ObjectiveProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
comment: The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
alternative label: PhysicalProperty
alternative label: QuantitativeProperty
elucidation: A quantity that is obtained from a well-defined procedure.

semioticOvercrosses
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The superproperties for overcrossing relations between semiotic entities.
elucidation: The superproperties for overcrossing relations between semiotic entities.

Component
type: Class
comment: A constituent of a system.
subclass of: Restriction
OWLRL2DLAxioms: SubClassOf: inverse (hasConstituent) some HolisticSystem
elucidation: A constituent of a system.

IntegerData
type: Class
comment: A data representing an arbritrary sized integer number.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:integer
elucidation: A data representing an arbritrary sized integer number.

Holistic
type: Class
comment: A perspective characterized by the belief that: - a whole is more than merely the sum of its parts (wholism) - the parts of a whole are interconnected in a way that can be explained only by reference to the whole (rolism).
comment: An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need to position the parts within a hierarchy (in time or space). The interest is on the whole, on its parts (how they contribute to the whole, i.e. their roles), and their types, without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part. This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition. This is inline with the transitive nature of parthood, as it is usually defined in literature.
comment: The holistic perspective is not excluding the reductionistic perspective, on the contrary it can be considered its complement.
comment: The union of classes whole and part.
alternative label: Wholistic
example: A molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ and without specifying the time interval in which this role occurred.
example: A product is a role that can be fulfilled by many objects, but always requires a process to which the product participates and from which it is generated.
conceptualisation: An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need to position the parts within a hierarchy (in time or space). The interest is on the whole, on its parts (how they contribute to the whole, i.e. their roles), and their types, without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part. This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition. This is inline with the transitive nature of parthood, as it is usually defined in literature.
definition: The union of classes whole and part.
elucidation: A perspective characterized by the belief that: - a whole is more than merely the sum of its parts (wholism) - the parts of a whole are interconnected in a way that can be explained only by reference to the whole (rolism).
comment: Whole and roles are defined using parthood relations. However, there also must be a primitive component in the definition, besides parthood, capturing more subtle relations between entities that makes their relation holistic. For example, a scattering event between an electron and a nucleus requires electron and nucleus types as parts to exist, but this is not enough to make this event an atom, since it requires a persistent bond. So defining something as an atom iff have parts some electons and a nucleus is not enough.

Index
type: Class
comment: A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Signal
example: Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
elucidation: A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.

MeasurementResult
type: Class
comment: A measurement result generally contains “relevant information” about the set of measured quantity properties, such that some may be more representative of the measured quantity than others. This may be expressed in the form of a probability density function (pdf).
comment: Result of a measurement. A set of quantity values being attributed to a measurand (quantity) together with any other available relevant information, like measurement uncertainty. -- VIM
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Result of a measurement. A set of quantity values being attributed to a measurand (quantity) together with any other available relevant information, like measurement uncertainty. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measurement result
comment: A measurement result has the measured quantity, measurement uncertainty and other relevant attributes as holistic parts.

Cogniser
type: Class
comment: An interpreter who establish the connection between an icon an an object recognizing their resemblance (e.g. logical, pictorial)
subclass of: Restriction
example: The scientist that connects an equation to a physical phenomenon.
elucidation: An interpreter who establish the connection between an icon an an object recognizing their resemblance (e.g. logical, pictorial)

Estimation
type: Class
comment: A determination of an object without any actual interaction.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A determination of an object without any actual interaction.

Observation
type: Class
comment: A characterisation of an object with an actual interaction.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A characterisation of an object with an actual interaction.

Declaration
type: Class
comment: A semiotic process that assigns a sign based on conventions.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ConventionalSemiosis
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Determination or Naming
elucidation: A semiotic process that assigns a sign based on conventions.

isProperPartOf
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: PP(x, y) ≡ P(x, y) ∧ ¬x=y
comment: The inverse relation for hasProperPart.
definition: PP(x, y) ≡ P(x, y) ∧ ¬x=y
elucidation: The inverse relation for hasProperPart.

StringData
type: Class
comment: Since a string is a simple type that can contain only characters but not other child elements, is often not suitable for representing human text, that may need additional elements for control of aspects such as bidirectional formatting or ruby annotation.
comment: Symbolic data that consist of a sequence of characters.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: hasDataValue some xsd:string
elucidation: Symbolic data that consist of a sequence of characters.

FormingFromPlastic
type: Class

PhaseOfMatter
type: Class
comment: A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
comment: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
alternative label: Phase
elucidation: A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.

Colloid
type: Class
comment: A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
comment: Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.
elucidation: A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.

hasTemporalPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation that identify a proper item part of the whole, whose parts always cover the full spatial extension of the whole within a time interval.
comment: A temporal part of an item cannot both cause and be caused by any other proper part of the item. A temporal part is not constraint to be causally self-connected, i.e. it can be either an item or a collection. We therefore introduce two subproperties in order to distinguish between both cases.
elucidation: A relation that identify a proper item part of the whole, whose parts always cover the full spatial extension of the whole within a time interval.
comment: In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL temporal relations are primitive.

hasNonTemporalPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The part is connected with the rest item or members with a combination of hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact relations.
elucidation: The part is connected with the rest item or members with a combination of hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact relations.

Sign
type: Class
comment: A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves. A 'Sign' usually havs 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
comment: A CausalStructure that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another CausalStructure through an semiotic process.
subclass of: Restriction
example: A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). Each of them are 'sign'-s. A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Index or Conventional or Icon
elucidation: A CausalStructure that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another CausalStructure through an semiotic process.
comment: According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories: - symbols: that stand for an object through convention - indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity - icons: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition

Boson
type: Class
comment: A physical particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
elucidation: A physical particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson

DiscreteData
type: Class
comment: A discrete schema may be based on a continuum material basis that is filtered according to its variations. For example, a continuous voltage based signal can be considered 1 or 0 according to some threshold. Discrete does not mean that the material basis is discrete, but that the data are encoded according to such step-based rules.
comment: Data whose variations are decoded according to a discrete schema.
example: A text is a collection of discrete symbols. A compact disc is designed to host discrete states in the form of pits and lands.
elucidation: Data whose variations are decoded according to a discrete schema.

FractionUnit
type: Class
comment: Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). -- SI Brochure
comment: Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
alternative label: RatioUnit
elucidation: Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.

Language
type: Class
comment: A language object is a discrete data entity respecting specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
elucidation: A language object is a discrete data entity respecting specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).

Tessellation
type: Class
comment: A causal structure that is tessellated in direct parts.
comment: A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Tiling
conceptualisation: A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
elucidation: A causal structure that is tessellated in direct parts.

Angle
type: Class
comment: Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
alternative label: PlaneAngle
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PlaneAngle
ISO80000Reference: 3-5
elucidation: Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346

Chronopotentiometry
type: Class
comment: Potentiometry in which the potential is measured with time following a change in applied current. The change in applied current is usually a step, but cyclic current reversals or linearly increasing currents are also used.
subclass of: Potentiometry
elucidation: Potentiometry in which the potential is measured with time following a change in applied current. The change in applied current is usually a step, but cyclic current reversals or linearly increasing currents are also used.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

ElectrochemicalTesting
type: Class
comment: In electrochemical characterization, the measurement of potential, charge, or current is used to determine an analyte's concentration or to characterize an analyte's chemical reactivity
comment: In electrochemical characterization, the measurement of potential, charge, or current is used to determine an analyte's concentration or to characterize an analyte's chemical reactivity.
subclass of: ChargeDistribution
elucidation: In electrochemical characterization, the measurement of potential, charge, or current is used to determine an analyte's concentration or to characterize an analyte's chemical reactivity.

Probe
type: Class
comment: Probe is the physical tool (i.e., a disturbance, primary solicitation, or a gadget), controlled over time, that generates measurable fields that interact with the sample to acquire information on the specimen’s behaviour and properties.
comment: Probe is the physical tool (i.e., a disturbance, primary solicitation, or a gadget), controlled over time, that generates measurable fields that interact with the sample to acquire information on the specimen’s behaviour and properties. In dynamic light scattering, temporal fluctuations of backscattered light due to Brownian motion and flow of nanoparticles are the probe, resolved as function of pathlength in the sample. From fluctuation analysis (intensity correlations) and the wavelength of light in the medium, the (distribution of) diffusion coefficient(s) can be measured during flow. The Stokes-Einstein relation yields the particle size characteristics. In electron microscopy (SEM or TEM), the probe is a beam of electrons with known energy that is focused (and scanned) on the sample’s surface with a well-defined beam-size and scanning algorithm. In mechanical testing, the probe is a the tip plus a force actuator, which is designed to apply a force over-time on a sample. Many variants can be defined depending on way the force is applied (tensile/compressive uniaxial tests, bending test, indentation test) and its variation with time (static tests, dynamic/cyclic tests, impact tests, etc…) In spectroscopic methods, the probe is a beam of light with pre-defined energy (for example in the case of laser beam for Raman measurements) or pre-defined polarization (for example in the case of light beam for Spectroscopic Ellipsometry methods), that will be properly focused on the sample’s surface with a welldefined geometry (specific angle of incidence). In x-ray diffraction, the probe is a beam of x-rays with known energy that is properly focused on the sample’s surface with a well-defined geometry.
subclass of: CharacterisationHardware
example: In dynamic light scattering, temporal fluctuations of backscattered light due to Brownian motion and flow of nanoparticles are the probe, resolved as function of pathlength in the sample. From fluctuation analysis (intensity correlations) and the wavelength of light in the medium, the (distribution of) diffusion coefficient(s) can be measured during flow. The Stokes-Einstein relation yields the particle size characteristics. In electron microscopy (SEM or TEM), the probe is a beam of electrons with known energy that is focused (and scanned) on the sample’s surface with a well-defined beam-size and scanning algorithm. In mechanical testing, the probe is a the tip plus a force actuator, which is designed to apply a force over-time on a sample. Many variants can be defined depending on way the force is applied (tensile/compressive uniaxial tests, bending test, indentation test) and its variation with time (static tests, dynamic/cyclic tests, impact tests, etc…) In spectroscopic methods, the probe is a beam of light with pre-defined energy (for example in the case of laser beam for Raman measurements) or pre-defined polarization (for example in the case of light beam for Spectroscopic Ellipsometry methods), that will be properly focused on the sample’s surface with a welldefined geometry (specific angle of incidence). In x-ray diffraction, the probe is a beam of x-rays with known energy that is properly focused on the sample’s surface with a well-defined geometry.
elucidation: Probe is the physical tool (i.e., a disturbance, primary solicitation, or a gadget), controlled over time, that generates measurable fields that interact with the sample to acquire information on the specimen’s behaviour and properties.

TransmissionElectronMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device.
subclass of: Microscopy
alternative label: TEM
elucidation: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device.

universe
type: NamedIndividual
comment: u ≡ σx⟨P(x, x)⟩
comment: The universe is considered as a causally self-connected object, encompassing all other objects. For this reason is unique.
conceptualisation: The universe is considered as a causally self-connected object, encompassing all other objects. For this reason is unique.
definition: u ≡ σx⟨P(x, x)⟩

EnergyPerAmountUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyPerAmount'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'EnergyPerAmount'.

Duration
type: Class
comment: Physical quantity for describing the temporal distance between events.
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2199864
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
ISO80000Reference: 3-9
elucidation: Physical quantity for describing the temporal distance between events.

MagneticDipoleMomentUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticDipoleMoment'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticDipoleMoment'.

Whole
type: Class
comment: A whole is always defined using a criterion expressed through the classical transitive parthood relation. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its wholeness, dependently on some of their parts and independently on the surroundings.
comment: The superclass of entities which are defined by requiring the existence of some parts (at least one) of specifically given types, where the specified types are different with respect to the type of the whole.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The superclass of entities which are defined by requiring the existence of some parts (at least one) of specifically given types, where the specified types are different with respect to the type of the whole.
comment: A whole is categorized as fundamental (or maximal) or redundant (non-maximal).

ISO80000Categorised
type: Class
comment: Physical quantity categorised according to ISO 80000.
elucidation: Physical quantity categorised according to ISO 80000.

hasComponent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relation a holistic system to one of its components.
elucidation: Relation a holistic system to one of its components.

FrequencyPerVolumeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'FrequencyPerVolume'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'FrequencyPerVolume'.

Perspective
type: Class
comment: The class of causal objects that stand for world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
comment: This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
elucidation: The class of causal objects that stand for world objects according to a specific representational perspective.

Numerical
type: Class
comment: A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
elucidation: A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).

PowerDensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerDensity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PowerDensity'.

ForceUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Force'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Force'.

URI
type: Class
comment: A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.
comment: URI = scheme ":" ["//" authority] path ["?" query] ["#" fragment]
elucidation: A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.

Referent
type: Class
comment: Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. In this way the 'sign'-ed entity becomes an 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
comment: The object, in Peirce semiotics, as participant to a semiotic process.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Object
alternative label: SemioticObject
elucidation: The object, in Peirce semiotics, as participant to a semiotic process.

MassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Mass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Mass'.

EntropyPerMassUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'EntropyPerMass'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'EntropyPerMass'.

AbsorbedDoseUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AbsorbedDose'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AbsorbedDose'.

AreaDensityUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaDensity'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'AreaDensity'.

ElementaryQuark
type: Class
comment: An elementary fermionic particle that is the fundamental constituent of matter.
elucidation: An elementary fermionic particle that is the fundamental constituent of matter.

PerAreaTimeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerAreaTime'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerAreaTime'.

ThermodynamicTemperature
type: Class
comment: Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Temperature
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermodynamicTemperature
ISO80000Reference: 5-1
elucidation: Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06321

Redundant
type: Class
comment: Redundant(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have parts of the same type of the whole.
alternative label: NonMaximal
example: A sufficently large volume of liquid water has parts of the same type.
example: An object A which is classified as water-fluid possesses a proper part B which is water itself if the lenght scale of the B is larger than the water intermolecular distance keeping it in the continuum range. In this sense, A is redundant. If A is a water-fluid so small that its every proper part is no more a continuum object (i.e. no more a fluid), then A is fundamental.
definition: Redundant(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have parts of the same type of the whole.

FunctionalIcon
type: Class
comment: An icon that focusing WHAT the object does.
comment: An icon that imitates one representative character of the object. It share external similarities with the object, but not necessarily the same internal logical structure.
example: A data based model is only a functional icon, since it provide the same relations between the properties of the object (e.g., it can predict some properties as function of others) but is not considering the internal mechanisms (i.e., it can ignore the physics).
example: A guinea pig.
elucidation: An icon that imitates one representative character of the object. It share external similarities with the object, but not necessarily the same internal logical structure.
comment: This subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else.

ForcePerLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ForcePerLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ForcePerLength'.

Mixture
type: Class
comment: A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.
elucidation: A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.

Mass
type: Class
comment: Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Mass
ISO80000Reference: 4-1
elucidation: Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03709

ScanningElectronMicroscopy
type: Class
comment: The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens. The signals that derive from electron-sample interactions reveal information about the sample including external morphology (texture), chemical composition, and crystalline structure and orientation of materials making up the sample.
subclass of: Microscopy
alternative label: SEM
elucidation: The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens. The signals that derive from electron-sample interactions reveal information about the sample including external morphology (texture), chemical composition, and crystalline structure and orientation of materials making up the sample.

Solution
type: Class
comment: A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
comment: Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,
elucidation: A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.

semiotical
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The generic EMMO semiotical relation.
elucidation: The generic EMMO semiotical relation.

Agent
type: Class
comment: A participant that is the driver of a process.
comment: An agent is not necessarily human. In fact, the concept of agent has been generalised to encompass both intentional and unintentional acts primarily to take into account usage of the term in chemistry (e.g., chemical agent that intiitate a reaction), inline also with the most recent development in the philosophical debate.
subclass of: Restriction
prior version: The agent concept identifies the parts of a process that are also its drivers. An agent part has an active role with respect to any other generic part, meaning that is involved in the causal chain that characterize the process. An agent is a participant, meaning that is qualifiable as an object. As for all holistic relations, there is a level of subjectivity in drawing whole-role relations, so that the identification of an agent within a process is not fully axiomatizable. What is axiomatically expressible is that an agent requires to be part of a process (i.e., an agent exists only within a process) but a process may not require an agent to exist (qualified role). Agentless processes may have a distributed causality chain so that the agency is exerted collectively and there is no motivation to draw an holistic connection between the whole and some parts. For example, the breaking of a nail can be caused by an agent such as an hammer, or by the rusting process which is not a participant as required by the agent definition. This concept covers both intentional and non intentional agency.
example: A catalyst. A bus driver. A substance that is initiating a reaction that would not occur without its presence.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: IntentionalAgent or UnintentionalAgent
elucidation: A participant that is the driver of a process.

Task
type: Class
comment: A procedure that is an hoilistic part of a workflow.
comment: A task is a generic part of a workflow, without taking care of the task granularities. It means that you can declare that e.g. tightening a bolt is a task of building an airplane, without caring of the coarser tasks to which this tightening belongs.
comment: The concept of task is developed in strict connection with the concept of workflow: a task is always part of a workflow and a workflow always possess some tasks. This makes the relation between task and workflow an holistic relation, with task as role and workflow as whole. A task is also holistically connected to an intentional agent, since a task is defined as a procedure. For this reason a task is both a role, with respect to a workflow, and a whole, with respect to an intentional agent.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Job
conceptualisation: The concept of task is developed in strict connection with the concept of workflow: a task is always part of a workflow and a workflow always possess some tasks. This makes the relation between task and workflow an holistic relation, with task as role and workflow as whole. A task is also holistically connected to an intentional agent, since a task is defined as a procedure. For this reason a task is both a role, with respect to a workflow, and a whole, with respect to an intentional agent.
elucidation: A procedure that is an hoilistic part of a workflow.

FromNotProperShapeToWorkPiece
type: Class
comment: From Powder, from liquid, from gas
comment: da una forma non propria ad una forma propria
comment: Powder: particles that are usually less than 1 mm in size

WorkpieceManufacturing
type: Class
comment: A manufacturing with an output that is an object with a specific function, shape, or intended use, not simply a material.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
see also: ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.
see also: ISO 8887-1:2017 manufacturing: production of components
alternative label: Werkstücke @de
alternative label: DiscreteManufacturing
elucidation: A manufacturing with an output that is an object with a specific function, shape, or intended use, not simply a material.

IntentionalAgent
type: Class
comment: An agent that is driven by the intention to reach a defined objective in driving a process.
comment: Intentionality is not limited to human agents, but in general to all agents that have the capacity to decide to act in driving a process according to a motivation.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An agent that is driven by the intention to reach a defined objective in driving a process.

alongsideWith
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: The relation between two causally reachable entities through a path of contacts relations (i.e. representing physical interactions).
alternative label: coexistsWith
alternative label: concurrentWith
alternative label: interactsWith
example: I'm interacting with another tennis player through a ball. Or, two people in a webconference are interacting using a mediator which is the network signal.
elucidation: The relation between two causally reachable entities through a path of contacts relations (i.e. representing physical interactions).

ReciprocalLength
type: Class
comment: The inverse of length.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: InverseLength
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InverseLength
elucidation: The inverse of length.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_length

MaterialTreatment
type: Class
comment: Manufacturing by changing the properties of the material of which a workpiece is made, which is done, among other things, by changes in the submicroscopic or atomic range, e.g. by diffusion of atoms, generation and movement of dislocations in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, and where unavoidable changes in shape are not part of the essence of these processes.
comment: esce workpiece
comment: The processing of a material aimed to transform its structure by means of any type of treatment, without involving relevant synthesis phenomena.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: Stoffeigenschaft ändern
alternative label: WorkPieceTreatment
elucidation: The processing of a material aimed to transform its structure by means of any type of treatment, without involving relevant synthesis phenomena.
comment: Has shaped bodies as input and output.

CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
type: Class
comment: A device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. NOTE 1 A measuring instrument that can be used alone for making measurements is a measuring system. NOTE 2 A measuring instrument is either an indicating measuring instrument or a material measure.
comment: The instrument used for characterising a material, which usually has a probe and a detector as parts.
comment: The instrument used for characterising a material, which usually has a probe and a detector as parts. A device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. NOTE 1 A measuring instrument that can be used alone for making measurements is a measuring system. NOTE 2 A measuring instrument is either an indicating measuring instrument or a material measure. In nanoindentation is the nanoindenter.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Detector
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Probe
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Detector
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Probe
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Probe
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Detector
subclass of: CharacterisationHardware
example: In nanoindentation is the nanoindenter.
definition: A device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. NOTE 1 A measuring instrument that can be used alone for making measurements is a measuring system. NOTE 2 A measuring instrument is either an indicating measuring instrument or a material measure.
elucidation: The instrument used for characterising a material, which usually has a probe and a detector as parts.
VIMTerm: Measuring instrument

MeasurementParameter
type: Class
comment: Describes the main input parameters that are needed to acquire the signal.
elucidation: Describes the main input parameters that are needed to acquire the signal.

Determination
type: Class
comment: A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception according to a well defined conventional procedure.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Characterisation
example: Assigning the word "red" as sign for an object provides an information to all other interpreters about the outcome of a specific observation procedure according to the determiner.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Estimation or Observation
elucidation: A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception according to a well defined conventional procedure.

hasDistinctPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: DP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ[φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y)]
comment: A part is always distinct xor redundant.
comment: The superproperty of all object property relations between an entity and one of its proper parts that belongs to different taxonomical branch.
example: A molecule is a distinct part of a fluid.
definition: DP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ[φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y)]
elucidation: The superproperty of all object property relations between an entity and one of its proper parts that belongs to different taxonomical branch.

MetrologicalReference
type: Class
comment: A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such (VIM3 1.1 NOTE 2).
comment: A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quantity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel"). For this reason we can't declare the axiom: MetrologicalReference SubClassOf: inverse(hasMetrologicalReference) some Quantity because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity. This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities as syntatic entities (explicit quantities) are distinct with quantities as semantic entities (properties).
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: StandardUnit or MeasurementUnit or ProcedureUnit
elucidation: A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such (VIM3 1.1 NOTE 2).

Variable
type: Class
comment: A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
example: x k
elucidation: A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.

Procedure
type: Class
comment: A procedure can be considered as an intentional process with a plan.
comment: An intentional process in which an agent works with some entities according to some existing formalised operative rules.
comment: The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Elaboration
alternative label: Work
example: The process in which a control unit of a CPU (the agent) orchestrates some cached binary data according to a list of instructions (e.g. a program). The process in which a librarian order books alphabetically on a shelf. The execution of an algorithm.
conceptualisation: The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).
elucidation: An intentional process in which an agent works with some entities according to some existing formalised operative rules.

JoinManufacturing
type: Class
comment: The permanent joining or other bringing together of two or more workpieces of a geometric shape or of similar workpieces with shapeless material. In each case, the cohesion is created locally and increased as a whole.
comment: A manufacturing involving the creation of long-term connection of several workpieces.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
alternative label: Fügen @de
elucidation: A manufacturing involving the creation of long-term connection of several workpieces.

hasTile
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation is a simple collector of all relations inverse functional direct parthoods that can be defined in specialised theories using reductionism.
comment: The relation grouping all direct parthood relations used in the reductionistic perspective.
comment: Tiling parthood enables the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several tessellation levels according to specific criteria. The criteria are implemented in specialised versions of the tiling parthood relation (e.g., metrological direct part, XML format direct part). The tiles and the tessellated entity (tessellation) are causally self connected (i.e., items), coherently with the concept behind the definition of the reductionistic perspective. The tiles of specific granularity level provide a covering for the whole and are mutually non-overlapping, as the label "tile" suggests.
alternative label: hasDirectPart
conceptualisation: Tiling parthood enables the establishment of hierarchy of granularities, starting with an entity and providing several tessellation levels according to specific criteria. The criteria are implemented in specialised versions of the tiling parthood relation (e.g., metrological direct part, XML format direct part). The tiles and the tessellated entity (tessellation) are causally self connected (i.e., items), coherently with the concept behind the definition of the reductionistic perspective. The tiles of specific granularity level provide a covering for the whole and are mutually non-overlapping, as the label "tile" suggests.
elucidation: The relation grouping all direct parthood relations used in the reductionistic perspective.
comment: This relation is not antitransitive, to enable partitioning of a causal structure with more than one tiling scheme (e.g. time and space partitioning).

SymbolicConstruct
type: Class
comment: A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
comment: This class collects individuals that represents arrangements of strings, or other symbolic compositions, without any particular predefined arrangement schema.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: SubClassOf: hasProperPart some Symbolic
elucidation: A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.

BondedParticle
type: Class
comment: A composite particle is a bonded particle for which it is possible to clearly define its bosonic or fermionic behaviour. The term particle is then reserved for entities whose fermionic or bosonic nature is clearly defined.
conceptualisation: A composite particle is a bonded particle for which it is possible to clearly define its bosonic or fermionic behaviour. The term particle is then reserved for entities whose fermionic or bosonic nature is clearly defined.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: CompositeBoson, CompositeFermion

Atom
type: Class
comment: A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. An O 'atom' within an O₂ 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. We cannot say that H₂ molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
comment: An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ChemicalElement
elucidation: A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. An O 'atom' within an O₂ 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. We cannot say that H₂ molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.

SIExactConstant
type: Class
comment: Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.
elucidation: Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.

CharacterisationHardware
type: Class
comment: Whatever hardware is used during the characterisation process.
elucidation: Whatever hardware is used during the characterisation process.

MechanicalTesting
type: Class
comment: Mechanical testing covers a wide range of tests, which can be divided broadly into two types: 1. those that aim to determine a material's mechanical properties, independent of geometry; 2. those that determine the response of a structure to a given action, e.g. testing of composite beams, aircraft structures to destruction, etc.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Mechanical testing covers a wide range of tests, which can be divided broadly into two types: 1. those that aim to determine a material's mechanical properties, independent of geometry; 2. those that determine the response of a structure to a given action, e.g. testing of composite beams, aircraft structures to destruction, etc.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_testing

Spectroscopy
type: Class
comment: Spectroscopy is a category of characterization techniques which use a range of principles to reveal the chemical composition, composition variation, crystal structure and photoelectric properties of materials.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Spectroscopy is a category of characterization techniques which use a range of principles to reveal the chemical composition, composition variation, crystal structure and photoelectric properties of materials.

Voltammetry
type: Class
comment: Voltammetry is an analytical technique based on the measure of the current flowing through an electrode dipped in a solution containing electro-active compounds, while a potential scanning is imposed upon it. The current vs. potential (I-E) curve is called a voltammogram.
subclass of: ElectrochemicalTesting
wikidataReference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904093
IEVReference: https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display
elucidation: Voltammetry is an analytical technique based on the measure of the current flowing through an electrode dipped in a solution containing electro-active compounds, while a potential scanning is imposed upon it. The current vs. potential (I-E) curve is called a voltammogram.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltammetry
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109

MicrostructureComponent
type: Class
comment: A part (component) of a microstructure that contributes to the overall properties of the microstructure itself.
comment: Microstructure components are defined as holistic spatial parts of a microstructure. Hence, single microstructure components does not exists - their definition depends on being a part of a microstructure.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Grain, precipitate
elucidation: A part (component) of a microstructure that contributes to the overall properties of the microstructure itself.

EntropyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Entropy'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Entropy'.

Fundamental
type: Class
comment: Fundamental(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ¬∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]
comment: The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole.
alternative label: Lifetime
example: A marathon is an example of class whose individuals are always maximal since the criteria satisfied by a marathon 4D entity poses some constraints on its temporal and spatial extent. On the contrary, the class for a generic running process does not necessarily impose maximality to its individuals. A running individual is maximal only when it extends in time for the minimum amount required to identify a running act, so every possible temporal part is always a non-running. Following the two examples, a marathon individual is a maximal that can be decomposed into running intervals. The marathon class is a subclass of running.
definition: Fundamental(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ¬∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]
elucidation: The superclass for all classes of entities that have no proper parts of the same type of the whole.

HolisticSystem
type: Class
comment: A system is conceived as an aggregate of things that 'work' (or interact) together. While a system extends in time through distinct temporal parts (like every other 4D object), this elucdation focuses on a timescale in which the obejct shows a persistence in time.
comment: An object that is made of a set of sub objects working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network (natural or artificial); a complex whole.
subclass of: Restriction
OWLRL2DLAxioms: SubClassOf: hasComponent some Component
elucidation: An object that is made of a set of sub objects working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network (natural or artificial); a complex whole.

hasSpatioTemporalTile
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This owl:ObjectProperty is, like its super property, a mere collector of direct parthoods that manifest a spatiotemporal meaningful shape.
comment: A tile that is connected with other tiles with bi-directional causal relations that fall under hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact.
alternative label: hasWellFormedTile
elucidation: A tile that is connected with other tiles with bi-directional causal relations that fall under hasNext (or its inverse) or hasContact.

PureNumberQuantity
type: Class
comment: A pure number, typically the number of something.
comment: According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance. This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one.
example: 1, i, π, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
elucidation: A pure number, typically the number of something.

ElectricCurrentUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrent'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ElectricCurrent'.

HeatTreatment
type: Class
comment: Heat to a temperature appropriate for the particular material, maintain at that temperature and then cool at an appropriate rate to reduce hardness, improve machinability or achieve desired properties.
alternative label: wärmebehandeln

hasConstituent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between an object and one of its holistic part that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.
elucidation: The relation between an object and one of its holistic part that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.

MagneticFieldStrengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFieldStrength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'MagneticFieldStrength'.

Interpretant
type: Class
comment: The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.
subclass of: Restriction
example: A film is the interpretant for a camera, which is the interpreter. The object captured by the camera is the referent. The film is the internal representation of the object, i.e. how the camera understand the object according to its capacity. The film (interpretant) refers to the object (referent) according to the camera (interpreter). When the film is removed from the camera, developed and printed on photographic paper (or for digital camera the image is downloaded as jpeg and displayed on a laptop) then we create a sign other than the interpretant. However, in case of analogic film we can always look at the negatve that will suggest the intended referent. This is because both sign and interpretant are related to the referent in a similar way. (What we call sign and interpretant in EMMO are both intended as "signs" in Peirce semiotics, the first being external signal for the interpreter and the second the internal sign)
elucidation: The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.

Collection
type: Class
comment: A collection is the concept that complements the item. A collection is an entity that has at least one part non directly causally connected with the rest. A collection can be partitioned in maximally connected items called members. The members are self-connected entities and there is no direct causality relation between them. The combination of collection and item concepts is the EMMO mereocausality alternative to set theory. However, two items can be members only if they are non direct causally connected, giving some constraints to a collection definition. For example, two entities which are directly connected cannot be two distinct members, while their interiors (i.e. the entities obtained by removing the layer of parts that provides the causal contact between them) can be.
comment: The class of not direct causally self-connected world entities.
example: The collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule.
conceptualisation: A collection is the concept that complements the item. A collection is an entity that has at least one part non directly causally connected with the rest. A collection can be partitioned in maximally connected items called members. The members are self-connected entities and there is no direct causality relation between them. The combination of collection and item concepts is the EMMO mereocausality alternative to set theory. However, two items can be members only if they are non direct causally connected, giving some constraints to a collection definition. For example, two entities which are directly connected cannot be two distinct members, while their interiors (i.e. the entities obtained by removing the layer of parts that provides the causal contact between them) can be.
elucidation: The class of not direct causally self-connected world entities.

DimensionlessUnit
type: Class
comment: The subclass of measurement units with no physical dimension.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
example: Refractive index Plane angle Number of apples
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS
elucidation: The subclass of measurement units with no physical dimension.

foreruns
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A causal relation between the y effected and the x causing entities with intermediaries, where x isCauseOf y and not(y isCauseOf x).
comment: Transitivity is implemented at A-Box level with a SWRL rule.
alternative label: hasSuccessor
alternative label: isAntecedentOf
alternative label: predecessorOf
example: My life between 18-24 years has successor my life between 32-40 years, since there is an intermediary (i.e. my life between 25-32 years).
elucidation: A causal relation between the y effected and the x causing entities with intermediaries, where x isCauseOf y and not(y isCauseOf x).

Workflow
type: Class
comment: A procedure that has at least two procedures (tasks) as proper parts.
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A procedure that has at least two procedures (tasks) as proper parts.

hasMetrologicalReference
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a quantity to its metrological reference through a semiotic process.
version info: In EMMO version 1.0.0, physical quantities used the hasMetrologicalReference object property to relate them to their units via physical dimensionality. This was simplified in 1.0.0-alpha3 in order to make reasoning faster. The restriction (e.g. for the physical quantity Length) Length hasMetrologicalReference only (hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension) was in 1.0.0-alpha3 changed to Length hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension Likewise were the universal restrictions on the corresponding unit changed to excistential. E.g. Metre hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension was changed to Metre hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension The label of this class was also changed from PhysicsDimension to PhysicalDimension.

hasTask
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The holistic relation connecting a workflow with one of its tasks.
conceptualisation: The holistic relation connecting a workflow with one of its tasks.

Software
type: Class
comment: All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.
comment: Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.
elucidation: All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.

CausalStructure
type: Class
comment: A causal structure expresses itself in time and space thanks to the underlying causality relations between its constituent quantum entities. It must at least provide two temporal parts. The unity criterion beyond the definition of a causal structure (the most general concept of structure) is the existence of an undirected causal path between each of its parts.
comment: The class of individuals representing causally self-connected world entities.
comment: The disjoint union of Causal Path and CausalSystem classes.
comment: The most fundamental unity criterion for the definition of an structure is that: - is made of at least two quantums (a structure is not a simple entity) - all quantum parts form a causally connected graph
conceptualisation: The most fundamental unity criterion for the definition of an structure is that: - is made of at least two quantums (a structure is not a simple entity) - all quantum parts form a causally connected graph
definition: The disjoint union of Causal Path and CausalSystem classes.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: CausalPath or CausalSystem
elucidation: The class of individuals representing causally self-connected world entities.

hasConvention
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a conventional sign in a declaration process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation that connects a declared semiotic object to a conventional sign in a declaration process.

Quantity
type: Class
comment: A quantifiable property of a phenomenon, body, or substance.
comment: VIM defines a quantity as a "property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed as a number and a reference". A quantity in EMMO is a property and therefore only addresses the first part of the VIM definition (that is a property of a phenomenon, body, or substance). The second part (that it can be expressed as a number and a reference) is syntactic and addressed by emmo:QuantityValue.
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
alternative label: Measurand
example: length Rockwell C hardness electric resistance
qudtReference: https://qudt.org/schema/qudt/Quantity
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: SubjectiveProperty, ObjectiveProperty
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: PhysicalQuantity or OrdinalQuantity
elucidation: A quantifiable property of a phenomenon, body, or substance.
VIMTerm: measurand
VIMTerm: quantity

Data
type: Class
comment: A causal object whose properties variation are encoded by an agent and that can be decoded by another agent according to a specific rule.
comment: EncodedData is the class where inventions that don't actually exist would be placed. For example, the blueprint of a bridge is an encoded data. When the bridge will be built, than the blueprint will also be a semiotical entity. Another example is Superman, that exists only as a set of magazines, drawings, novels, movies, but not in the real world.
alternative label: EncodedContrast
alternative label: EncodedData
example: A Radio Morse Code transmission can be addressed by combination of perspectives. Physicalistic: the electromagnetic pulses can be defined as individual A (of type Field) and the strip of paper coming out a printer receiver can be defined as individual B (of type Matter). Data: both A and B are also DiscreteData class individuals. In particular they may belong to a MorseData class, subclass of DiscreteData. Perceptual: B is an individual belonging to the graphical entities expressing symbols. In particular is a formula under the MorseLanguage class, made of a combination of . and - symbols. Semiotics: A and B can be signs if they refers to something else (e.g. a report about a fact, names).
example: A signal through a cable. A sound wave. Words on a page. The pattern of excited states within a computer RAM.
elucidation: A causal object whose properties variation are encoded by an agent and that can be decoded by another agent according to a specific rule.
comment: Variations in data are generated by an agent (not necessarily human) and are intended to be decoded by the same or another agent using the same encoding rules. Data are always generated by an agent but not necessarily possess a semantic meaning, either because it's lost or unknown or because simply they possess none (e.g. a random generation of symbols). A data object may be used as the physical basis for a sign, under Semiotics perspective.
comment: We call "decoding" the act of recognise the variation according to a particular rule and generate another equivalent schema (e.g. in the agent's cognitive apparatus, as another form of data). We call "interpreting" the act of providing semantic meaning to data, which is covered by the semiotic perspective.
wikipediaReference: https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data

Material
type: Class
comment: A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent any state of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
comment: The class of individuals standing for an amount of matter (ordinary, anti or hybrid) substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
elucidation: The class of individuals standing for an amount of matter (ordinary, anti or hybrid) substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
comment: Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.

Role
type: Class
comment: A role entity is categorized according to its relation with the whole, i.e. how it contribute to make a specific whole, and not as standalone entity. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its relation with the surrounding whole (being a part implies being surrounded by something bigger to which it contributes). For example. a human being is a stand alone type, but an instance of a human being can also be an instance of the type student (intended as a role) if it plays a part into a school environment (i.e., a student entity can exist only if it is part of a surrounding whole: the school). The role type requires that also the whole type depends on the existence of parts of a specific type (e.g., there is no school without students).
comment: An entity that is categorized according to its relation with a whole through a parthood relation and that contributes to it according to an holistic criterion, where the type of the whole is not the type of the part.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: HolisticPart
alternative label: Part
conceptualisation: A role entity is categorized according to its relation with the whole, i.e. how it contribute to make a specific whole, and not as standalone entity. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its relation with the surrounding whole (being a part implies being surrounded by something bigger to which it contributes). For example. a human being is a stand alone type, but an instance of a human being can also be an instance of the type student (intended as a role) if it plays a part into a school environment (i.e., a student entity can exist only if it is part of a surrounding whole: the school). The role type requires that also the whole type depends on the existence of parts of a specific type (e.g., there is no school without students).
elucidation: An entity that is categorized according to its relation with a whole through a parthood relation and that contributes to it according to an holistic criterion, where the type of the whole is not the type of the part.

SymbolicData
type: Class
comment: A symbolic data is a data that is rooted on some specified symbolic based encoding, such as floating point numbers, strings, integer. When a symbolic data is used for expressing numerical data (e.g., integer), it is not to be intended as a mathematical entity (even if it may be interpreted as such) but as a syntactic structure (datastructures or datatypes) based on concatenated tokens (or symbols, letters) that can deliver data.
comment: The class for entities which stands for a specific data format expressed using a symbolic encoding.
alternative label: LiteralData
conceptualisation: A symbolic data is a data that is rooted on some specified symbolic based encoding, such as floating point numbers, strings, integer. When a symbolic data is used for expressing numerical data (e.g., integer), it is not to be intended as a mathematical entity (even if it may be interpreted as such) but as a syntactic structure (datastructures or datatypes) based on concatenated tokens (or symbols, letters) that can deliver data.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: ArrayData, ScalarData
elucidation: The class for entities which stands for a specific data format expressed using a symbolic encoding.

overlaps
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: Oxy ≡ ∃z(Pzx ∧ Pzy)
comment: The relation between two individuals representing entities that share at least one of their parts.
definition: Oxy ≡ ∃z(Pzx ∧ Pzy)
elucidation: The relation between two individuals representing entities that share at least one of their parts.

QuantityValue
type: Class
comment: A quantity value is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object.
comment: A symbolic that has parts a numerical object and a reference expressing the value of a quantity (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
comment: Following the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM), EMMO distinguishes between a quantity (a property) and the quantity value (a numerical and a reference). So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'. While the string "1 kg" is a 'QuantityValue'.
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
example: 6.8 m 0.9 km 8 K 6 MeV 43.5 HRC(150 kg)
elucidation: A symbolic that has parts a numerical object and a reference expressing the value of a quantity (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
VIMTerm: quantity value

CharacterisationMeasurementProcess
type: Class
comment: From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Process of experimentally obtaining one or more values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity together with any other available relevant information. NOTE 1 The quantity mentioned in the definition is an individual quantity. NOTE 2 The relevant information mentioned in the definition may be about the values obtained by the measurement, such that some may be more representative of the measurand than others. NOTE 3 Measurement is sometimes considered to apply to nominal properties, but not in this Vocabulary, where the process of obtaining values of nominal properties is called “examination”. NOTE 4 Measurement requires both experimental comparison of quantities or experimental counting of entities at some step of the process and the use of models and calculations that are based on conceptual considerations. NOTE 5 The conditions of reasonable attribution mentioned in the definition take into account a description of the quantity commensurate with the intended use of a measurement result, a measurement procedure, and a calibrated measuring system operating according to the specified measurement procedure, including the measurement conditions. Moreover, a maximum permissible error and/or a target uncertainty may be specified, and the measurement procedure and the measuring system should then be chosen in order not to exceed these measuring system specifications.
comment: The measurement process associates raw data to the sample through a probe and a detector.
comment: The measurement process associates raw data to the sample through a probe and a detector. From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Process of experimentally obtaining one or more values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity together with any other available relevant information. NOTE 1 The quantity mentioned in the definition is an individual quantity. NOTE 2 The relevant information mentioned in the definition may be about the values obtained by the measurement, such that some may be more representative of the measurand than others. NOTE 3 Measurement is sometimes considered to apply to nominal properties, but not in this Vocabulary, where the process of obtaining values of nominal properties is called “examination”. NOTE 4 Measurement requires both experimental comparison of quantities or experimental counting of entities at some step of the process and the use of models and calculations that are based on conceptual considerations. NOTE 5 The conditions of reasonable attribution mentioned in the definition take into account a description of the quantity commensurate with the intended use of a measurement result, a measurement procedure, and a calibrated measuring system operating according to the specified measurement procedure, including the measurement conditions. Moreover, a maximum permissible error and/or a target uncertainty may be specified, and the measurement procedure and the measuring system should then be chosen in order not to exceed these measuring system specifications.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationEnvironment
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: MeasurementParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationData
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: MeasurementParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationEnvironment
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: MeasurementParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationEnvironment
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationData
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CharacterisationData
subclass of: CharacterisationProcedure
definition: From the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM): Process of experimentally obtaining one or more values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity together with any other available relevant information. NOTE 1 The quantity mentioned in the definition is an individual quantity. NOTE 2 The relevant information mentioned in the definition may be about the values obtained by the measurement, such that some may be more representative of the measurand than others. NOTE 3 Measurement is sometimes considered to apply to nominal properties, but not in this Vocabulary, where the process of obtaining values of nominal properties is called “examination”. NOTE 4 Measurement requires both experimental comparison of quantities or experimental counting of entities at some step of the process and the use of models and calculations that are based on conceptual considerations. NOTE 5 The conditions of reasonable attribution mentioned in the definition take into account a description of the quantity commensurate with the intended use of a measurement result, a measurement procedure, and a calibrated measuring system operating according to the specified measurement procedure, including the measurement conditions. Moreover, a maximum permissible error and/or a target uncertainty may be specified, and the measurement procedure and the measuring system should then be chosen in order not to exceed these measuring system specifications.
elucidation: The measurement process associates raw data to the sample through a probe and a detector.
VIMTerm: Measurement

Microscopy
type: Class
comment: Microscopy is a category of characterization techniques which probe and map the surface and sub-surface structure of a material. These techniques can use photons, electrons, ions or physical cantilever probes to gather data about a sample's structure on a range of length scales.
subclass of: CharacterisationTechnique
elucidation: Microscopy is a category of characterization techniques which probe and map the surface and sub-surface structure of a material. These techniques can use photons, electrons, ions or physical cantilever probes to gather data about a sample's structure on a range of length scales.

Extensive
type: Class
comment: A quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.
comment: Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.
example: Mass Volume Entropy
elucidation: A quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.

conceptualisation
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A conceptualisation is the preliminary step behind each theory, preceding each logical formalisation. The readers approaching an ontology entity should first read the conceptualisation annotation to clearly understand "what we are talking about" and the accompanying terminology, and then read the elucidation.
comment: The conceptualisation annotation is a comment that helps the reader to understand how the world has been conceptualised by the ontology authors.
sub property of: comment
elucidation: The conceptualisation annotation is a comment that helps the reader to understand how the world has been conceptualised by the ontology authors.
comment: An conceptualisation can provide references to external knowledge sources (i.e. ISO, Goldbook, RoMM).

WorkPiece
type: Class
comment: A WorkPiece is physical artifact, that has a proper shape and occupyes a proper volume intended for subsequent transformation. It is a condensed state, so it is a compact body that is processed or has to be processed.
comment: A solid is defined as a portion of matter that is in a condensed state characterised by resistance to deformation and volume changes.
comment: In manufacturing, a workpiece is a single, delimited part of largely solid material that is processed in some form (e.g. stone ).
comment: In physics, a rigid body (also known as a rigid object[2]) is a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small it can be neglected. The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces or moments exerted on it. A rigid body is usually considered as a continuous distribution of mass.
comment: It has a shape, so we conclude that it is solid
comment: Object that is processed with a machine
comment: Seems to have to be processed through mechanical deformation. So it takes part of a manufacturing process. It is a Manufactured Product and it can be a Commercial Product
comment: The raw material or partially finished piece that is shaped by performing various operations.
comment: They are not powders or threads
comment: a physical artifact, real or virtual, intended for subsequent transformation within some manufacturing operation
comment: fili e polveri non sono compresi
comment: it seems to be an intermediate product, that has to reach the final shape.
comment: it seems to be solid, so it has a proper shape
comment: powder is not workpiece because it has the shape of the recipient containing them
alternative label: Werkstück
elucidation: A WorkPiece is physical artifact, that has a proper shape and occupyes a proper volume intended for subsequent transformation. It is a condensed state, so it is a compact body that is processed or has to be processed.

Device
type: Class
comment: An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
alternative label: Equipment
alternative label: Machine
elucidation: An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.

Matter
type: Class
comment: A matter entity requires the presence of fermions without excluding the presence of real or virtual fundamental bosons parts that are responsible for the interactions between the (real) fundamental fermions.
comment: The class of physical objects that have some fermionic quantum parts.
comment: The interpretation of the term "matter" is not univocal. Several concepts are labelled with this term, depending on the field of science. The concept mass is sometimes related to the term "matter", even if the former refers to a physical quantity (precisely defined by modern physics) while the latter is a type that qualifies a physical entity. It is possible to identify more than one concept that can be reasonably labelled with the term "matter". For example, it is possible to label as matter only the entities that are made up of atoms. Or more generally, we can be more fine-grained and call "matter" the entities that are made up of protons, neutrons or electrons, so that we can call matter also a neutron radiation or a cathode ray. A more fundamental approach, that we embrace for the EMMO, considers matter as entities that are made of fermions (i.e. quarks and leptons) requiring their presence, without excluding particles like the W and Z bosons that possess some mass, but are not fermions. Antimatter is a subclass of matter.
alternative label: PhysicalSubstance
conceptualisation: The interpretation of the term "matter" is not univocal. Several concepts are labelled with this term, depending on the field of science. The concept mass is sometimes related to the term "matter", even if the former refers to a physical quantity (precisely defined by modern physics) while the latter is a type that qualifies a physical entity. It is possible to identify more than one concept that can be reasonably labelled with the term "matter". For example, it is possible to label as matter only the entities that are made up of atoms. Or more generally, we can be more fine-grained and call "matter" the entities that are made up of protons, neutrons or electrons, so that we can call matter also a neutron radiation or a cathode ray. A more fundamental approach, that we embrace for the EMMO, considers matter as entities that are made of fermions (i.e. quarks and leptons) requiring their presence, without excluding particles like the W and Z bosons that possess some mass, but are not fermions. Antimatter is a subclass of matter.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: HybridMatter, OrdinaryMatter, AntiMatter
elucidation: The class of physical objects that have some fermionic quantum parts.
comment: Matter includes ordinary- and anti-matter. It is possible to have entities that are made of particle and anti-particles (e.g. mesons made of a quark and an anti-quark pair) so that it is possible to have entities that are somewhat heterogeneous with regards to this distinction.

ReciprocalLengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalLength'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'ReciprocalLength'.

Metrological
type: Class
comment: A language entity used in the metrology discipline.
comment: Metrology is the science of measurement and its application and includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application (VIM3 2.2)
elucidation: A language entity used in the metrology discipline.

MeasurementUnit
type: Class
comment: "Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number" ISO 80000-1
comment: A metrological reference for a physical quantity.
example: kg m/s km
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: DimensionlessUnit, DimensionalUnit
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: NonPrefixedUnit, PrefixedUnit
elucidation: A metrological reference for a physical quantity.
VIMTerm: measurement unit (VIM3 1.9)
comment: "Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations." "Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra." https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
comment: Measurement units and procedure units are disjoint.
comment: Quantitative value are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'.

indirectlyCauses
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A causal relation between the effected and the causing entities with intermediaries.
comment: An indirect cause is a relation between two entities that is mediated by a intermediate entity. In other words, there are no quantum parts of the causing entity that are direct cause of quantum parts of the caused entity.
alternative label: influences
alternative label: isIndirectCauseOf
conceptualisation: An indirect cause is a relation between two entities that is mediated by a intermediate entity. In other words, there are no quantum parts of the causing entity that are direct cause of quantum parts of the caused entity.
elucidation: A causal relation between the effected and the causing entities with intermediaries.

SamplePreparation
type: Class
comment: Sample preparation processes (e.g., machining, polishing, cutting to size, etc.) before actual observation and measurement.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SamplePreparationParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SamplePreparationInstrument
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SamplePreparationInstrument
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SamplePreparationParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SamplePreparationParameter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: SamplePreparationInstrument
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Sample
subclass of: CharacterisationProcedure
elucidation: Sample preparation processes (e.g., machining, polishing, cutting to size, etc.) before actual observation and measurement.

Gas
type: Class
comment: Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
elucidation: Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

Liquid
type: Class
comment: A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
elucidation: A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.

Property
type: Class
comment: A coded that makes use of an atomic symbol with respect to the code used to refer to the interaction.
comment: A property is atomic in the sense that is aimed to deliver one and one only aspect of the object according to one code, such as the color with one sign (e.g., black) or a quantitiative property (e.g., 1.4 kg).
example: Hardness is a subclass of properties. Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
example: The name "red" which is atomic in the code made of the list of colors.
elucidation: A coded that makes use of an atomic symbol with respect to the code used to refer to the interaction.

IntentionalAgency
type: Class
comment: A process occurring with the active participation of an intentional agent that drives the process according to a specific objective (intention).
comment: The concept is not restricted to agencies where the agent accomplish its intention. For example, breaking a vase while reaching for a book is an intentional agency, because the action causing the vase to fall and break follows a volition (i.e., an act of willing). Intentional agency may be further categorised acccording to the fact that the some of the resulting processes may or may not be coherent with the volition.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: IntentionalProcess
alternative label: Project
OWLRL2DLAxioms: SubClassOf: hasAgent some IntentionalAgent
elucidation: A process occurring with the active participation of an intentional agent that drives the process according to a specific objective (intention).

CharacterisationData
type: Class
comment: Represents every type of data that is produced during a characterisation process
elucidation: Represents every type of data that is produced during a characterisation process

Interpreter
type: Class
comment: The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
comment: The interpreter is not the ontologist, being the ontologist acting outside the ontology at the meta-ontology level. On the contrary, the interpreter is an agent recognized by the ontologist. The semiotic branch of the EMMO is the tool used by the ontologist to represent an interpreter's semiotic activity.
subclass of: Restriction
example: For example, the ontologist may be interest in cataloguing in the EMMO how the same object (e.g. a cat) is addressed using different signs (e.g. cat, gatto, chat) by different interpreters (e.g. english, italian or french people). The same applies for the results of measurements: the ontologist may be interest to represent in the EMMO how different measurement processes (i.e. semiosis) lead to different quantitative results (i.e. signs) according to different measurement devices (i.e. interpreters).
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo. Cogniser or Declarer or Deducer
elucidation: The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.

Solid
type: Class
comment: A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
elucidation: A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.

isCauseOf
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation between an entity that causally affects another.
comment: Each pair of causally connected entities is either in isDirectCauseOf or isIndirectCauseOf relation. The two are mutually exclusive.
comment: We say that an entity causes another if there is a quantum part of the first that is in causal relation with a quantum parts of the second. More formally, causality is defined as a relation between individuals x and y that holds if and only if: a) x having a part that is causing an effect on a part of y b) x and y are non-overlapping An entity cannot cause itself or a part of itself. For this reasons causality between entities excludes reflexivity and prevents them to overlap. The existence of one-directional of bi-directional causality relations between two entities is what reconstruct time-like and space-like relations, respectively.
alternative label: causes
example: John yesterday is the cause of John today, is an example of temporal-like causality. The desk supporting my laptop is a space-like causality.
conceptualisation: We say that an entity causes another if there is a quantum part of the first that is in causal relation with a quantum parts of the second. More formally, causality is defined as a relation between individuals x and y that holds if and only if: a) x having a part that is causing an effect on a part of y b) x and y are non-overlapping An entity cannot cause itself or a part of itself. For this reasons causality between entities excludes reflexivity and prevents them to overlap. The existence of one-directional of bi-directional causality relations between two entities is what reconstruct time-like and space-like relations, respectively.
elucidation: A relation between an entity that causally affects another.
comment: The OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO introduces this object property as primitive causal relation. It refers to the macro causality relation mC(x,y), defined in the EMMO FOL version. While the EMMO FOL introduces the quantum causality relation C(x,y) as primitive, the OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO substantially simplifies the theory, neglecting these lower level relations that are well above DL expressivity. For this reason the EMMO OWL 2 DL will only deal with macro causality relations, sacrificing the full FOL theory expressivity for the sake of simplicity.
comment: The cause relation applies to both quantums and macro-entities (entities made of more than one quantum). It is admissible for two entities to be one the cause of the other, excepts when they are both quantums.

Semiosis
type: Class
comment: Semiosis is intended here as a 4D entity, meaning that is not necessarily intended as a process. This enables users to represent more general state of things without necessarily committing to a process/object classification (which in a 4D framework is subjective, and not ontological) through the persistence perspective (in fact semiotics module is independent from persistence module). For example, in a deduction (semiosis) the yellow tinted skin (index) of a patient is a symptom for liver desease (referent) according to a doctor (interpreter). If the user wants to include a commit towards persistency then the deduction can be either: - an obejct: the deduction is a system (object) and the doctor, skin and patient are object components - a process: where the deduction is a process and the doctor, skin and patient are participants Since in the EMMO the object/process categorisation is relation-driven and object/process are not disjointed, the abovementioned deduction can be seen both as a process or object depending on the relation used by the user to navigate the graph.
comment: The class for entities where an interpreter, interpretant, reference and sign relate with each others semiotically.
subclass of: Restriction
example: Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process me -> interpreter cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant "Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: Deduction or Declaration or Cognition
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: FullSemiosis or PartialSemiosis
elucidation: The class for entities where an interpreter, interpretant, reference and sign relate with each others semiotically.

Sintering
type: Class
comment: Sintering is the process of forming a solid mass of material through heat and pressure without melting to the point of liquefaction. This process involves the atoms in materials diffusing across the particle boundaries and fusing together into one piece.
comment: Sintering occurs naturally in mineral deposits, and is used as a manufacturing process for materials including ceramics, metals and plastics. Because the sintering temperature doesn’t reach the materials’ melting point, it is often used for materials with high melting points, such as molybdenum and tungsten.
see also: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles
see also: ISO/ASTM TR 52906:2022 Additive manufacturing sintering: process of heating a powder metal compact to increase density and/or improve mechanical properties via solid state diffusion
alternative label: Sintern
elucidation: Sintering is the process of forming a solid mass of material through heat and pressure without melting to the point of liquefaction. This process involves the atoms in materials diffusing across the particle boundaries and fusing together into one piece.

TechnologyProcess
type: Class
comment: Class that includes the application of scientific knowledge, tools and techniques in order to transform a precursor object (ex. conversion of material) following a practic purpose.
comment: Conversion of materials and assembly of components for the manufacture of products
comment: Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving practical goals in a reproducible way.
comment: Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.
comment: application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts or systems in order to solve a problem or to achieve an objective which can result in a product or process
comment: application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or achieve an objective
alternative label: ProductionEngineeringProcess
elucidation: Class that includes the application of scientific knowledge, tools and techniques in order to transform a precursor object (ex. conversion of material) following a practic purpose.

AreaUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Area'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Area'.

isInterpretedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation connecting a sign to the interpreter in a semiotic process.
elucidation: A relation connecting a sign to the interpreter in a semiotic process.

FrequencyUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Frequency'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Frequency'.

isRepresentedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation that connects the semiotic object to the sign in a semiotic process.
elucidation: A relation that connects the semiotic object to the sign in a semiotic process.

hasRedundantPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: RP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ(φ(x) ∧ φ(y))
comment: A part is always distinct xor redundant.
comment: The superproperty of the all object property relations between a whole and its mereological parts of the same type.
example: A volume of water has redundand parts other volumes of water. All this volumes have holistic parts some water molecules.
definition: RP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ(φ(x) ∧ φ(y))
elucidation: The superproperty of the all object property relations between a whole and its mereological parts of the same type.

hasRole
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between the whole and a proper part of the whole that scale down to the point which it lose the characteristics of the whole and become something else.
alternative label: hasHolisticPart
example: An holistic part of water fluid is a water molecule.
elucidation: The relation between the whole and a proper part of the whole that scale down to the point which it lose the characteristics of the whole and become something else.

LengthUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Length'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Length'.

CausalSystem
type: Class
comment: A causal system provides the most general concept of system, being a union of causal structures interacting together. In its most simple form, a causal system is an interlacement of causal paths (the most simple structure type). A causal system is always a spatial-like structure, and is represented as a multiple topologically orderable direct acyclic graph, with quanta as nodes and causality relations as edges.
comment: The class of individuals representing a causal system.
example: A electron binded by a nucleus.
conceptualisation: A causal system provides the most general concept of system, being a union of causal structures interacting together. In its most simple form, a causal system is an interlacement of causal paths (the most simple structure type). A causal system is always a spatial-like structure, and is represented as a multiple topologically orderable direct acyclic graph, with quanta as nodes and causality relations as edges.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: FundamentalPhysicalSystem, GenericPhysicalSystem
elucidation: The class of individuals representing a causal system.

CharacterisationProcedure
type: Class
comment: Characterisation procedure may refer to the full characterisation process or just a part of the full process.
comment: The process of performing characterisation by following some existing formalised operative rules.
comment: The process of performing characterisation by following some existing formalised operative rules. Characterisation procedure may refer to the full characterisation process or just a part of the full process. Examples include: Sample preparation, Sample inspection, Calibration, Microscopy, Viscometry, Data sampling.
example: Examples include: Sample preparation, Sample inspection, Calibration, Microscopy, Viscometry, Data sampling.
elucidation: The process of performing characterisation by following some existing formalised operative rules.

MicrostructureQuantity
type: Class
comment: Physical quantities categorised according to the microstructure domain ontology.
alternative label: MicrostructureProperty
elucidation: Physical quantities categorised according to the microstructure domain ontology.

Symbol
type: Class
comment: Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols A Symbol may be a String in another language. e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters.
comment: The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
alternative label: AlphabeticEntity
example: A letter, a number, a punctuation sign, a space, an UTF-8 character.
example: The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark that can be represented by an individual belonging to "A".
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
comment: Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. (Wikipedia)
comment: The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.

providesInterpretation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation that connects the interpreter to the semiotic object in a semiotic process.
elucidation: A relation that connects the interpreter to the semiotic object in a semiotic process.

CausalPath
type: Class
comment: A causal chain is an ordered causal sequence of entities that does not host any bifurcation within itself (a chain). A chain can only be partitioned in time.
comment: A causal path is a concept almost equivalent to the concept of elementary particle in physics.
comment: The class of entities that possess a temporal structure but no spatial structure.
alternative label: CausalChain
alternative label: Elementary
example: An electron moving in time interacting with other particles.
conceptualisation: A causal chain is an ordered causal sequence of entities that does not host any bifurcation within itself (a chain). A chain can only be partitioned in time.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnionOf: MultiParticlePath, ElementaryParticle
elucidation: The class of entities that possess a temporal structure but no spatial structure.

CharacterisationTechnique
type: Class
comment: A characterisation technique is not only related to the measurement process which can be one of its steps.
comment: The description of the overall characterisation technique. It can be composed of different steps (e.g. sample preparation, calibration, measurement, post-processing).
comment: The description of the overall characterisation technique. It can be composed of different steps (e.g. sample preparation, calibration, measurement, post-processing). A characterisation technique is not only related to the measurement process which can be one of its steps.
alternative label: Characterisation procedure
alternative label: Characterisation technique
elucidation: The description of the overall characterisation technique. It can be composed of different steps (e.g. sample preparation, calibration, measurement, post-processing).

Quantum
type: Class
comment: A quantum is the EMMO mereological atomistic and causal reductionistic entity. To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics and to underline the causal reductionistic approach, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of atomistic mereology.
comment: A quantum is the most fundamental item of the EMMO (both mereologically and causally) and is considered causally self-connected by definition. The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. In the EMMO, space and time emerge following the network of causal connections between quantum objects. So quantum objects are adimensional objects, that precede space and time dimensions: they are simple beings (in greek οντα). Using physics concepts, we can think the quantum as an elementary particle (e.g. an electron) in a specific state between two causal interactions. For a quanta to change its state, it requires an interaction. A quantum may be thought as standing for an incoming or outcoming real particle in a Feynman diagram in a scattering event.
comment: Q(x) ≡ ¬∃y(PP(y,x))
comment: The class of the mereological and causal fundamental entities having no proper parts
alternative label: RealParticle
example: From a physics perspective a quantum can be related to smallest identifiable entities, according to the limits imposed by the uncertainty principle in space and time measurements. However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a quantum can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
conceptualisation: A quantum is the most fundamental item of the EMMO (both mereologically and causally) and is considered causally self-connected by definition. The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. In the EMMO, space and time emerge following the network of causal connections between quantum objects. So quantum objects are adimensional objects, that precede space and time dimensions: they are simple beings (in greek οντα). Using physics concepts, we can think the quantum as an elementary particle (e.g. an electron) in a specific state between two causal interactions. For a quanta to change its state, it requires an interaction. A quantum may be thought as standing for an incoming or outcoming real particle in a Feynman diagram in a scattering event.
definition: Q(x) ≡ ¬∃y(PP(y,x))
elucidation: The class of the mereological and causal fundamental entities having no proper parts

mathematicalSymbolValue
type: DatatypeProperty

Intensive
type: Class
comment: A quantity whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system.
comment: Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.
example: Temperature Density Pressure ChemicalPotential
elucidation: A quantity whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system.

Length
type: Class
comment: Extend of a spatial dimension.
comment: Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Length
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.1
elucidation: Extend of a spatial dimension.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03498

PerVolumeUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerVolume'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'PerVolume'.

Icon
type: Class
comment: A sign that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
comment: If object and sign belongs to the same class, then the sign is fuctional, diagrammatic and resemblance. For example, when a Boeing 747 is used as a sign for another Boeing 747.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Model
alternative label: Simulacrum
example: A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
example: An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: AnalogicalIcon or ResemblanceIcon or FunctionalIcon
elucidation: A sign that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
comment: In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]

SpaceAndTimeQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-3.
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-3.

Manufacturing
type: Class
comment: Deals with entities that have a defined shape.
comment: The process of transforming precursor objects (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
see also: DIN 8580:2020
see also: ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion
see also: ISO 18435-1:2009 manufacturing process: set of processes in manufacturing involving a flow and/or transformation of material, information, energy, control, or any other element in a manufacturing area
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The process of transforming precursor objects (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
wikipediaReference: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertigungsverfahren

hasSpatialTile
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is only spatially connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.
alternative label: hasSpatialDirectPart
elucidation: A relation between the whole and one of its tiles, where the tile is only spatially connected with the other tiles forming the tessellation.

PressureUnit
type: Class
comment: The class of units with dimensionality 'Pressure'.
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: The class of units with dimensionality 'Pressure'.

Mathematical
type: Class
comment: A mathematical object in this branch is not representing a concept but an actual graphical object built using mathematcal symbols arranged in some way, according to math conventions.
comment: The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
elucidation: The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.

definition
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A definition univocally determines a OWL entity using necessary and sufficient conditions referring to other OWL entities.
comment: Precise and univocal description of an ontological entity in the framework of an axiomatic system.
sub property of: comment
elucidation: Precise and univocal description of an ontological entity in the framework of an axiomatic system.

hasParticipant
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part of the process to contribute to it. A participant whose 4D extension is totally contained within the process. Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorise temporal regions by the interpreters.
comment: The relation between a process and an object participating to it, i.e. that is relevant to the process itself.
elucidation: The relation between a process and an object participating to it, i.e. that is relevant to the process itself.

EMMO
type: Class
comment: EMMO entities dimensionality is related to their mereocausal structures. From the no-dimensional quantum entity, we introduce time dimension with the elementary concept, and space with the causal system concept. The EMMO conceptualisation does not allow the existence of space without a temporal dimension, the latter coming from a causal relation between entities. For this reason, the EMMO entities that are not quantum or elementaries, may be considered to be always 4D spatiotemporal entities. Moreover, the combination of mereology and causality used in the EMMO theory (mereocausality) represents entities as direct acyclic graphs with dimension of 4 (i.e., the mereocasual graph can be represented in a 4D euclidian space with edges having unit length). For this reasons, the EMMO can be considered a 4D ontology.
comment: The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. We can think of a quantum as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. Fundamental interactions (quantum fields) are represented as symmetric causality relation between macro entities, while classical interactions are mediated by chain of quantums (i.e. elementary particles). The fundamental distinction between world entities is causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO. In other words there is no spacetime without entities and spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are measured quantities, always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
comment: The class of all the OWL individuals representing world entities according to EMMO conceptualisation.
comment: The disjoint union of the fundamental mereocausal classes of Quantum, CausalPath, CausalSystem and Collection.
conceptualisation: The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. We can think of a quantum as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. Fundamental interactions (quantum fields) are represented as symmetric causality relation between macro entities, while classical interactions are mediated by chain of quantums (i.e. elementary particles). The fundamental distinction between world entities is causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO. In other words there is no spacetime without entities and spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are measured quantities, always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
definition: The disjoint union of the fundamental mereocausal classes of Quantum, CausalPath, CausalSystem and Collection.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: DisjointUnion: CausalPath, Collection, Quantum, CausalSystem
elucidation: The class of all the OWL individuals representing world entities according to EMMO conceptualisation.

ManufacturedProduct
type: Class
comment: An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: Artifact
alternative label: Engineered
alternative label: TangibleProduct
example: Car, tire, composite material.
elucidation: An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.

Instrument
type: Class
comment: Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices.
subclass of: CharacterisationMeasurementInstrument
elucidation: Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices.

Energy
type: Class
comment: A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
comment: Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Energy
ISO80000Reference: 5-20-1
elucidation: A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101

hasSpatialPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A proper part of a whole, whose parts always cover the full temporal extension of the whole within a spatial interval.
comment: In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL temporal relations are primitive.
elucidation: A proper part of a whole, whose parts always cover the full temporal extension of the whole within a spatial interval.
comment: The part is connected with the rest item or members with hasContact relations only (no hasNext).

hasAgent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation within a process and an agengt participant.
elucidation: The relation within a process and an agengt participant.

hasPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: All other mereology relations can be defined in FOL using hasPart as primitive.
comment: The primitive relation that express the concept of an entity being part of another one.
elucidation: The primitive relation that express the concept of an entity being part of another one.

hasSign
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a semiotic process and the sign standing for the referent.
elucidation: The relation between a semiotic process and the sign standing for the referent.

Item
type: Class
comment: The concept of self-connectivity is applied using a 4D approach. Given that, the entity made of an electron and a proton that travel, interact, and then depart from each other is an item, since we don't focus only on the beginning or the end stage but to the overall 4D entity, being the interaction the connectivity bridge between the two particles.
comment: A world entity is direct causally self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are direct causally connected to each other. In the EMMO, topological connectivity is based on causality. All physical objects, i.e. entities whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by items. In other words, a physical object part is embedded in a direct causal graph that provides always a path between two of its parts. Members of a collection lack such direct causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical object. Following graph theory concepts, the quantums of an item are all connected together within a network of causal relations, forming a connected causal graph. A collection is then a set of disconnected graphs.
comment: The class of individuals standing for quantum or causally self-connected world entities.
comment: The disjoint union of Particle and CausalStructure classes.
alternative label: CausalObject
example: A person life, an interval of a person life. The lifetime of two components, from the production in separate manufacturing lines, their being connected components in a device, including their eparation and decommissioning.
conceptualisation: A world entity is direct causally self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are direct causally connected to each other. In the EMMO, topological connectivity is based on causality. All physical objects, i.e. entities whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by items. In other words, a physical object part is embedded in a direct causal graph that provides always a path between two of its parts. Members of a collection lack such direct causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical object. Following graph theory concepts, the quantums of an item are all connected together within a network of causal relations, forming a connected causal graph. A collection is then a set of disconnected graphs.
definition: The disjoint union of Particle and CausalStructure classes.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: EquivalentTo: CausalParticle or CausalStructure
elucidation: The class of individuals standing for quantum or causally self-connected world entities.

RatioQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities defined as ratios `Q=A/B` having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B). Johansson, Ingvar (2010). "Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions". Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.
comment: The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
example: refractive index, volume fraction, fine structure constant
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DimensionlessRatio
elucidation: The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.

hasInput
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I causes P.
elucidation: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I causes P.

MechanicalQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-4.
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-4.

Sample
type: Class
comment: Portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. The term needs to be qualified, e.g., bulk sample, representative sample, primary sample, bulked sample, test sample, etc. The term 'sample' implies the existence of a sampling error, i.e., the results obtained on the portions taken are only estimates of the concentration of a constituent or the quantity of a property present in the parent material. Sample and Specimen are often used interchangeably. However in some cases the term Specimen is used to specify a portion taken under conditions such that the sampling variability cannot be assessed (usually because the population is changing), and is assumed, for convenience, to be zero.
comment: Sample and Specimen are often used interchangeably. However in some cases the term Specimen is used to specify a portion taken under conditions such that the sampling variability cannot be assessed (usually because the population is changing), and is assumed, for convenience, to be zero.
comment: Portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. The term needs to be qualified, e.g., bulk sample, representative sample, primary sample, bulked sample, test sample, etc. The term 'sample' implies the existence of a sampling error, i.e., the results obtained on the portions taken are only estimates of the concentration of a constituent or the quantity of a property present in the parent material.
alternative label: Specimen
elucidation: Portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. The term needs to be qualified, e.g., bulk sample, representative sample, primary sample, bulked sample, test sample, etc. The term 'sample' implies the existence of a sampling error, i.e., the results obtained on the portions taken are only estimates of the concentration of a constituent or the quantity of a property present in the parent material.

Process
type: Class
comment: A process can be defined only according to an entity type. The minimum process is an entity made of two entities of different types that are temporally related.
comment: The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have some temporal item parts that are not of the same type of the whole.
alternative label: Occurrent
alternative label: Perdurant
example: Practically speaking, the Process class can be populated by primitive subclasses (e.g. Cooking) for each of which holds the axiom that not all the item temporal parts are of the same type of the whole (e.g. breaking an egg, which is not necessarily a cooking process) and there are at least two temporal item parts of different types (e.g. breaking and egg and turning on the stove). The intended usage is not for an individual to belong directly to Process, but to belong to a specific subclass of Process that identifies entities with a specific non-type-persistent structure.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: Equivalent To: Behaviour or ConstitutiveProcess or Stage or SubProcess
elucidation: The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have some temporal item parts that are not of the same type of the whole.
comment: Following the common definition of process, the reader may think that every entity in the EMMO should be a process, since every 4D entity0 always has a time dimension. However, in the EMMO we restrict the concept of process to items whose temporal parts show a change in type (i.e. every 4D object unfolds in time, but not every 4D time unfolding may be of interest for the ontologist and categorized as a process). The definition of every specific process subclass requires a reference type, that is expressed by some but not all temporal parts.

hasProperPart
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The proper part relation has the following pair-covering sub-relations: - hasMembers xor hasPiece - hasPortionPart xor hasGatheredPart . hasItemPart xor hasScatteredPart
comment: The relation between an entity and one of its parts, when both entities are distinct.
elucidation: The relation between an entity and one of its parts, when both entities are distinct.

seeAlso
comment: EMMO applies the naming convension to its sub-properties of rdfs:seeAlso that their label must end with one of the following terms: - 'Match': resolvable URLs to corresponding entity in another ontology - 'Entry': resolvable URLs to a human readable resource describing the subject - 'Ref': non-resolvable reference to a human readable resource describing the subject
comment: Indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.

ThermodynamicalQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-5.
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-5.

isParticipatedBy
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty

Object
type: Class
comment: An item can be classified as an object according to a type ϕ (a ϕ-object) if it's a ϕ all its temporal item parts are also of type ϕ. This conceptualisation tries to catch the persistency of type in the temporal parts of an entity.
comment: Indefinitely temporally slicing of an entity leads to temporal parts whose temporal extension is so small that the connectivity relations that define the entity as an item will no longer hold. More generally. a temporal part is no more of type ϕ when the temporal interval is lower than the interval that characterizes the causality interactions between the object parts. In other terms, if the time span of a temporal part is lower than the inverse of the frequency of interactions between the constituents, then the constituents in such temporal part are not connected. The object is no more an object, neither an item, but simply a collection of fundamental quantum parts. For this reason, the definition of object is done by considering only item temporal parts, meaning that slicing in time has the lower limit of a self-connected (i.e. item) entity.
comment: The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have all temporal item parts of the same type of the whole.
alternative label: Continuant
alternative label: Endurant
example: If ϕ is the class of human beings, then the 4D entity representing a lifetime from birth to death in senile age is an object. if ϕ is the class of underages, the 4D entity representing the same lifetime is a process, since the underage covers only a part of the lifetime.
example: Practically speaking, the Object class can be populated by primitive subclasses (e.g. Car) for each of which holds the axiom that all the item parts are of the same type of the whole (e.g. Car SubClassOf hasTemporalItemPart only Car). The intended usage is not for an individual to belong directly to Object, but to belong to a specific subclass of Object that identifies entities with a type-persistent structure.
conceptualisation: An item can be classified as an object according to a type ϕ (a ϕ-object) if it's a ϕ all its temporal item parts are also of type ϕ. This conceptualisation tries to catch the persistency of type in the temporal parts of an entity.
OWLRL2DLAxioms: Equivalent To: Constituent or Participant or Status or SubObject
elucidation: The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have all temporal item parts of the same type of the whole.

PhysioChemicalQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-9.
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-9.

ISQDimensionlessQuantity
type: Class
comment: A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Dimensionless
elucidation: A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01742

ElectromagneticQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-6.
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-6.

hasInterpreter
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a semiotic process and the interpreter that is responsible for the sign-referent correspondance.
elucidation: The relation between a semiotic process and the interpreter that is responsible for the sign-referent correspondance.

hasProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A semiotic relation that connects a semiotic object to a property in a declaration process.
elucidation: A semiotic relation that connects a semiotic object to a property in a declaration process.

elucidation
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: An elucidation should address the real world entities using the concepts introduced by the conceptualisation annotation.
comment: Short enlightening explanation aimed to facilitate the user in drawing the connection (interpretation) between a OWL entity and the real world object(s) for which it stands.
sub property of: comment
elucidation: Short enlightening explanation aimed to facilitate the user in drawing the connection (interpretation) between a OWL entity and the real world object(s) for which it stands.

hasOutput
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I is caused by P.
elucidation: The relation between a process P that proper overlaps an item I, where the non-overlapping part of I is caused by P.

CondensedMatterPhysicsQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-12.
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-12.

comment
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A comment can be addressed to facilitate interpretation, to suggest possible usage, to clarify the concepts behind each entity with respect to other ontological apporaches.
comment: A text that add some information about the entity.
sub property of: comment
elucidation: A text that add some information about the entity.

hasDataValue
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO data entity.
comment: This is the superproperty of all data properties used to serialise a fundamental data type in the EMMO Data perspective. An entity can have only one data value expressing its serialisation (e.g. a Real entity cannot have two different real values).
sub property of: topDataProperty
elucidation: The owl:dataProperty that provides a serialisation of an EMMO data entity.

AtomicAndNuclearPhysicsQuantity
type: Class
comment: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-10.
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-10.

ISQDerivedQuantity
type: Class
comment: Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
elucidation: Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).

SIDimensionalUnit
type: Class
comment: Dimensional unit with its physical dimensionality described accortind to the International System of Units (SI).
comment: In SI are the physical dimensions of the base quantities time (T), length (L), mass (M), electric current (I), thermodynamic temperature (Θ), amount of substance (N) and luminous intensity (J). In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product, dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. -- SI brouchure The SI dimensional units are equivalent to dimensional strings that uniquely defines their dimensionality by specifying the values of the coefficients α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η. A dimensional string is a space-separated string of the physical dimension symbols followed by the value of the exponent (including it sign). They should always match the following regular expression: ^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$ The physical dimensionality of all subclasses of SIDimensionalUnit are defined by their dimensional string. Examples of correspondance between dimensional units and their dimensional string are: - AmountOfSubstanceUnit <=> "T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0" - TimeUnit <=> "T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0" - ElectricCurrentDensityUnit <=> "T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0"
elucidation: Dimensional unit with its physical dimensionality described accortind to the International System of Units (SI).

hasMeasurementUnit
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A conventional semiotic relation that relates a physical quantity to its unit.
example: Length hasUnit only LengthUnit

hasDimensionString
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: Relates a SI dimensional unit to a dimension string.
elucidation: Relates a SI dimensional unit to a dimension string.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Software
etymology: From soft +‎ -ware, by contrast with hardware (“the computer itself”). Coined by Paul Niquette in 1953.

Axiom
annotated target: Fundamental(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ¬∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Part
etymology: From Latin partire, partiri ‘divide, share’.
comment: The term 'part' is here intended not only in mereological sense but also as role. For example. the term part is used to define the role played by an actor, specifying not only a mereological participation of the actor to an act, but also a specific role for that actor.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Machine
etymology: From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Holistic
etymology: Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire").

Axiom
annotated target: Metrology is the science of measurement and its application and includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application (VIM3 2.2)

Axiom
see also: DIN 8584-1:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a combined tensile and compressive stress.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Lifetime
etymology: From Middle English liftime, equivalent to life +‎ time.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.

Axiom
annotated property: isDefinedBy
annotated target: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Axiom
see also: DIN 8580:2022-12
annotated target: Manufacturing by changing the properties of the material of which a workpiece is made, which is done, among other things, by changes in the submicroscopic or atomic range, e.g. by diffusion of atoms, generation and movement of dislocations in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, and where unavoidable changes in shape are not part of the essence of these processes.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: hasSuccessor
etymology: From Latin succedĕre ("coming after").

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Assemblying
etymology: From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy loose-powder sintering, gravity sintering: sintering of uncompacted powder

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 18435-1:2009 manufacturing process: set of processes in manufacturing involving a flow and/or transformation of material, information, energy, control, or any other element in a manufacturing area

Axiom
see also: DIN 8580:2022-12
annotated target: Manufacturing by changing the properties of the material of which a workpiece is made, which is done, among other things, by changes in the submicroscopic or atomic range, e.g. by diffusion of atoms, generation and movement of dislocations in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, and where unavoidable changes in shape are not part of the essence of these processes.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8583-2:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Continuous or stepwise pressure forming with one or more rotating tools (rollers), without or with additional tools, e.g. plugs or mandrels, rods, guide tools

Axiom
annotated target: u ≡ σx⟨P(x, x)⟩
comment: This definition reads: "The universe is the sum of all entities that are part of themselves". Since parthood (P) is reflexive by axiom, then the universe is the sum of all mereological entities.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: hasSuccessor
etymology: From Latin succedĕre ("coming after").

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Machine
etymology: From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: TangibleProduct
etymology: From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 55000:2014 organization: person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Artifact
etymology: From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.

Axiom
see also: ISO 14034:2016-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts or systems in order to solve a problem or to achieve an objective which can result in a product or process

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-5:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Screwing (screwing on, screwing in, screwing tight) is joining by pressing on by means of a self-locking thread (from: DIN 8593 Part 3/09.85).

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles

Axiom
see also: DIN 8590 Berichtigung 1:2004-02
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Manufacturing by separating particles of material from a solid body by non-mechanical means. Ablation refers both to the removal of layers of material and to the separation of workpiece parts. The production process of ablation is considered in its stationary instantaneous state, independently of the application of auxiliary processes necessary to initiate the process. Ablation is divided into three subgroups according to the order point of view (OGP) "process in the effective zone on the surface of the workpiece": - thermal ablation; - chemical ablation; - electrochemical ablation.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Wholistic
etymology: From the word 'holistic' with the 'w-' prefix, due to the affinity with the existing word 'whole', that share the same meaning of 'holos'.

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
comment: Every entity is made of quantum parts. This axiomatisation is the expression of the radical reductionistic approach of the EMMO.

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
annotated source: LinearChronopotentiometry
annotated target: chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed linearly

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Device
etymology: From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".

Imp
comment: Implementing transitivity.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Axiom
annotated target: Redundant(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]

Axiom
see also: DIN 55405:2014-12
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Method of joining metallic materials with the aid of a molten filler metal (solder), optionally with the use of flow agents

Axiom
see also: DIN 8593-0:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: The permanent joining or other bringing together of two or more workpieces of a geometric shape or of similar workpieces with shapeless material. In each case, the cohesion is created locally and increased as a whole.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8585-3:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Widening is tensile forming to increase the circumference of a hollow body. A distinction is made between: Widening, bulging.

Axiom
annotated property: isDefinedBy
annotated target: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Index
etymology: From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8580:2022-12
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Verfestigen durch Umformen

Axiom
annotated target: A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.

Imp
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z
comment: Transitivity for parthood.

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-3:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Engineered
etymology: From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: CausalObject
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).

Imp
comment: Implementing Transitivity.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Factory
etymology: From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Variable
etymology: Fom Latin variabilis ("changeable").

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Boson
etymology: 1940s: named after S.N. Bose.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 13831:2007-12
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of vessel parts from a flat mould into a three-dimensional shape by means of a press and tools, whereby material is neither removed nor added

Axiom
annotated target: Q(x) ≡ ¬∃y(PP(y,x))

Imp
body: ClassAtom
  argument1: x
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: x
comment: Enforcing the fact that an entity cannot cause itself.

Imp
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
comment: Enforcing exclusivity between overlapping and causality.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Dedomena
etymology: From Greek, nominative plural form of δεδομένο (dedoméno) (data, information)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: DigitalData
etymology: From Latin digitus (“finger”).

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018-07
annotated target: Treatment carried out after hardening or case hardening consisting of cooling to a temperature below room temperature to complete the transformation of austenite to martensite

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-5:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Screwing (screwing on, screwing in, screwing tight) is joining by pressing on by means of a self-locking thread (from: DIN 8593 Part 3/09.85).

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 9110:2018-08
annotated target: action to disassemble a product or a component by removing all or some of its constituent parts with the intent to salvage

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109
annotated source: PotentiometricStrippingAnalysis
annotated target: Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the material is removed by chemical reaction or electrochemically at constant current with measurement of electrode potential. Historically for the analysis of metal ions, mercury ions were added to the test solution to form a mercury amalgam when reduced. Alternatively, an HMDE or MFE was used and the oxidizing agent added after amalgam formation. However, the toxicity of mercury and its compounds have all but precluded the present-day use of mercury. The accumulation is similar to that used in stripping voltammetry. The stripping potentiogram shows staircase curves of potential as a function of time. Frequently, the first derivative is displayed (dE/dt=f(t)), as this produces peak-shaped signals. The time between transitions (peaks) is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the test solution. The time between changes in potential in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8583-2:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Continuous or stepwise pressure forming with one or more rotating tools (rollers), without or with additional tools, e.g. plugs or mandrels, rods, guide tools

Axiom
annotated target: The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).

Axiom
annotated property: isDefinedBy
annotated target: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: CausalChain
etymology: From Old French chaine, chaene (“chain”), from Latin catēna (“chain”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Fundamental
etymology: From Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”).

Axiom
annotated target: Causality is the fundamental concept describing how entities affect each other, and conceptually precedes time and space relations. In the EMMO causality is the foundation for space and time relations. Embracing a strong reductionistic view, causality originates at quantum entities level, meaning that causal relations between macroscopic entities is simply the sum of quantum level causality relations.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: In manufacturing, a workpiece is a single, delimited part of largely solid material that is processed in some form (e.g. stone ).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8585-3:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Widening is tensile forming to increase the circumference of a hollow body. A distinction is made between: Widening, bulging.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Assemblying
etymology: From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ElementaryParticle
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.

Axiom
annotated property: type
conceptualisation: This axiom reflects the fact the the universe is causally self-connected. In fact, a non causally connected universe would have been the sum of causally independend sub-universes, without any knowledge of others. This axiom may be seen as Ockam's razor applied to causality.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Observation
etymology: From Latin observare (“to watch, note, mark, heed, guard, keep, pay attention to, regard, comply with, etc.”), from ob (“before”) + servare (“to keep”),

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Model
etymology: From Latin modus (“measure”).

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
annotated source: StepChronopotentiometry
annotated target: Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed in steps.

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109
annotated source: DifferentialLinearPulseVoltammetry
annotated target: Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalCluster
etymology: From Proto-Germanic *klas-, *klus- (“to clump, lump together”).

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 12258-1:2012-08
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Removal of material by means of rigid or flexible discs or belts containing abrasives.

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 10210-3:2020-11
annotated target: Process consisting of two steps: - first, the steel is heated in a quenching treatment to a temperature above Ac3 and then rapidly cooled in a liquid to produce a process-specific grain structure; - subsequently, the steel is heated to a specific temperature during tempering to set the desired property and cooled in air.

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-7:1989-11
annotated target: (according to DIN 8200) Shot peening to generate residual compressive stresses in layers of the blasting material close to the surface in order to improve certain component properties, e.g. fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance (from: DIN 8200:1982)

Axiom
annotated target: Source code (also referred to as source or code) is the version of software as it is originally written (i.e., typed into a computer) by a human in plain text (i.e., human readable alphanumeric characters).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Fundamental
etymology: From Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-3:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other (from: DIN 8583 Part 3/05.70).

Axiom
annotated target: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: The raw material or partially finished piece that is shaped by performing various operations.

Axiom
annotated target: RP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ(φ(x) ∧ φ(y))
comment: We usa a predicate template notation as RP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of RP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that RP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ φ(x) ∧ φ(y)
comment: φ is a class of the theory that in the EMMO OWL is supposed to be subclass of CausalStructure.

Axiom
annotated target: The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics

Axiom
annotated target: A part is always distinct xor redundant.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Variable
etymology: Fom Latin variabilis ("changeable").

Axiom
annotated target: All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: EMMO
etymology: EMMO is the acronym of Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8583-1:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by uniaxial or multiaxial compressive stress.

Axiom
annotated target: DP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ[φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y)]
comment: We usa a predicate template notation as DP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of DP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that DP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ (φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y))
comment: φ is a class of the theory

Axiom
see also: ISO 23952:2020(en), 3.4.143
annotated property: comment
annotated target: a physical artifact, real or virtual, intended for subsequent transformation within some manufacturing operation

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 5349-2:2015-12
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Object that is processed with a machine

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Matter
etymology: From Latin materia (“matter, stuff, material”), from mater (“mother”).

Axiom
annotated target: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain

Axiom
see also: ISO/TR 10809-1:2009, 0000_19
annotated target: Heat treatment process that generally produces martensite in the matrix.

Axiom
annotated target: Oxy ≡ ∃z(Pzx ∧ Pzy)

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 12258-1:2012-08
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Removal of material by means of rigid or flexible discs or belts containing abrasives.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: FunctionalIcon
etymology: From Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Language
etymology: From Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”).

Axiom
annotated target: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Particle
etymology: From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 15156-3:2015-12
annotated target: Heat to a temperature appropriate for the particular material, maintain at that temperature and then cool at an appropriate rate to reduce hardness, improve machinability or achieve desired properties.

Axiom
see also: EN 10028-1:2017-07
annotated target: heat treatment consisting of heating and soaking at a suitable temperature, followed by cooling under conditions such that, after return to ambient temperature, the metal will be in a structural state closer to that of equilibrium

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-5:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Nailing is joining by hammering or pressing nails (wire pins) as auxiliary parts into the solid material. Several parts are joined by pressing them together (from: DIN 8593 part 3/09.85).

Imp
body: ClassAtom
  argument1: x
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: x
comment: Enforcing reflexivity of overlapping.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Factory
etymology: From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: In manufacturing, a workpiece is a single, delimited part of largely solid material that is processed in some form (e.g. stone ).

Axiom
annotated property: priorVersion
annotated target: The agent concept identifies the parts of a process that are also its drivers. An agent part has an active role with respect to any other generic part, meaning that is involved in the causal chain that characterize the process. An agent is a participant, meaning that is qualifiable as an object. As for all holistic relations, there is a level of subjectivity in drawing whole-role relations, so that the identification of an agent within a process is not fully axiomatizable. What is axiomatically expressible is that an agent requires to be part of a process (i.e., an agent exists only within a process) but a process may not require an agent to exist (qualified role). Agentless processes may have a distributed causality chain so that the agency is exerted collectively and there is no motivation to draw an holistic connection between the whole and some parts. For example, the breaking of a nail can be caused by an agent such as an hammer, or by the rusting process which is not a participant as required by the agent definition. This concept covers both intentional and non intentional agency.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Symbolic
etymology: From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “I throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, put”).

Axiom
annotated target: An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. It is similar to URI, but greatly extends the allowed character set from ASCII to the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646)..

Axiom
annotated target: RP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ(φ(x) ∧ φ(y))
comment: We usa a predicate template notation as RP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of RP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that RP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ φ(x) ∧ φ(y)
comment: φ is a class of the theory that in the EMMO OWL is supposed to be subclass of CausalStructure.

Axiom
annotated target: All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalStructure
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and from Latin struere (“arrange, assemble, build”).

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-6:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Cutting with circular or straight cutting motion, using a multi-toothed tool of small cutting width, the cutting motion being performed by the tool

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy sintering: thermal treatment of a powder or compact, at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent, for the purpose of increasing its strength by the metallurgical bonding of its particles

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Fundamental
etymology: From Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”).

Axiom
annotated target: A path is a string of characters used to uniquely identify a location in a directory structure according to a particular convention.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing)#Universal_Naming_Convention

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ResemblanceIcon
etymology: From Old French sambler, sembler, from Late Latin similāre, present active infinitive of similō, from Latin similis, from Proto-Italic *semalis, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving practical goals in a reproducible way.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: mereological
etymology: Coined by Stanisław Leśniewski in 1927, from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) +‎ -logy (“study, discussion, science”). https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mereology

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Variable
etymology: Fom Latin variabilis ("changeable").

Axiom
annotated target: An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. It is similar to URI, but greatly extends the allowed character set from ASCII to the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646)..

Axiom
annotated target: In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]

Axiom
annotated target: A path is a string of characters used to uniquely identify a location in a directory structure according to a particular convention.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing)#Universal_Naming_Convention

Axiom
see also: DIN 8583-1:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by uniaxial or multiaxial compressive stress.

Axiom
annotated target: A part is always distinct xor redundant.

Imp
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
comment: Enforcing exclusivity between overlapping and causality.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Symbolic
etymology: From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “I throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, put”).

Axiom
annotated target: Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Property
etymology: From Latin proprietas (“a peculiarity, one's peculiar nature or quality, right or fact of possession, property”), from proprius (“special, particular, one's own”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalParticle
etymology: From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).

Axiom
annotated target: The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Tool
etymology: Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.

Axiom
annotated target: Axioms to add to the OWL 2 RL version of the ontology to reach DL expressivity.

Imp
comment: Implementing Transitivity.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Role
etymology: From French rôle, from obsolete French roule ‘roll’, referring originally to the roll of paper on which the actor's part was written.

Axiom
annotated target: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

Axiom
annotated target: DP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ[φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y)]
comment: We usa a predicate template notation as DP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of DP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that DP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ (φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y))
comment: φ is a class of the theory

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Model
etymology: From Latin modus (“measure”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8588:2013-08
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Cutting workpieces between two cutting edges that move past each other (see Figure 1 [see figure in the standard]).

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Device
etymology: From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalSystem
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠν- (sun-, prefix meaning ‘with, together’) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”).

Axiom
annotated target: A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation

Axiom
annotated target: A path is a string of characters used to uniquely identify a location in a directory structure according to a particular convention.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing)#Universal_Naming_Convention

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: IntentionalProcess
etymology: From Latin intentionem, derived from intendere ("stretching out")

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-3:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other (from: DIN 8583 Part 3/05.70).

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 472/A1:2019-03
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Type of scratching behaviour where the scratching force and the (displacement) deflection of the scratching tip are constant over the scratching distance during the test.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: PhysicalObject
etymology: From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).

Axiom
annotated target: One-dimensional manifolds include lines and circles, but not self-crossing curves. Two-dimensional manifolds are also called surfaces. Examples include the plane, the sphere, and the torus, and also the Klein bottle and real projective plane.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold

Imp
comment: Implementig transitivity.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Axiom
annotated target: Metrology is the science of measurement and its application and includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application (VIM3 2.2)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Cogniser
etymology: From Latin cognitio (“knowledge, perception, a judicial examination, trial”), from cognitus, past participle of cognoscere (“to know”), from co- (“together”) + *gnoscere, older form of noscere (“to know”

Axiom
source: Scholz F, Nitschke L, Henrion G (1989) Naturwiss 76:71;
annotated source: AbrasiveStrippingVoltammetry
annotated target: Electrochemical method where traces of solid particles are abrasively transferred onto the surface of an electrode, followed by an electrochemical dissolution (anodic or cathodic dissolution) that is recorded as a current–voltage curve.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8590 Berichtigung 1:2004-02
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A manufacturing process in which metallic material is anodically dissolved under the influence of an electric current and an electrolyte solution. The current flow can be caused either by connection to an external current source or due to local element formation on the workpiece (etching).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8586:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress

Axiom
see also: DIN 8586:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress

Axiom
see also: EN 10028-1:2017-07
annotated target: heat treatment consisting of heating and soaking at a suitable temperature, followed by cooling under conditions such that, after return to ambient temperature, the metal will be in a structural state closer to that of equilibrium

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-0:2003-09
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Machining in which a tool is used whose number of cutting edges, geometry of the cutting wedges and position of the cutting edges in relation to the workpiece are determined

Axiom
see also: DIN 8584-1:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a combined tensile and compressive stress.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Whole
etymology: From Middle English hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Manufacturing
etymology: From Latin manu factum ("made by hand").

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Icon
etymology: From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Elementary
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: In manufacturing, a workpiece is a single, delimited part of largely solid material that is processed in some form (e.g. stone ).

Axiom
see also: ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(en), 3.3.1
annotated property: comment
annotated target: fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.2) and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.

Imp
comment: Implementation of equality based on mereology.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: x
head: SameIndividualAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y

Axiom
annotated target: A part is always distinct xor redundant.

Imp
body: ClassAtom
  argument1: x
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: x
comment: Enforcing the fact that an entity cannot cause itself.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-2:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: machining with a circular cutting movement in which the axis of rotation of the tool and the axis of the internal surface to be produced are identical and the feed movement is in the direction of this axis. The axis of rotation of the cutting movement maintains its position relative to the workpiece independently of the feed movement (axis of rotation workpiece-bound).

Axiom
see also: EN 16603-11:2019-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or achieve an objective

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 15156-3:2015-12
annotated target: Heat to a temperature appropriate for the particular material, maintain at that temperature and then cool at an appropriate rate to reduce hardness, improve machinability or achieve desired properties.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion

Axiom
annotated property: isDefinedBy
annotated target: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Axiom
annotated target: Dxy ≡ ¬Oxy.

Axiom
see also: ISO 4885:2018-02
annotated target: hardening of a workpiece caused by the precipitation of one or more compounds from a supersaturated solid solution

Imp
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z
comment: Transitivity for proper parthood.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Particle
etymology: From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 8887-1:2017 manufacturing: production of components

Imp
body: ClassAtom
  argument1: x
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: x
comment: Enforcing reflexivity of overlapping.

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
annotated source: CyclicChronopotentiometry
annotated target: Chronopotentiometry where the change in applied current undergoes a cyclic current reversal.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Engineered
etymology: From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").

Axiom
annotated property: type
conceptualisation: This axiom reflects the fact the the universe is causally self-connected. In fact, a non causally connected universe would have been the sum of causally independend sub-universes, without any knowledge of others. This axiom may be seen as Ockam's razor applied to causality.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Holistic
etymology: Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire").

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering

Axiom
annotated target: Dxy ≡ ¬Oxy.

Axiom
annotated target: The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Procedure
etymology: From Latin pro-cedere (“to go forward, to proceed”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalPath
etymology: From Ancient Greek πάτος (pátos, “path”).

Axiom
annotated target: We call "decoding" the act of recognise the variation according to a particular rule and generate another equivalent schema (e.g. in the agent's cognitive apparatus, as another form of data). We call "interpreting" the act of providing semantic meaning to data, which is covered by the semiotic perspective.
example: The electronical state of the RAM of my laptop is decoded by it as ASCII characters and printed on the screen.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-4:1989-11
annotated target: Thermal ablation is the separation of material particles in solid, liquid or gaseous state by heat processes as well as the removal of these material particles by mechanical or electromagnetic forces (from: DIN

Axiom
see also: DIN 8593-0:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: The permanent joining or other bringing together of two or more workpieces of a geometric shape or of similar workpieces with shapeless material. In each case, the cohesion is created locally and increased as a whole.

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 472/A1:2019-03
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Type of scratching behaviour where the scratching force and the (displacement) deflection of the scratching tip are constant over the scratching distance during the test.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Factory
etymology: From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Document
etymology: From Latin documentum, from the verb doceō (“teach”) +‎ -mentum.

Axiom
annotated target: A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion

Axiom
annotated target: A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Boson
etymology: 1940s: named after S.N. Bose.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 55000:2014 organization: person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives

Axiom
see also: ISO 23704-1:2022(en), 3.1.2
annotated target: process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing (3.1.29) and formative manufacturing methodologies,

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Boson
etymology: 1940s: named after S.N. Bose.

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 14943:2006-03
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Conversion of materials and assembly of components for the manufacture of products

Axiom
annotated target: measurand
comment: VIM defines measurand as a quantity intended to be measured. This is redundant in EMMO and correspond to Quantity.

Axiom
annotated target: u ≡ σx⟨P(x, x)⟩
comment: This definition reads: "The universe is the sum of all entities that are part of themselves". Since parthood (P) is reflexive by axiom, then the universe is the sum of all mereological entities.

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109
annotated source: PotentiometricStrippingAnalysis
annotated target: Two-step electrochemical measurement in which 1) material is accumulated at an electrode and 2) the material is removed by chemical reaction or electrochemically at constant current with measurement of electrode potential. Historically for the analysis of metal ions, mercury ions were added to the test solution to form a mercury amalgam when reduced. Alternatively, an HMDE or MFE was used and the oxidizing agent added after amalgam formation. However, the toxicity of mercury and its compounds have all but precluded the present-day use of mercury. The accumulation is similar to that used in stripping voltammetry. The stripping potentiogram shows staircase curves of potential as a function of time. Frequently, the first derivative is displayed (dE/dt=f(t)), as this produces peak-shaped signals. The time between transitions (peaks) is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the test solution. The time between changes in potential in step 2 is related to the concentration of analyte in the solution.

Imp
comment: Implementig transitivity.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.

Axiom
annotated target: Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018-07
annotated target: Treatment carried out after hardening or case hardening consisting of cooling to a temperature below room temperature to complete the transformation of austenite to martensite

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: IntentionalAgency
etymology: From Latin agēns (present participle of agere (“to act”))

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Tool
etymology: Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8586:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Perceptual
etymology: From Latin percipiō, past participle perceptus (“take hold of, obtain, receive, observe”), from per (“by, through”) + capiō (“to take”).

Axiom
annotated target: The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Language
etymology: From Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”).

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Elementary
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Fusion
etymology: From Latin fusio, from fundere ‘pour, melt’.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8583-2:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Continuous or stepwise pressure forming with one or more rotating tools (rollers), without or with additional tools, e.g. plugs or mandrels, rods, guide tools

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Quantum
etymology: From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as".

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 12258-1:2012-08
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Removal of material by means of rigid or flexible discs or belts containing abrasives.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Graphical
etymology: From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
comment: The term graphical is used in etymological sense, comprising both writings and visual arts.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: TangibleProduct
etymology: From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Particle
etymology: From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”).

Axiom
annotated target: The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Icon
etymology: From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Data
etymology: From Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”).

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
comment: All EMMO individuals are part of the most comprehensive entity which is the universe.

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109
annotated source: DifferentialStaircasePulseVoltammetry
annotated target: Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a staircase potential ramp.

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
comment: Every collection has at least two item members, since a collection of one item is a self-connected entity (and then an item).

Axiom
source: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, retrieved from: https://www.electropedia.org
annotated source: Electrogravimetry
annotated target: method of electroanalytical chemistry used to separate by electrolyse ions of a substance and to derive the amount of this substance from the increase in mass of an electrode.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Product
etymology: From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ManufacturedProduct
etymology: From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-5:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Nailing is joining by hammering or pressing nails (wire pins) as auxiliary parts into the solid material. Several parts are joined by pressing them together (from: DIN 8593 part 3/09.85).

Axiom
annotated target: Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.

Axiom
annotated target: Oxy ≡ ∃z(Pzx ∧ Pzy)

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 13956:2013-03
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Joining process by softening the surfaces to be joined, either by heat or with a solvent (swelling welding, solvent welding), and pressing the softened surfaces together.

Axiom
see also: ISO 13574:2015-02
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Process for removing unwanted residual or waste material from a given product or material

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-0:2003-09
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Machining in which a tool is used whose number of cutting edges, geometry of the cutting wedges and position of the cutting edges in relation to the workpiece are determined

Imp
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
head: SameIndividualAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
comment: The equalsTo object property is equivalent to the OWL SameAs

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
elucidation: This axiom underlines the monodimensional nature of a causal chain, as a sequence of quanta.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Assemblying
etymology: From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.

Axiom
annotated target: Q(x) ≡ ¬∃y(PP(y,x))

Axiom
see also: ISO 13574:2015-02
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Process for removing unwanted residual or waste material from a given product or material

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: EMMO
etymology: EMMO is the acronym of Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology.

Axiom
annotated target: measurand
comment: VIM defines measurand as a quantity intended to be measured. This is redundant in EMMO and correspond to Quantity.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: CausalChain
etymology: From Old French chaine, chaene (“chain”), from Latin catēna (“chain”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8583-1:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by uniaxial or multiaxial compressive stress.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy reaction sintering: process wherein at least two constituents of a powder mixture react during sintering

Axiom
annotated target: A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ElementaryParticle
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

Axiom
annotated target: Dxy ≡ ¬Oxy.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8584-2:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Draw forming by drawing a workpiece through a tool opening that is narrowed in the drawing direction.

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 10210-3:2020-11
annotated target: Process consisting of two steps: - first, the steel is heated in a quenching treatment to a temperature above Ac3 and then rapidly cooled in a liquid to produce a process-specific grain structure; - subsequently, the steel is heated to a specific temperature during tempering to set the desired property and cooled in air.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy liquid-phase sintering: sintering of a powder or compact containing at least two constituents, under conditions such that a liquid phase is formed

Axiom
annotated target: Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.

Axiom
annotated target: The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 8887-1:2017 manufacturing: production of components

Imp
comment: Implementation of equality based on mereology.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: x
head: SameIndividualAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: isCauseOf
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”).

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
annotated source: CyclicChronopotentiometry
annotated target: Chronopotentiometry where the change in applied current undergoes a cyclic current reversal.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: The raw material or partially finished piece that is shaped by performing various operations.

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109
annotated source: DifferentialStaircasePulseVoltammetry
annotated target: Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a staircase potential ramp.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Quantum
etymology: From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as".

Axiom
annotated property: priorVersion
annotated target: The agent concept identifies the parts of a process that are also its drivers. An agent part has an active role with respect to any other generic part, meaning that is involved in the causal chain that characterize the process. An agent is a participant, meaning that is qualifiable as an object. As for all holistic relations, there is a level of subjectivity in drawing whole-role relations, so that the identification of an agent within a process is not fully axiomatizable. What is axiomatically expressible is that an agent requires to be part of a process (i.e., an agent exists only within a process) but a process may not require an agent to exist (qualified role). Agentless processes may have a distributed causality chain so that the agency is exerted collectively and there is no motivation to draw an holistic connection between the whole and some parts. For example, the breaking of a nail can be caused by an agent such as an hammer, or by the rusting process which is not a participant as required by the agent definition. This concept covers both intentional and non intentional agency.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Engineered
etymology: From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: AnalogicalIcon
etymology: From Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía), from ἀνά (aná) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
annotated source: LinearChronopotentiometry
annotated target: chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed linearly

Axiom
see also: DIN 8586:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress.

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
comment: All EMMO individuals are part of the most comprehensive entity which is the universe.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8593-0:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: The permanent joining or other bringing together of two or more workpieces of a geometric shape or of similar workpieces with shapeless material. In each case, the cohesion is created locally and increased as a whole.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Perspective
etymology: From medieval Latin perspectiva ‘(science of) optics’, from perspect- ‘looked at closely’, from the verb perspicere, from per- ‘through’ + specere ‘to look’.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Data
etymology: From Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Symbolic
etymology: From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “I throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, put”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 55405:2014-12
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Method of joining metallic materials with the aid of a molten filler metal (solder), optionally with the use of flow agents

Axiom
see also: DIN 8585-3:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Widening is tensile forming to increase the circumference of a hollow body. A distinction is made between: Widening, bulging.

Axiom
see also: ISO 4885:2018-02
annotated target: hardening of a workpiece caused by the precipitation of one or more compounds from a supersaturated solid solution

Axiom
annotated target: A tessellation (or tiling) is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: hasSuccessor
etymology: From Latin succedĕre ("coming after").

Axiom
annotated target: measurand
comment: VIM defines measurand as a quantity intended to be measured. This is redundant in EMMO and correspond to Quantity.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Equipment
etymology: From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.

Axiom
annotated target: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

Axiom
annotated target: A part is always distinct xor redundant.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Item
etymology: From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".

Imp
comment: Implementation of equality based on mereology.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: x
head: SameIndividualAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: FunctionalIcon
etymology: From Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”).

Axiom
annotated target: The subject of condensed matter physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-3:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Shot peening is shot peening for shaping or straightening workpieces by introducing residual compressive stresses (from: DIN 8200/10.82).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: IntentionalAgency
etymology: From Latin agēns (present participle of agere (“to act”))

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Data
etymology: From Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Matter
etymology: From Latin materia (“matter, stuff, material”), from mater (“mother”).

Axiom
annotated property: priorVersion
annotated target: The agent concept identifies the parts of a process that are also its drivers. An agent part has an active role with respect to any other generic part, meaning that is involved in the causal chain that characterize the process. An agent is a participant, meaning that is qualifiable as an object. As for all holistic relations, there is a level of subjectivity in drawing whole-role relations, so that the identification of an agent within a process is not fully axiomatizable. What is axiomatically expressible is that an agent requires to be part of a process (i.e., an agent exists only within a process) but a process may not require an agent to exist (qualified role). Agentless processes may have a distributed causality chain so that the agency is exerted collectively and there is no motivation to draw an holistic connection between the whole and some parts. For example, the breaking of a nail can be caused by an agent such as an hammer, or by the rusting process which is not a participant as required by the agent definition. This concept covers both intentional and non intentional agency.

Axiom
annotated target: A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Machine
etymology: From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ManufacturedProduct
etymology: From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Simulacrum
etymology: From Latin simulacrum ("likeness, semblance")

Axiom
annotated target: The OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO introduces this object property as primitive causal relation. It refers to the macro causality relation mC(x,y), defined in the EMMO FOL version. While the EMMO FOL introduces the quantum causality relation C(x,y) as primitive, the OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO substantially simplifies the theory, neglecting these lower level relations that are well above DL expressivity. For this reason the EMMO OWL 2 DL will only deal with macro causality relations, sacrificing the full FOL theory expressivity for the sake of simplicity.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: The raw material or partially finished piece that is shaped by performing various operations.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ElementaryParticle
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Matter
etymology: From Latin materia (“matter, stuff, material”), from mater (“mother”).

Axiom
see also: ISO 23952:2020(en), 3.4.143
annotated property: comment
annotated target: a physical artifact, real or virtual, intended for subsequent transformation within some manufacturing operation

Axiom
annotated target: Redundant(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Manufacturing
etymology: From Latin manu factum ("made by hand").

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalCluster
etymology: From Proto-Germanic *klas-, *klus- (“to clump, lump together”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-6:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Cutting with circular or straight cutting motion, using a multi-toothed tool of small cutting width, the cutting motion being performed by the tool

Axiom
annotated target: A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
comment: All EMMO individuals are part of the most comprehensive entity which is the universe.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Crystal
etymology: From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).

Imp
comment: Implementig transitivity.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Axiom
annotated property: isDefinedBy
annotated target: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Whole
etymology: From Middle English hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”).

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: IntentionalProcess
etymology: From Latin intentionem, derived from intendere ("stretching out")

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Dedomena
etymology: From Greek, nominative plural form of δεδομένο (dedoméno) (data, information)

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 13956:2013-03
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Joining process by softening the surfaces to be joined, either by heat or with a solvent (swelling welding, solvent welding), and pressing the softened surfaces together.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ManufacturedProduct
etymology: From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Wholistic
etymology: From the word 'holistic' with the 'w-' prefix, due to the affinity with the existing word 'whole', that share the same meaning of 'holos'.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ResemblanceIcon
etymology: From Old French sambler, sembler, from Late Latin similāre, present active infinitive of similō, from Latin similis, from Proto-Italic *semalis, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).

Axiom
annotated target: RP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ(φ(x) ∧ φ(y))
comment: We usa a predicate template notation as RP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of RP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that RP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ φ(x) ∧ φ(y)
comment: φ is a class of the theory that in the EMMO OWL is supposed to be subclass of CausalStructure.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Lifetime
etymology: From Middle English liftime, equivalent to life +‎ time.

Axiom
annotated target: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Language
etymology: From Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8593-3:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A collective term for the processes in which, during joining, the parts to be joined and any auxiliary parts are essentially only elastically deformed and unintentional loosening is prevented by frictional connection.

Axiom
annotated target: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: IntentionalAgency
etymology: From Latin agēns (present participle of agere (“to act”))

Axiom
annotated target: The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. We can think of a quantum as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. Fundamental interactions (quantum fields) are represented as symmetric causality relation between macro entities, while classical interactions are mediated by chain of quantums (i.e. elementary particles). The fundamental distinction between world entities is causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO. In other words there is no spacetime without entities and spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are measured quantities, always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
comment: While EMMO mereocausality conceptualisation can be used on any possibile domain, so that a quantum can be a Lego brick or an furniture component, it can be better understood when a quantum is elucidated as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. (e.g. quark, photon).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalStructure
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and from Latin struere (“arrange, assemble, build”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Quantum
etymology: From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as".

Imp
body: ClassAtom
  argument1: x
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: x
comment: Enforcing the fact that an entity cannot cause itself.

Axiom
annotated target: The OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO introduces this object property as primitive causal relation. It refers to the macro causality relation mC(x,y), defined in the EMMO FOL version. While the EMMO FOL introduces the quantum causality relation C(x,y) as primitive, the OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO substantially simplifies the theory, neglecting these lower level relations that are well above DL expressivity. For this reason the EMMO OWL 2 DL will only deal with macro causality relations, sacrificing the full FOL theory expressivity for the sake of simplicity.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Equipment
etymology: From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.

Axiom
annotated target: Metrology is the science of measurement and its application and includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application (VIM3 2.2)

Axiom
annotated target: Q(x) ≡ ¬∃y(PP(y,x))

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalCluster
etymology: From Proto-Germanic *klas-, *klus- (“to clump, lump together”).

Axiom
annotated target: DP(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ ∃φ[φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y)]
comment: We usa a predicate template notation as DP<φ>(x,y) to specify subclasses of DP(x,y) for the class φ, meaning that DP<φ>(x, y) ≡ PP(x, y) ∧ (φ(x) ↔ ¬φ(y))
comment: φ is a class of the theory

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ResemblanceIcon
etymology: From Old French sambler, sembler, from Late Latin similāre, present active infinitive of similō, from Latin similis, from Proto-Italic *semalis, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: TangibleProduct
etymology: From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Equipment
etymology: From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8590 Berichtigung 1:2004-02
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Manufacturing by separating particles of material from a solid body by non-mechanical means. Ablation refers both to the removal of layers of material and to the separation of workpiece parts. The production process of ablation is considered in its stationary instantaneous state, independently of the application of auxiliary processes necessary to initiate the process. Ablation is divided into three subgroups according to the order point of view (OGP) "process in the effective zone on the surface of the workpiece": - thermal ablation; - chemical ablation; - electrochemical ablation.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: CausalObject
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
annotated source: StepChronopotentiometry
annotated target: Chronopotentiometry where the applied current is changed in steps.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: FunctionalIcon
etymology: From Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”).

Axiom
see also: ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(en), 3.3.1
annotated property: comment
annotated target: fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.2) and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Part
etymology: From Latin partire, partiri ‘divide, share’.
comment: The term 'part' is here intended not only in mereological sense but also as role. For example. the term part is used to define the role played by an actor, specifying not only a mereological participation of the actor to an act, but also a specific role for that actor.

Axiom
annotated target: Axioms to add to the OWL 2 RL version of the ontology to reach DL expressivity.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Software
etymology: From soft +‎ -ware, by contrast with hardware (“the computer itself”). Coined by Paul Niquette in 1953.

Imp
comment: Implementing transitivity.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 15156-3:2015-12
annotated target: Heat to a temperature appropriate for the particular material, maintain at that temperature and then cool at an appropriate rate to reduce hardness, improve machinability or achieve desired properties.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8580:2022-12
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Verfestigen durch Umformen

Axiom
see also: DIN 8586:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a bending stress.

Axiom
annotated property: type
conceptualisation: This axiom reflects the fact the the universe is causally self-connected. In fact, a non causally connected universe would have been the sum of causally independend sub-universes, without any knowledge of others. This axiom may be seen as Ockam's razor applied to causality.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Procedure
etymology: From Latin pro-cedere (“to go forward, to proceed”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Item
etymology: From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.

Imp
comment: Implementing Transitivity.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Crystal
etymology: From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).

Axiom
annotated target: The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) has been used historically to refer to both URIs under the "urn" scheme [RFC2141], which are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable, and to any other URI with the properties of a name.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Fusion
etymology: From Latin fusio, from fundere ‘pour, melt’.

Axiom
annotated target: u ≡ σx⟨P(x, x)⟩
comment: This definition reads: "The universe is the sum of all entities that are part of themselves". Since parthood (P) is reflexive by axiom, then the universe is the sum of all mereological entities.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-3:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Machining with a circular cutting movement, usually associated with a multi-toothed tool, and with a feed movement perpendicular or oblique to the axis of rotation of the tool, to produce any workpiece surface.

Axiom
annotated target: A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)

Axiom
annotated target: Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Role
etymology: From French rôle, from obsolete French roule ‘roll’, referring originally to the roll of paper on which the actor's part was written.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8587:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by shear stress.

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
comment: Every collection has at least two item members, since a collection of one item is a self-connected entity (and then an item).

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-7:1989-11
annotated target: Strengthening by rolling is the strengthening of component surfaces by mechanically generating compressive stresses in the component surface and consolidating the material.

Axiom
annotated target: Fundamental(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ¬∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]

Imp
body: ClassAtom
  argument1: x
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: x
comment: Enforcing parthood reflexivity.

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-7:1989-11
annotated target: (according to DIN 8200) Shot peening to generate residual compressive stresses in layers of the blasting material close to the surface in order to improve certain component properties, e.g. fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance (from: DIN 8200:1982)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Fusion
etymology: From Latin fusio, from fundere ‘pour, melt’.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Software
etymology: From soft +‎ -ware, by contrast with hardware (“the computer itself”). Coined by Paul Niquette in 1953.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Holistic
etymology: Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire").

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Simulacrum
etymology: From Latin simulacrum ("likeness, semblance")

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Model
etymology: From Latin modus (“measure”).

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 15531-1:2004 manufacturing: function or act of converting or transforming material from raw material or semi-finished state to a state of further completion

Axiom
see also: DIN 8584-2:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Draw forming by drawing a workpiece through a tool opening that is narrowed in the drawing direction.

Imp
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z
comment: Transitivity for parthood.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-2:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: machining with a circular cutting movement in which the axis of rotation of the tool and the axis of the internal surface to be produced are identical and the feed movement is in the direction of this axis. The axis of rotation of the cutting movement maintains its position relative to the workpiece independently of the feed movement (axis of rotation workpiece-bound).

Axiom
annotated target: Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.

Axiom
see also: ISO 14034:2016-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts or systems in order to solve a problem or to achieve an objective which can result in a product or process

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 15531-1:2004 discrete manufacturing: production of discrete items.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Computation
etymology: From Latin con- +‎ putō (“I reckon”).

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Wholistic
etymology: From the word 'holistic' with the 'w-' prefix, due to the affinity with the existing word 'whole', that share the same meaning of 'holos'.

Axiom
see also: ISO 13574:2015-02
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Process for removing unwanted residual or waste material from a given product or material

Axiom
see also: ISO 14034:2016-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts or systems in order to solve a problem or to achieve an objective which can result in a product or process

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: DigitalData
etymology: From Latin digitus (“finger”).

Axiom
annotated property: isDefinedBy
annotated target: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Axiom
annotated target: Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary.

Axiom
source: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, retrieved from: https://www.electropedia.org
annotated source: Electrogravimetry
annotated target: method of electroanalytical chemistry used to separate by electrolyse ions of a substance and to derive the amount of this substance from the increase in mass of an electrode.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 3252:2019 Powder metallurgy loose-powder sintering, gravity sintering: sintering of uncompacted powder

Axiom
annotated target: Causality is the fundamental concept describing how entities affect each other, and conceptually precedes time and space relations. In the EMMO causality is the foundation for space and time relations. Embracing a strong reductionistic view, causality originates at quantum entities level, meaning that causal relations between macroscopic entities is simply the sum of quantum level causality relations.

Axiom
see also: ISO/TR 10809-1:2009, 0000_19
annotated target: Heat treatment process that generally produces martensite in the matrix.

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-7:1989-11
annotated target: Strengthening by rolling is the strengthening of component surfaces by mechanically generating compressive stresses in the component surface and consolidating the material.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving practical goals in a reproducible way.

Axiom
annotated target: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Dedomena
etymology: From Greek, nominative plural form of δεδομένο (dedoméno) (data, information)

Axiom
see also: DIN 8593-3:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A collective term for the processes in which, during joining, the parts to be joined and any auxiliary parts are essentially only elastically deformed and unintentional loosening is prevented by frictional connection.

Axiom
annotated target: The OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO introduces this object property as primitive causal relation. It refers to the macro causality relation mC(x,y), defined in the EMMO FOL version. While the EMMO FOL introduces the quantum causality relation C(x,y) as primitive, the OWL 2 DL version of the EMMO substantially simplifies the theory, neglecting these lower level relations that are well above DL expressivity. For this reason the EMMO OWL 2 DL will only deal with macro causality relations, sacrificing the full FOL theory expressivity for the sake of simplicity.

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO/ASTM TR 52906:2022 Additive manufacturing sintering: process of heating a powder metal compact to increase density and/or improve mechanical properties via solid state diffusion

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO 18435-1:2009 manufacturing process: set of processes in manufacturing involving a flow and/or transformation of material, information, energy, control, or any other element in a manufacturing area

Axiom
see also: DIN 55405:2014-12
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Method of joining metallic materials with the aid of a molten filler metal (solder), optionally with the use of flow agents

Axiom
see also: ISO/TR 10809-1:2009, 0000_19
annotated target: Heat treatment process that generally produces martensite in the matrix.

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-3:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Shot peening is shot peening for shaping or straightening workpieces by introducing residual compressive stresses (from: DIN 8200/10.82).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Icon
etymology: From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).

Axiom
annotated target: Redundant(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]

Axiom
see also: DIN 8590 Berichtigung 1:2004-02
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A manufacturing process in which metallic material is anodically dissolved under the influence of an electric current and an electrolyte solution. The current flow can be caused either by connection to an external current source or due to local element formation on the workpiece (etching).

Imp
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z
comment: Transitivity for proper parthood.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Collection
etymology: From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109
annotated source: DifferentialLinearPulseVoltammetry
annotated target: Differential Pulse Voltammetry in which small potential pulses are superimposed onto a linearly varying potential.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8588:2013-08
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Mechanical separation of workpieces without the formation of shapeless material, i.e. also without chips (chipless).

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 13831:2007-12
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of vessel parts from a flat mould into a three-dimensional shape by means of a press and tools, whereby material is neither removed nor added

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Product
etymology: From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.

Axiom
annotated target: An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. It is similar to URI, but greatly extends the allowed character set from ASCII to the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646)..

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
comment: Every entity is made of quantum parts. This axiomatisation is the expression of the radical reductionistic approach of the EMMO.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Lifetime
etymology: From Middle English liftime, equivalent to life +‎ time.

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-7:1989-11
annotated target: Strengthening by rolling is the strengthening of component surfaces by mechanically generating compressive stresses in the component surface and consolidating the material.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Cogniser
etymology: From Latin cognitio (“knowledge, perception, a judicial examination, trial”), from cognitus, past participle of cognoscere (“to know”), from co- (“together”) + *gnoscere, older form of noscere (“to know”

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Estimation
etymology: From Latin aestimatus (“to value, rate, esteem”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-3:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other (from: DIN 8583 Part 3/05.70).

Axiom
annotated target: The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Collection
etymology: From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Artifact
etymology: From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8584-2:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Draw forming by drawing a workpiece through a tool opening that is narrowed in the drawing direction.

Axiom
annotated target: Source code (also referred to as source or code) is the version of software as it is originally written (i.e., typed into a computer) by a human in plain text (i.e., human readable alphanumeric characters).

Axiom
annotated property: seeAlso
annotated target: ISO/ASTM TR 52906:2022 Additive manufacturing sintering: process of heating a powder metal compact to increase density and/or improve mechanical properties via solid state diffusion

Axiom
see also: DIN 8587:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by shear stress.

Axiom
annotated property: subClassOf
comment: Every collection has at least two item members, since a collection of one item is a self-connected entity (and then an item).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Role
etymology: From French rôle, from obsolete French roule ‘roll’, referring originally to the roll of paper on which the actor's part was written.

Axiom
see also: ISO 23704-1:2022(en), 3.1.2
annotated target: process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing (3.1.29) and formative manufacturing methodologies,

Axiom
source: Scholz F, Nitschke L, Henrion G (1989) Naturwiss 76:71;
annotated source: AbrasiveStrippingVoltammetry
annotated target: Electrochemical method where traces of solid particles are abrasively transferred onto the surface of an electrode, followed by an electrochemical dissolution (anodic or cathodic dissolution) that is recorded as a current–voltage curve.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Whole
etymology: From Middle English hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”).

Axiom
annotated target: Axiom not included in the theory because of OWL 2 DL global restrictions for decidability.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-3:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Machining with a circular cutting movement, usually associated with a multi-toothed tool, and with a feed movement perpendicular or oblique to the axis of rotation of the tool, to produce any workpiece surface.

Axiom
see also: DIN EN 9110:2018-08
annotated target: action to disassemble a product or a component by removing all or some of its constituent parts with the intent to salvage

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: isCauseOf
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”).

Imp
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
head: SameIndividualAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
comment: The equalsTo object property is equivalent to the OWL SameAs

Axiom
source: J. M. Pingarrón et al., Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4, 92, 2020, 641-694. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109.
annotated source: CyclicChronopotentiometry
annotated target: Chronopotentiometry where the change in applied current undergoes a cyclic current reversal.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Computation
etymology: From Latin con- +‎ putō (“I reckon”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-3:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Machining with a circular cutting movement, usually associated with a multi-toothed tool, and with a feed movement perpendicular or oblique to the axis of rotation of the tool, to produce any workpiece surface.

Axiom
annotated target: Oxy ≡ ∃z(Pzx ∧ Pzy)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Observation
etymology: From Latin observare (“to watch, note, mark, heed, guard, keep, pay attention to, regard, comply with, etc.”), from ob (“before”) + servare (“to keep”),

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Crystal
etymology: From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).

Axiom
annotated target: The EMMO conceptualises the world using the primitive concepts of causality and parthood. Parthood is about the composition of world entities starting from other more fundamental entities. Causality is about the interactions between world entities. The quantum is the smallest indivisible part of any world entity. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe, since it is implied that causality originates from quantum-to-quantum interactions. Quantums are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes spacetime emerge from their causal structure. We can think of a quantum as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. Causality between macro entities (i.e. entities made of more than one quantum) is explained as the sum of the causality relations between their quantum constituents. Fundamental interactions (quantum fields) are represented as symmetric causality relation between macro entities, while classical interactions are mediated by chain of quantums (i.e. elementary particles). The fundamental distinction between world entities is causality self-connectedness: a world entity can be self-connected xor not self-connected depending on the causality network of its fundamental components. Void regions do not exist in the EMMO. In other words there is no spacetime without entities and spacetime emerges as relational property not as a self-standing entity). Entities are not placed in space or time: space and time are measured quantities, always relative between entities and are measured. In other words, space and time relations originates from causality interactions.
comment: While EMMO mereocausality conceptualisation can be used on any possibile domain, so that a quantum can be a Lego brick or an furniture component, it can be better understood when a quantum is elucidated as an elementary particle after and interaction and before another interaction. (e.g. quark, photon).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalPath
etymology: From Ancient Greek πάτος (pátos, “path”).

Imp
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
head: SameIndividualAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
comment: The equalsTo object property is equivalent to the OWL SameAs

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 472/A1:2019-03
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Type of scratching behaviour where the scratching force and the (displacement) deflection of the scratching tip are constant over the scratching distance during the test.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: isCauseOf
etymology: From Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Index
etymology: From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8589-6:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Cutting with circular or straight cutting motion, using a multi-toothed tool of small cutting width, the cutting motion being performed by the tool

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: mereological
etymology: Coined by Stanisław Leśniewski in 1927, from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) +‎ -logy (“study, discussion, science”). https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mereology

Axiom
see also: EN 10028-1:2017-07
annotated target: heat treatment consisting of heating and soaking at a suitable temperature, followed by cooling under conditions such that, after return to ambient temperature, the metal will be in a structural state closer to that of equilibrium

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 5349-2:2015-12
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Object that is processed with a machine

Imp
comment: Implementing transitivity.
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: y
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: y
  argument2: z
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  argument1: x
  argument2: z

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Elementary
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Observation
etymology: From Latin observare (“to watch, note, mark, heed, guard, keep, pay attention to, regard, comply with, etc.”), from ob (“before”) + servare (“to keep”),

Axiom
annotated target: The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URIs that, in addition to identifying a resource, provide a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location").

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: AnalogicalIcon
etymology: From Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía), from ἀνά (aná) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 65099-3:1989-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Free forming is pressure forming with tools that do not or only partially contain the shape of the workpiece and move against each other.

Axiom
see also: DIN 8584-1:2003-09
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Forming of a solid body, whereby the plastic state is essentially brought about by a combined tensile and compressive stress.

Axiom
annotated target: A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Simulacrum
etymology: From Latin simulacrum ("likeness, semblance")

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: PhysicalObject
etymology: From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”).

Axiom
see also: DIN 8590 Berichtigung 1:2004-02
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A manufacturing process in which metallic material is anodically dissolved under the influence of an electric current and an electrolyte solution. The current flow can be caused either by connection to an external current source or due to local element formation on the workpiece (etching).

Axiom
annotated target: Axioms to add to the OWL 2 RL version of the ontology to reach DL expressivity.

Axiom
see also: EN 16603-11:2019-11
annotated property: comment
annotated target: application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or achieve an objective

Axiom
annotated target: Fundamental(x) ≡ ∃φ[φ(x) ∧ ¬∃yRP⟨φ⟩(y, x)]

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Artifact
etymology: From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Index
etymology: From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”).

Axiom
see also: ISO 4885:2018-02
annotated target: hardening of a workpiece caused by the precipitation of one or more compounds from a supersaturated solid solution

Axiom
see also: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018-07
annotated target: Treatment carried out after hardening or case hardening consisting of cooling to a temperature below room temperature to complete the transformation of austenite to martensite

Axiom
annotated target: Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.

Axiom
annotated target: We call "decoding" the act of recognise the variation according to a particular rule and generate another equivalent schema (e.g. in the agent's cognitive apparatus, as another form of data). We call "interpreting" the act of providing semantic meaning to data, which is covered by the semiotic perspective.
example: The electronical state of the RAM of my laptop is decoded by it as ASCII characters and printed on the screen.

Axiom
see also: ISO 23952:2020(en), 3.4.143
annotated property: comment
annotated target: a physical artifact, real or virtual, intended for subsequent transformation within some manufacturing operation

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Property
etymology: From Latin proprietas (“a peculiarity, one's peculiar nature or quality, right or fact of possession, property”), from proprius (“special, particular, one's own”).

Axiom
annotated target: In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]

Axiom
see also: ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(en), 3.3.1
annotated property: comment
annotated target: fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer technology Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.2) and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including personal use.